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Foundation of Psychology > Psychological disorders > Flashcards

Psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Define psychopathology.

A

Problematic patterns of thought, feeling, or
behaviour that disrupt an individual’s sense of wellbeing or social or occupational
functioning

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2
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

Psychological disorders

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3
Q

What are three factors in the criteria for psychological disorders (psychopathy)? Hint: three D’s

A
  1. Deviance
  2. Destress
  3. Dysfunction
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4
Q

Briefly describe what is implied by deviance as a criterion for psychopathology.

A

When a person’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaviours are unusual/not normal

However, social norms varies between cultures

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5
Q

Briefly describe what is implied by destress as a criterion for psychopathology.

A

When a person suffers from their own thinking, feeling, and behaviours

However, in some disorders a person’s behaviour can affect other people

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6
Q

Briefly describe what is implied by dysfunction as a criterion for psychopathology.

A

When a person’s thoughts and behaviours significantly impairs their ability to function in everyday life

However, sometimes people are able to maintain functioning

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7
Q

What is the fourth (D) criterion for diagnosing a psychological disorder?

A

Duration

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8
Q

What are three things to consider when determining if a person has a psychological disorder?

A
  1. Content/context of behaviour
  2. Sociocultural context
  3. Consequences (for self & others)
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9
Q

What are three reasons for the importance of diagnosing psychological disorders?

A
  1. Assist treatment planning
  2. Facilitate research
  3. Diagnosis predicts a person’s behaviour
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10
Q

What is the name for the popular diagnostic criteria for psychopathology?

A

DSM-5-TR

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11
Q

According to the DSM-5-TR, how many classes of psychological disorders are there? How many individual disorders are known?

A

20 major classes

Over 300 disorders

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12
Q

The DSM-5-TR lists many psychological disorders based on polythetic criteria. What is polythetic criteria?

A

The disorders are defined by multiple symptoms

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13
Q

What are three criticisms of DSM-5?

A
  1. Labelling
  2. Stigmatising
  3. Comorbidity
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14
Q

Describe the Stress Model of Disorder Development. The Biopsychosocial Perspective

A

Biological
/ \
Sociological ____ Psychological

Factors interact and create stress

Cycle continues to create a disorder

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15
Q

What are the six major perspectives of how psychological disorders develop?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychodynamic
  3. Cognitive
  4. Behavioural
  5. Humanistic
  6. Sociocultural
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16
Q

Why do people feel anxious?

A

Anxiety results from perceived threats (not necessarily aware of this)

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17
Q

What is the evolutionary function of anxiety?

A

To make people avoid potential harm (we act to reduce threat)

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18
Q

What is the definition of an anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive, persistent anxiety in specific, nonthreatening situations (or anticipation of).

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19
Q

How are anxiety disorders classed?

A

By situation: different anxiety disorders = different situations

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20
Q

What three elements make up the anxiety cycle?

A
  1. Thoughts
  2. Emotions
  3. Behaviours
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21
Q

What are the five types of anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Specific phobia
  2. Panic disorder
  3. Agoraphobia
  4. Social phobia
  5. Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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22
Q

Briefly describe the concept of the cognitive-behavioural cycle for anxiety.

A

Behaviours serve to maintain threatening interpretations of situations; behaviours reinforce feelings of anxiety

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23
Q

Briefly describe what a specific phobia is.

A

The intense fear of specific situation or event (e.g., spiders, heights, needles, etc.)

Often involves the avoidance of the situation paired with panic attacks

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24
Q

What are three examples of specific phobias?

A
  1. Monophobia - fear of being alone
  2. Arachnophobia - fear of spiders
  3. Pyrophobia - fear of fire
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25
Q

What are three overarching similarities between anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Intense fear in different situations
  2. Threat overestimation
  3. Thought-feeling-behaviour cycle maintains the disorder
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26
Q

Describe the thought-feeling-behaviour cycle of anxiety.

A
  1. Fear of situation so avoid situation (behaviour)
  2. Confirms belief that the situation is dangerous (thought)
  3. Continue to feel anxious about it (emotion)
27
Q

To define Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, what are the DSM-5 definitions of obsessions and compulsions?

A

Obsessions are persistent, unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that cause distress or anxiety.

Compulsions are repetitive behaviours (or thoughts) that the person feels driven to perform in response (usually) to an obsession.

28
Q

What two disorders are often associated with OCD?

A

Anxiety and Depression

29
Q

What are two effects of OCD?

A
  1. Significant distress or impairment to an individual
  2. More than an hour per day spent on obsessions and compulsions
30
Q

What are three categories of obsessions associated with OCD?

A
  1. Thoughts of harm to oneself or others
  2. Hygiene
  3. Symmetry
31
Q

Describe the cycle of obsessions in OCD.

