Psychological Assessment Flashcards
Standardization
two characteristics of a test, test is said to be standardized when the apparatus, and the scoring have been fixed so the scores collected at different times and places are fully comparable. Any deviation from standardized administration and scoring may result in invalid conclusions,
A test is standardized when administered under standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of establishing norms
Norm Referenced
permit comparisons between an examinee’s performance and the performance of individuals in a norm group, percentile ranks, and standard scores are examples
Criterion Referenced
domain referenced and permit interpreting an examinees performance in terms of what the examinee can do or knows with regard to a clearly defined content domain or in terms of performance or status on an external criterion , compared to a pre established cutoff
Self Referenced
ipsative scores which permit intraindividual comparsions, comparsions of an examinees score on one scale with his or her scale on other scores
Behavioral Assessment/Functional Behavioral Assessment
FBA- is a behavior assessment that entails determining the function or purpose of a behavior by identifying its antecedents and consequences. goal is to identify strategies for decreasing or eliminating a target behavior by eliminating the antecedents and consequences that are maintaining the behavior and providing antecedents and consequences that support an alternative behavior
Dynamic Assessment/Testing the Limits
interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized testing procedures to obtain additional information about the examinee and if they will benefit from additional assistance or instruction
Testing the limits- providing an examinee with additional cues, suggestions, feedback and is done after standardized administration of the test
Actuarial vs Clinical Prediction
Actuarial ( statical ) predictions are based on empirically validated relationships between test results and specific criteria and make use of multiple regression equation
Clinical Prediction- based on decision makers intuition, experience, and knowledge
*actuarial method is more accurate than clinical judgement alone
Catell’s Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence
Crystalized Intelligence( Gc) refers to acquired knowledge and skill, affected by educational and cultural experiences and includes reading, and factual knowledge, Fluid Intelligence (gf) does not depend on specific instruction, relatively culture free and enables an individual to solve novel problems and perceive relations and similarities
Guilfords Convergent and Divergent Thinking
Convergent thinking- relies on rational, logical reasoning, and involves the use of logical judgement and consideration of facts to derive correct solution to a problem
Divergent thinking- nonlogical processes and requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions
IQ concordance rates
greater the genetic similarity, the higher the correlation Identical twins reared together- .85 Identical twins reared apart- .67 Fraternal Twins reared together- .58 Biological siblings reared together- .45 Biological siblings reared apart- .24 Biological sibling and parent togeher .39 Biological parent and child( apart_ .22 Adoptive parent and child .18
Flynn Effect
Research by Flynn 1987, 1998, found that IQ test scores increased over the previous 70 years in the United States and other industrialized countires. involves an increase in at least 3 IQ points per decade, due to increases in fluid intelligence, increased for individuals with IQS 70- 109 but reversed for individuals with IQS for 110 and above
Aging/Crystalized and Fluid Intelligence
crystalized intelligence increases until about age 60 but fluid intelligence peaks in late adolescense and declines,
Fluid intelligence and age related declines have been due to processing speed
Cross Sequential Design
- Seattle Longitundital study- combined cross sectional and longitudinal methologies, cross sectional design more likely to find early age related declines in IQ because it is more vulnerable to cohort, effects
Effects of Age on Six primary mental abilities- Seattle Study
inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, perceptual speed, numeric ability, vocabulary and verbal memory , most people only perceptual speed declined substantially prior to age 60.
