Clinical Psychology Flashcards
What are Freuds 5 stages of psychosocial development?
Oral- 0-1 Anal-2-3 Phallic3-6 Latency 6-12 Genital- Puberty up
What are Erikson’s 7 Stages of development?
Trust vs mistrust 0-1.5 Autonomy vs shame 1.5- 3 Initiative vs guilt 3-5 Industry vs inferiorty 6-12 Identity vs role confusion 12-18 Intimacy vs isolation 18-40 Generativity vs stagnation 40-65 Ego intergrity vs despair 65 +
what are the three structures of personality according to Freud?
Id- develops at birth, has to do with life and death instinct and operates on the pleasure principle, and seeks immediate gratification
Ego- develops at 6 months of age, in response to ids inability to gratify all of its needs, and focuses on reality principle,
Supergo- develops at about age 4-5, and represents internalization of societies values and standards, attempts to permanently block the ids socially unacceptable impulses
What is repression?
Defense mechanism that takes information and maintains it in unconscious.
What is reaction formation?
Involves avoiding an anxiety evoking impulse by expressing the opposite
What is Projection?
Occurs when a threatening impulse is attributed to another person or other external source
What is the goal of psychoanyaltic psychotherapy?
Reduce or eliminate pathological symptoms by bringing them into consciousness
**Include using dreams, free association, transference and resistance -
All behavior is meaningful and serve some function
What are the four stages of Frueds therapy goals?
Confrontation-making statements that help the client see his or her behavior in a new way
Clarification- clarifying the clients feelings and restating his or her remarks in clearer terms
Interpretation- explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes
Working through - allows the client to gradually assimilate new insights into his or her personality
What is Adler’s telecological approach?
It is an approach that regards behavior as being largely motivated by a persons future goals, rather than past events
What are some key components of Adler’s personality theory?
Inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, style of life and social interest
Inferiority feelings develop during childhood as result of real or perceived biological, psychological or social weakness.
Style of life- is specific ways a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and achieve superiorty
What are the two styles of life Adler discusses?
Healthy style of life- marked by goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and concern about the welfare of others
Mistaken Style of life- goals reflecting self centerdness, competitiveness, and striving for personal power.
Adlers view on maladaptive behavior?
represent a mistaken style of life, charcterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, lack of social interest.
Alder view on therapy goals?
collaborative relationship with client, helping the client identify his or her style of life and its conseqeunces and reorienting the clients beliefs and goals to establish more adaptive lifestyle.
What is lifestyle investigation and whose approach is it?
Adler uses it to yield information about the clients family constellations, hidden goals and basic mistakes.
Systematic Training for effective teaching?
alderian therapy that all behavior is goal directed, misbehavior of young children is viewed as four purposes, attention, power, revenge, or to display deficiency .
Jungs analytical psychotherapy personality theory?
made up of both unconscious and conscious factors
Conscious factors is oriented toward external world, governed by ego, and represents the individuals thoughts, ideas, feelings, sensory perceptions and memories.
Unconscious: personal and collective
Personal: includes experiences that were unconsciously perceived but now repressed or forgotten
Collective: memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
Archetypes- primordial images that cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in an universal way.
What does Jung view as individuation?
Views developmental as contuining through the lifespan and growth after mid 30s.
**intergration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that leads to the development of unique identity
Therapy goals of Jung?
Rebridge the gap between the conscious and personal and collective unconscious.
**interpretations designed to help client become aware of inner world,
Interested in drams, and dream work
Role of transference according to Jung?
Transference to be a projection of the personal and collective unconscious - crucial part of therapy,
Countertransference - tool that can provide the therapist about what is occurring during the course of therapy
Jungian optimistic point of view?
emphasizes the healthy aspects of the clients personality, and primarily focus on the here and now, with information from past being sought out only when it will help the client understand the present
Stages of Mahler Object relations personality development?
Normal infantile autism- occurs during the first months of life. Individual is self absorbed and oblivious to external environment.
Symbiotic phase: child becomes aware of the mother but is unable to differentiate between me and not me
Separation individuation - begins at 4-5 months, differenation, practicing, reapproachment, and object constancy
3 years of age, child has developed a permanent sense of self and object constancy
View of maladaptive behavior for object relations therapy?
result of abnormalities in early object relations, trace adult psychopathology to problems during separation individuation
According to Kernberg, result of adverse childhood experiences, indiviudal with borderline personality never integrated the positive and negative aspects of his her experiences with others, and goes between contradictory images
Object relations therapy techniques
provide the client with support, acceptance and other conditions that restore the clients ability to relate to others in meaningful ways.
**Bring maladaptive unconscious relationship dynamics into consciousness.
Focus on splitting, projective identification
Person centered therapy?
Rogers- based on belief that all people have an innate self actualizing tendency that serves as source of motivation and guides toward positive growth
Rogers personality theory concepts
the notion of self, each person has the ability to become self actualized ,, must remain unified, organized, and whole
Rogers view of maladaptive behavior
self becomes disorganized as the result of incongruence between self and experience when individual experiences conditions of worth.
