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Foundation of Psychology > Intelligence part 1 > Flashcards

Intelligence part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

There are many definitions of intelligence, what is the definition of intelligence according to Passer et al. (2019)?

A

Intelligence is the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively and to deal adaptively with the environment.

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2
Q

What are three aspects of intelligence?

A
  1. Abstract thinking or reasoning abilities
  2. Problem-solving abilities
  3. The capacity to acquire knowledge
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3
Q

What were Alfred Binet’s two foundational hypothesises of his theory of intelligence?

A

One: children’s mental abilities increase with age
Two: the rate of information processing is a characteristic of a person and is fairly constant over time

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4
Q

Which two scientists laid the foundational theories of intelligence?

A

Sir Francis Galton and Alfred Binet

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5
Q

Briefly describe Francis Galton’s theory of intelligence.

A

Galton believed, people that were more socially and occupationally successful were more intelligent.

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6
Q

What three factors are most prominent in most the theories of intelligence?

A
  1. reasoning,
  2. problem-solving
  3. capacity to learn
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7
Q

Briefly describe the basis of Binet’s first intelligence test.

A

Binet developed a standardised interview in which an adult examiner would interview a child to assess their mental age.

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8
Q

How did Binet and Simon’s (1904) intelligence test work?

A

Firstly, a child’s mental age was measured

and secondly, their mental age was compared to their chronological age

If MA = CA this signified “regular” intelligence

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9
Q

Who developed the first intelligence test?

A

Binet and Simon (1904)

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10
Q

Who brought the Binet-Simon test to the US in 1908?

A

Henry Goddard

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11
Q

Why was the Binet-Simon test brought to the US?

A

To identify ‘mentally retarded’ children for special education programs, and also screen immigrants.

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12
Q

What was Henry Goddard’s view on intelligence?

A

He viewed intelligence as fixed/unchanging

He believed ‘feeble mindedness’ ran in families and wanted to segregate them from more intelligent people

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13
Q

Who revised the Binet-Simon test to form the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and in what year?

A

Lewis Terman at Stanford University in 1916

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14
Q

Who developed the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?

A

William Stern

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15
Q

What was the original measurement of IQ?

A

IQ = (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100

Score of 100 always signifies “normal” intelligence

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16
Q

What is the contemporary measurement of IQ?

A

Nowadays, IQ = a person’s performance relative to the scores of other people of the same age

An IQ of 100 is the average performance of that age group.

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17
Q

Explain the concept of Eugenics.

A

Eugenics is the idea that children with lower IQs are genetically inferior.

18
Q

What proposed areas of intelligence does the Stanford-Binet test cover?

A
  1. Fluid reasoning
  2. Knowledge
  3. Quantitative reasoning
  4. Visual-Spatial processing
  5. Working memory
19
Q

Why was the Stanford-Binet test ineffective for testing adult intelligence?

A

The test would produce wildly inaccurate IQ results when an adult scored a result well above or below the average intelligence.

(e.g., a 20-year-old who performed at the typical level of an 80-year-old would have an IQ of about 400)

20
Q

What was David Wechsler’s concept of intelligence?

A

“The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment”

21
Q

Who developed the successor to the Stanford-Binet test?

A

David Wechsler

22
Q

What are three ways Wechsler’s intelligence test improved upon existing IQ tests?

A
  1. More comprehensive: verbal and nonverbal subtests to be completed by all test-takers
  2. Less emphasis on cultural knowledge
  3. Did not rely on mental age for IQ determination
23
Q

What does WAIS stand for?

A

Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale

24
Q

What does WISC stand for?

A

Wechsler’s Intelligence Scale for Children

25
Q

What are the four index scores of the WAIS-IV test?

A
  1. Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
  2. Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
  3. Working Memory Index (WMI)
  4. Processing Speed Index (PSI)
26
Q

How many subtests are there for the WAIS-IV test?

A

There are 15 subtests (10 core, 5 optional)

27
Q

What are the five index scores for the WISC-V test?

A
  1. Verbal Comprehension
  2. Visual Spatial
  3. Fluid Reasoning
  4. Working Memory
  5. Processing Speed
28
Q

How many tests and subtests are used in the WISC-V test?

A

10 tests and 7 subtests

29
Q

What do aptitude measures assess?

A

The potential to learn or perform well in the future

30
Q

What do achievement measures assess?

A

Assesses specific knowledge or accomplishments

31
Q

Describe the connection between IQ, aptitude, and achievement measures.

A

Aptitude and achievement scores tend to be strongly correlated with IQ

32
Q

What are culture-fair IQ tests?

A

Tests that use items that are “applicable across cultures” (e.g., non-verbal questions)

33
Q

Briefly describe the cultural issues associated with WAIS and WISC tests.

A

WAIS and WISC tests rely heavily on detailed knowledge of dominant culture

34
Q

What are three cultural advantages of Raven’s Progressive Matrices intelligence test?

A
  1. No questions require specific factual information
  2. No questions require knowledge of a specific culture
  3. Non-verbal questions
35
Q

What is one downside to the Raven’s Progressive Matrices test?

A

The “logic” is still a Western view of what logical reasoning is

36
Q

What are two norms of IQ testing that allow the standardised comparison between people?

A

Testing situation and Instructions

37
Q

What does reliability and validity mean in the context of intelligence testing?

A

Reliability: are the results stable across situations?

Validity: do the results actually measure intelligence?

38
Q

What are two points on the reliability of IQ testing?

A
  1. Not good before age 7
  2. Consistent for teens and adults
39
Q

What are two points on the validity of IQ testing?

A
  1. Predicts success in school/education
  2. Predicts occupational success
40
Q

Why are IQ tests not a perfect measure of intelligence?

A

Only some abilities measured (depending on test)

Foundation of Psychology (10 decks)

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