Slope Bias
occurs when there is differential validity, validity coefficents for a predictor differ for different groups and, predictor is more accurate for one group than another
(slop bias because the regression lines for the groups have different slopes in the scatterplot depicting predictor and criterion scores
Intercept Bias
unfairness- occurs when the validity coefficents and critrerion performance for different groups are the same but their mean scores on the predictor differ , predictor consistently over or underpredicts performance on the criterion for measures of one of the groups
Stanford Binet Age Range
Stanford Binet Intelligence test - age range 2.0 to 85 +, designed as measured of cognitive ability but also to assist in psychoeducational evaluation, the diagnosis of developmental disabilities, forensic, career, neuropsychological and early childhood assessment
Stanford Binet- Five cognitive factors
Fluid Reasoning. Knowledge, Quanatiative reasoning, Visual Spatial Processing, Working Memory,
Stanford Binet Routing Subtests
- objects series/matrices ( nonverbal) and Vocabulary (verbal) starting point is based on the examinees age or estimate ability level
WAIS-IV Age Range:
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale- 16- 90.11 years old- provides a full scale IQ
WAIS-IV four indexes
Working Memory Index, - digit span, arithemtic
Supplemental, letter number sequencing
*primary capactities- initial registration and mental manipulation of stimuli,
Secondary capacities- audtiory acuity, attention, mental processing speed, expressive language, math skills,
Verbal Comprehension- vocabulary, similarities, information, supplemental: comprehension
*primary capacities- retrieval of verbal information from long term memory, reasoning with verbal information
Processing speed index- symbol search, coding, supplemental: cancellation
Primary Capacties- verbal, motor, and visual processing speed
Secondary: visual attention, perception, organizational skills,
Perceptual Reasoning:: Block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, supplemental: figure weights, picture completion
Primary Capacities: reasoning with nonverbal, visual stimuli
WAIS FSIQ and index scores for individuals with Alzheimers Disease
Full scale IQ- substest scorees are are combined for FSIQ, interpreted with caution when 1.5 standard deviation or more between two index scores, or any two subtsts.
FSIW for alzhiemers 81.2
WISC-V age range
Weschler Intelligence scale for children: appropriate from age 6.0 to 16.11- provides a FSIQ,
WISC -V Primary Indexes
Verbal Comprehension, Visual spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing speed
KABC- II Age range:
children 3.0 through 18.11
KABC-II purposes
measure of cognitive ability and culture fair test by minimizing verbal instructions and responses, five scales, simultaneous, sequential, planning, learning and knowledge
KABC II- interpretation model
Catell Horn Carol model or Lurias neuropsycholigcal processing model( recommended when an examinees performance on measures of crystalized intelligence would be negatively impacted by a non mainstream cultural background, hearing impairment, autism.
PPVT- 4 AGE range
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: measures receptive vocabulary, consists of 228 cars that contain four pitures, examner verbally provides a stimulus word and examinee responds by indicating the picture that best corresponds to the meaning of thr word
2.6- 90 years of age
useful for people with motor or speech impairment,
Leiter 3 age range
culture fair measure of cognitive abilities for individuals 3 to 75 +
Leiter 3 purpose
can be administered without verbal instructions and is useful for individuals with language problems or hearing impairment, examinees need to match a set of response cards to corresponding illustrations on an easel
Ravens Progressive matrices age range
nonverbal measures of general intelligence and useful for multicultural tests because they are relatively independent of the effects of specific educational and cultural learning ,
ages 6.0 and older
Ravens progressive matrices purpose
used with examinees who are hearing impaired or non english speakers, requires an examinee to solve problems using abstract figures and designs by indicating which of several alterantives complete a matrix,
Slosson Test::
screening test of intelligence for children 2 to 7 whose IQ range from 10 to 170, obtaining a quick estimate of mental ability and for identifying children at risk for educational failure or who require extensive testing
Woodcock Johnson
assess intelligence, diagnose learning problems, and identify appropriate interventions , 2-80 years old
Fagan Test of Infant intelligence
information processing adminstered during infancy are good predictors of IQ during childhood. assesses infants selective attention to novel stimuli, amount of time spent looking at pictures of new vs familiar stimuli,
Americans with Disabilities Act in assessment
requires that any test administered to a job applicant or employee with a disability must accurately measure the skills and ability the test was designed to measure rather than reflect the examinees disability , make reasonable accomadatons when testing disabled examinees
Curriculum Based Measurement
involves periodic assessment of school aged children with brief standarized and validated measures of basic academic skills that reflect current school curriculum for the purpose of evaulating instructional effectiveness and making instructional decisions
Performance Based Measurement
observing and judging a pupils skills in actually carrying out a physical activity( giving a speech) or producing a product, provides egalitarian method of evaulation and consequently is useful for assessing students from culturally and linguistic groups
Multiple Aptitude Batteries/Differential validity
combine a number of tests or subtests that each measure a different aptitude. most used for education and vocational counseling.
* lack adequate differential validity, do not have different levels of validity for different criterion groups or categories.
