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Foundation of Psychology > Intelligence part 2 > Flashcards

Intelligence part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does nature and nurture affect the development of intelligence?

A

Some researchers suggest equal influence, others suggest that genetics more significant than environment

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2
Q

What are three common parts of a person’s environment that influences their intelligence?

A
  1. education
  2. culture
  3. life experiences
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3
Q

What is heritability?

A

The proportion of variance in IQ due to genetics

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4
Q

What are three points of correlation between socioeconomic status (SOS) and IQ?

A
  1. Parents’ intelligence influences occupation & status
  2. Income affects the family environment
  3. Motivational differences/values/expectations
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5
Q

What three factors have been linked to be causes of lower IQ?

A
  1. poverty
  2. malnutrition
  3. exposure to lead or alcohol
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6
Q

What is a program from the US Department of Health & Human Services that helps raise the IQ of children?

A

Project Head Start

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7
Q

What are two factors that make the evidence for the difference between intelligence of ethnic groups invalid?

A
  1. Significant environmental differences & many cultural factors
  2. Effects of structural disadvantage, inequality in Western societies
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8
Q

Which is greater, the variance in IQ within ethnic groups or between ethnic groups?

A

Differences (variance) within ethnic groups is much greater than between ethnic groups: there are people with high and low IQ in all groups

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9
Q

What is the general hypothesis of Charles Spearman’s 2-factor theory?

A

An individual’s performance on one type of cognitive task tends to be positively correlated with their performance on other kinds of cognitive task

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10
Q

What is the g-factor (or g) of Charles Spearman’s 2-factor theory?

A

The general ability factor

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11
Q

How does Spearman’s g-factory relate to IQ?

A

Someone’s overall score on an IQ test is seen to be indicative of their g-factor

“g” accounts for 40-50% of variance on IQ tests

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12
Q

What is some evidence from PET studies to support the g-factor of Spearman’s theory?

A

Same brain regions respond to different cognitive tasks

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13
Q

What are the four (specific) factors that make up the g-factor?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Spatial
  3. Verbal
  4. Numerical
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14
Q

Briefly describe Louis Thurstone’s theory of intelligence.

A

Thurston’s theory suggests that there is 7 primary mental abilities

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15
Q

What are the seven primary mental abilities of Thurston’s theory?

A
  1. Numerical
  2. Reasoning
  3. Verbal fluency
  4. Spatial visualisation
  5. Perceptual ability
  6. Memory
  7. Verbal comprehension
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16
Q

What were the 2 types of general intelligence in Raymond Cattel’s theory?

A
  1. Fluid intelligence (Gf)– the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations
  2. Crystallized intelligence (Gc) – knowledge and ability to use that knowledge (e.g., vocabulary etc.)
17
Q

How are Cattel’s intelligence factors “fluid and dynamic”?

A

Fluid intelligence can become crystallised intelligence

18
Q

What are the seven intelligence factors included in Cattel’s theory?

A
  1. Short-term memory
  2. Long-term memory
  3. visual processing
  4. auditory processing
  5. simple processing
  6. complex processing
  7. mathematical processing
19
Q

What are the five factors that make up intelligence in the information processing/cognitive model?

A
  1. The amount of information that can be processed
  2. The speed of the processing
  3. Working memory
  4. Knowledge/long-term memory
  5. Ability to acquire and apply cognitive strategies
20
Q

Who made the theory of multiple intelligences?

A

Robert Gardner (Gardner’s theory)

21
Q

What are four of the proposed intelligences in Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

A
  1. Linguistic/verbal
  2. Logical
  3. Spatial
  4. Interpersonal
22
Q

Why is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences unreliable (and therefore invalid)?

A

The theory lacks empirical evidence & is difficult to test

23
Q

What is another proposed form of intelligence? How so?

A

Creativity

IQ and creativity has a positive correlation

24
Q

How does creativity differ from IQ?

A

Creativity involves divergent thinking

whereas,

IQ involves more convergent thinking

25
Q

What are three factors of intelligence which are in most theories of intelligence?

A
  1. reasoning,
  2. problem-solving
  3. ability to acquire knowledge
26
Q

Briefly describe what an intellectual disability is.

A

Deficits in intellectual functioning; IQ <70 or 75

27
Q

What are three characteristics of a person with an intellectual disability?

A

difficulties with:
1. reasoning
2. problem-solving
3. verbal comprehension

28
Q

When do intellectual disabilities generally occur?

A

Onset happens during developmental period

29
Q

What are the three domains of support needed for people with intellectual disabilities?

A
  1. conceptual
  2. social
  3. practical
30
Q

What is the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in the world population?

A

1-3% of world population has an intellectual disability

31
Q

What are three common functional characteristics of a person with an intellectual disability?

A

They might:
1. Perform certain mental operations more slowly
2. Have a smaller knowledge base
3. Do not remember to use certain mental strategies even if they know
how to (adaptive functioning)

32
Q

What are the 4 levels of intellectual disabilities and their corresponding IQ?

A

Mild, IQ: 50-70

Moderate, IQ: 35-49

Severe, IQ: 20-34

Profound, IQ: below 20

33
Q

What are two genetic causes of intellectual disabilities?

A

Down syndrome & Fragile X syndrome

34
Q

What are two prenatal & environmental conditions that cause intellectual disabilities?

A

Malnutrition & exposure to toxins during pregnancy (e.g., FASD)

35
Q

What determines if a person has a specific learning disorder?

A

Difficulties learning and using academic skills despite intervention targeting specific difficulties

36
Q

What are three reasons to test a child’s IQ?

A
  1. Academic problems
  2. Behavioural issues
  3. Streamlining
37
Q

Why is important to only test IQ when it’s necessary?

A

Because it’s stressful for the kid, it costs a lot of money, and it takes a long time (multiple hours)

38
Q

How can a child’s IQ manifest in the teacher’s expectations?

A

Can create a self-fulfilling prophecy for the child; teacher’s often encourage brighter students; brighter students receive more social reinforcement &
enrichment

Foundation of Psychology (10 decks)

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