A
  1. Intrusive thought
  2. Threatening interpretation
  3. Feeling of anxiety
  4. Try to suppress

Repeating

32
Q

What is the one fundamental difference between obsessions and compulsions of OCD?

A

Obsessions are involuntary

Compulsions are intentionally performed (reaction to obsessions)

33
Q

Why do compulsions occur in OCD?

A

Compulsions reduce anxiety temporarily, and so are used in future situations

34
Q

What are to reasons for why compulsions continue the cycle of OCD?

A
  1. Compulsions prevent “natural” anxiety reduction
  2. Compulsions prevent disconfirmation of feared consequences
35
Q

Briefly describe what depressive disorders are.

A

When a person experiences low moods, long-term

36
Q

What are two DSM-5 depressive disorders?

A
  1. Major depressive disorder (MDD)
  2. Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)
37
Q

What are five symptoms of MDD? How frequently do these symptoms have to occur?

A
  1. Loss of interest or pleasure most of day (anhedonia)
  2. Sleep difficulties
  3. Fatigue/energy loss
  4. Difficulty thinking, concentrating, making decisions
  5. Recurrent thoughts about death, suicidal ideation, plan, attempt/s
38
Q

What percentage of men and women have been recorded to have experienced MDD?

A

Lifetime = 10-25% women, 5-12% men

Current = 5-9% women, 2-3% men

39
Q

What are three causes of MDD?

A
  1. Inherited predisposition
  2. Major life events (e.g., loss)
  3. Perpetuating mechanisms (e.g., Cognitive behavioural model)
40
Q

Why do different people experience different emotions for the same situation?

A

Emotions are determined by the nature of our thoughts; our interpretations of things

Situations themselves don’t cause emotion

41
Q

What are the three parts of the cycle of depression?

A
  1. Negative thoughts
  2. Negative interpretations
  3. Confirmation of negative beliefs
42
Q

What are three common thinking errors of depression?

A
  1. Overgeneralising
  2. Mindreading
  3. Catastrophising
43
Q

What are three common effects of MDD on behaviour?

A
  1. Loss of motivation
  2. Social withdrawal
  3. Stop pleasurable activities
44
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder

45
Q

What how long do depressive episodes have to last to be classified as dysthymia?

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia):

Depressed mood for 2 years (Adults), 1 year for children

46
Q

What are two criterions for dysthymia?

A
  1. Depressed mood most of day, more days than not
  2. Two or more depressive symptoms, no more than 2 months without symptoms
47
Q

How does dysthymia vary to MDD?

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) is usually less intense that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):

Dysthymia = 2 or more symptoms

MDD = 5 or more symptoms

48
Q

Can Dysthymia and MDD occur at the same time?

A

Yes

49
Q

What percentage of people with Bipolar commit suicide?

A

10-15%

50
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder?

A

Depressive disorder with episodes of mania

51
Q

What is a manic episode in Bipolar Disorder?

A

A state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood and abnormally increased goal oriented activity or energy.

52
Q

How long do manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder generally last?

A

All day, nearly everyday for about a week

53
Q

What are four symptoms of a manic episode of Bipolar Disorder? How many symptoms are needed to be classified as a manic episode?

A
  1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  2. Decreased need for sleep
  3. Increased talkativeness
  4. Flight of ideas

3 or more symptoms (not all mentioned above)

54
Q

What is a common early warning sign of a manic episode in Bipolar Disorder?

A

Decreased need for sleep

55
Q

What are three signs of mania in Bipolar Disorder?

A
  1. Impulsive actions
  2. Racing thoughts; bursting with ideas
  3. Rapid speech (hard to understand)
56
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Hypomanic episodes include the same symptoms of manic episodes but they’re not as severe as manic episodes

57
Q

How are manic episodes more serious than hypomanic episodes?

A

Manic episodes can lead to significant harm/disruption and hospitalisation

Hypomanic episodes often don’t

58
Q

What are three consequences of manic episodes in Bipolar Disorder?

A
  1. Poor decisions can lead to extreme consequences
  2. Other’s attempt at reason = irritation
  3. Worsens depression when mania subsides - sees consequences
59
Q

What is the difference between Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder?

A

Bipolar I disorder:
- Manic episodes and depression
- Episodes often separated by normal mood

Bipolar II disorder:
- Hypomania and major depression
- Depression more prominent

60
Q

Which type of Bipolar includes Hypomanic episodes?

A

Bipolar II disorder

61
Q

Which type of Bipolar includes Manic episodes?

A

Bipolar I disorder

62
Q

What is a less extreme disorder similar to bipolar? How is it similar?

A

Cyclothymic disorder

Similar pattern of moods; less extreme

63
Q

What causes Bipolar disorder?

A

Strong heritability

64
Q

What are the two treatment options of Bipolar disorder?

A
  1. Medical treatment = lithium
  2. Psychological therapy

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