ITPA 3 Age Range
Illinois Test of Pyscholingustic abilities: appropriate for children 5.0-12.11
ITPA 3 Purpose
designed to evaulate a childs strengths and weaknessess in terms of linguistic abilitiy, assist in the diagnosis of dyslexia and problems related to phonological coding and track a childs progress. - based on Osgoods communication model,
Strong Interest Inventory Empirical Criterion Keying
two approaches, General occupational themes and basic interest scales, involves comparing the responses of males and females in various occupations with the responses of males and females in a general reference sample
used for individuals 15 and older.
Strong Interest Inventory Scales
General Occupational Themes: based on hollands six occupational themes :RIASEC
Basic Interest Scale: 30 scales such as athletics, performing arts, research, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional
Occupational Scales : indicate the degree to which the examinees interests are similar to those of satisfied workers of the same gender
Personality Style Scales: five scales, work style, learning environment, leadership style, risk taking, team orientation
Adminstrative Indices: provide of the type and consistency of responses by examinee
Kuder Occupational Interest Survey
is for high school juniors and seniors, college students and adults. developed on empirical keying, 4 scales
Occupational Scales: 109 scales, indicate the strength of the realtionship between examinees interests and those of satisfied workers in different occupations - coefficent less than 45 indicates dissimalirty
College major scales: scores are provided fro 40 college majors
Vocational interest Estimates: interest in broad areas similar to hollands
Dependability indices: check the validity of an examinees responses
Hollands Self Directed Search SIx Scales
based on hollands theory of career choice which emphasizes the importance of matching a persons preferences to the chacteristics of the job.
Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
Hollands Self Directed Search Differentation
degree of distinctiveness of the examinees measured interests, examinee is high in differentation when obtain a high score on one category but low on the others
MMPI -2 T scores:
method for deriving psychatric diagnoses and empircal criterion keying strategy was used, used for individuals 18 and older,
Raw scores are converted to T scores that have a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10, T score of 65 or higher is considered clinically significant.
MMPI 2 Validity Scales
L:
F:
K:
L Scale ( Lie)- high score indicates that they are trying to present themselves in a favorable light or the examinees lack of insight into his or her motivation , frankness in responding, exaggeration of negative symptoms
F( Frequency)- a high score indicates that the examinee has responded in an deviant manner, and suggests an attempt to “fake bad”, deliberate malingering, significant pathology,
Low score- indicate ability to “fake good” , tendency toward social conformity, denial of problems, or absence of significant pathology
K ( correction)- high score indicates a high degree of defesiveness or denial , ability to “fake good”, or responding false to all items, associated with resistance and poor treatment prognosis.
Low score- indicates self criticism, desire to fake bad,
*K score considered supressor variable since scores correlate with defensiveness, education level, and SES status, and impact scores
Vrin: measure of consistency in responding and consists of paired items that would be expected to answer in the same direction( T score of 80 suggests invalid profile)
Trin: consist of paired items that are the opposite of each other, provides additional measure of consistency in responding
MMPI Two point codes
12/21- depression, worry, pessimism, hypochondrias
29/92- agitated depression , bipolar disorder, psychosomatic complaints
49/94- impulsive, narcissistic, antisocial behavior, substance use
MMPI 3 point codes
Conversion V- code of 1 2 3 with scale 1 and 3 being higher than scale 2 and is associated with somatization of psychological problems
Psychotic V : code of 6,7,8 with scales 6 and 8 being higher than 7 and associated with delusions, hallucinations and disordered thought
NEO PI 3 big five personality types
assess the big 5 personality traits , extraversion, agreeableness, conscioustness, neuroticism, and openness
Rorschach Inkblot Test Phases of Administration
consists of 10 cards,
Administration involves two phases
Free association: examiner presents the 10 cards in a prescribed order, asks the examinee to describe what he or she sees, keeps a verbatim record of the examinees responses,
Inquiry Phase: examiner actively questions the examinee about the features of the inkblot that determined his or her response
Rorschach Inkblot Test Score Categories
Location: where in the inkblot the examinees perception is located
Determinants: what in the inkblot determined the examinees response
Form quality: how similar the examinees perception is to the actual shape of the inkblot
Content: catergory perception falls into ( human, animsal or nature)
Popularity/Frequency of occurences: how often a certain inkblot or portion of an inkblot elicits a particular response
Rorschach Inkblot Test Interpretation
involve considering the number and ratio of responses falling into each catergory, large number of whole respinses suggests integrated, oragnized thinking, many colors indiciate impulsivity. confabulation- suggests brain damage
Thematic Appreciation Test ( TAT) Scoring
based on Henry murrarys theory of needs, 20 cards, include one or more human figure, the examinee is asked to make up a story about each picture and to include information on what is happening, what led up to the situation, and how the story ends,
*little utility for assigning specific diagnoses but may be useful for gross diagnostic distinctions ( schizophrenia vs neurosis) and a wide ban for personality that provides information on such factors such as cognitive style, emotional reactivity,
Halstead- Reitan Purpose
used to detect the presence of brain damage and determine its severity and possible location in individuals 15 and older. assess memory, concentraion, abstract reasoning, language,
Halstead Reitan Impairment index
range from values from 0 to 1.0 with a score of 0 to .2 indiating normal functioning, .3 to .4 mild impairment, .5 to .7 moderate impairment and .8 to 1.0 severe impairment
Bender Gestalt II purpose
Bender Visual motor Gestalt test’: brief measure of visual motor intergration for individuals 3 and older, and used for visual motor development and screening tool for neuropsychological impairment,
Bender Gestalt II adminstration phases
includes 16 stimulus cards containing geometric figures
Copy phase: examinee is shown each design and asked to copy it as best as you can
Recall phase- examinee is asked to draw as many of the designs as possible from memory
Bender Gestalt II global scoring system
entails evaluating the overall quality of an examinees design during both phases using a rating scale with 0 ( no resemblance) and 4 being nearly perfect
Wisconsin Card sorting test purpose
for individuals age 6.6 to 80.11 used to assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback, four stimulus cards and 64 response cards that contain one to four symbols, in one of four colors
Wisconsin Card sorting test interpretation
examinee is asked to sort the cards using a sorting strategy that is not disclosed to them, and the examinee is given feedback, after 10 correct sorts, change the strategy,
responses scored in terms of trails required to identify correct sorting strategy,
*sensitive to frontal lobe damage, and impaired performance has been linked to alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, malingering
Stroop color word association test purpose
assesses the degree to which an individual can suppress a habitual response in favor of an unusual one and measures cognitive flexibility, selective attention, and response inhibition.
Stroop color word association test interpretation
test presents an examinee with names that are printed in color that are different from the name, and examinee is asked to go through the list and say the ink color rather than read the name,
*sensitive to frontal love damage, poor performance associated with ADHD, mania, depression and schizophrenia
Mini mental state exam purpose
developed as a screening test for cognitive impairment for older adults, and assess six aspects of cognitive functioning, orientation, registration, attention, delayed recall, language and visual construction
Mini mental state exam scores
maximum score is 30 and a score of 23 or 24 is used as a cutoff with scores below the cutoff indicating cognitive impairment
Glasgow coma scale purpose
used to assess levels of consciousness following brain injury and involves rating the the patient in terms of 3 responses, visual response, best motor response, and best verbal response
Glasgow coma scale scores
scores range from 3 to 15 with lower score indicating more severe brain damage and a score of 3 to 8 indicating unconscious state
Beck Depression Inventory II purpose
consists of 21 items that address the mood, cognitive, behavioral and physical aspects of depression and requires examinee to rate each item on severity on 4 point scale ranging from 0 to 3.
Beck Depression Inventory II scores
0-13=minimal depression 14-19=mild depression , 20-28-moderate depression 29-63= severe depression, readminstered during course of treatment to monitor changes
Vineland Adaptive Behavior scale purpose
used to evaluate personal and social skills of children and adults with intellectual disability, ASD, ADHD, brain injury or dementia to assist in the development of educational and treatment plan,
adaptive composite score, scores of three domains( communication, daily living skills and socialization)
Larry P v. Riles
case regarding african american children who were overrepresented in special education classes in the san franscio public school system, judges handed down the opinion that IQ tests are racialy and culturall biases, and have discrimintory impact on black children
Assessment of malingering
malingering is the conscious effort by an individual to fabricate or exaggerate psychological or phsyical symptoms for obtaining a reward,
should be suspected when inconsistiences between the individuals test or subtest scores, behavioral observations and test results, information obtained for individual or other sources.