Incongruence produces unpleasant visercal sensations that are subjectively experinced as anxety, may attempt to allievaite anxiety through distortion or denial
Rogers three facilitative conditions
Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and accurate empathic understanding
Person centered therapists view on transference
do not view it as a necessary component of therapy, they do not foster or interpret it
Gestalt therapy founder and premises
Fritz Perls- person capable of assuming personal responsibility for his/her own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated whole
Gestalt personality Theory
Personality consists of self and self image,
Self: creative aspect of the personality that promotes the individuals inherent tendency for self actualization or ability to live as fully integrated person.
Self image- darker side of the personality and hinders growth and self actualization by imposing external standards
Gestalt View of maladaptive Behavior:
Considered a growth disorder, that involves abandonment of the self for the self image and a lack of integration
Stems from a disturbance in the boundary between self and external environment that interferes with persons ability to satisfy his or her needs and maintain homeostastis
Four major boundary disturbances
Introjection- occurs when a person psychologically swallows whole concepts , accepts concepts from the environment without actually understanding or filly assimilating them,
Projection- disowning aspects of the self by assigning them to other people
Retroflection- entails doing to oneself what one wants to do to others,
Confluence: absence of a boundary between the self and the environment, feelings of guilt and resentment
Therapy techniques of Gestalt
Clients transference to be counterproductive and respond to it by helping the client recognize the difference between his or her transference fantasy and reality.
- primary factor is awareness- full understanding of the here and now use a variety of ready made exercises to lead clients toward greater awareness.
- *empty chair technique,
Existential View of Maladaptive Behavior:
result of an inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concerns of existence, death, freedom, existential isolation and meaningless.
- *existential anxiety is considered a normal response to ultimate concerns and can serve as a source of motivation to change and grow
- *neurotic anxiety- result of an attempt to avoid existential anxiety is out of proportion to the situation, out of conscious awareness, and can be immobilizing
Existential therapy goals:
help clients live in more committed, self aware, authentic and meaningful way ,
recognize freedom to choose their own destinies, and to accept responsibility.
**therapist client relationship is considered the most important therapeutic tool, paradoxical intention is used to reduce a clients fear and focus on exaggerated and humorous ways on the feared situation
Reality Therapy:
Glasser- based on choice theory and assumes people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how people make choices that affect the course of their lives
Reality Therapy Personality Theory:
people have five basic innate need that serve as primary source of motivation, survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun. **need for love and belonging is most important
Success identity: when a person fufills his or her needs in a responsible way, does not infringe on the rights of others
Failure Identity- unable to satisfy his or her needs or does so in an irresponsible way
Reality therapy view of maladaptive behavior
mental illness is due to the result of an individuals choice, due to a person choosing to depress his or herself.
Reality therapy goals and techniques
Focus on current behaviors and beliefs, transference is determential to therapy, values judgements clients ability to judge right or wrong in daily life
**primary goal is to help clients identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and develop a success identity
Use of questioning, encouragement and other strategies.
Personal construct therapy:
George Kelly; focuses on how the client experiences the world, assumes people choose the ways they deal with world
Personality Theory of Kelly:
persons psychological processes are determined by the way he or she construes ( perceives, interprets, and predicts) events involving personal constructs.
*personal constructs- are bipolar dimensions of meaning that develop , people act as scientists who contiunally test their personal constructs by checking the accuracy of the predictions
therapy goals of personal construct therapy:
client and therapist to be mutual experts and co experimenters who work together to derive the tasks that will help the client identify and revise or replace maladaptive personal constructs.
Self characterization sketch, repertory grid,
Interpersonal Therapy;
IPT:brief manual therapy developed by Klerman and Weissman as a treatment for depression, been applied to other disorders such as bipolar, bulmia, substance use and dependence. **influenced by Adolph Meyers approach, Sullivans , and Bowlbys
*maladaptive behavior is related to problems in social roles, and interpersonal relationships that are traceable to a lack of strong attachments early in life
Interpersonal Therapy Goals and Techniques:
focus is on current social relationships and goal are symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning. Symptom reductioning is achieved through education about the disorder, instillation of hope,
Interpersonal functioning goals: unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits
Three stages: initial stage, conducts an assessment to ascertain the clients diagnosis, interpersonal context in which the clients symptoms occur, and the problem areas that will be the focus of treamtnet. Middle, use specific treatment strategies that address the problem areas,
Lat - focus on progress, relapse prevention
Solution focused Therapy
focus on solutions to problems rather than on problems themselves
Therapy goals and Techniques: client is viewed as expert while therapist acts as a consultant collaborator who poses different types of questions that assist the client to recognize and use his or her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals
Miracle Questions, Exception Questions, Scaling Questions
*initial session client identfieis specific therapy goals, responds to the miracle question identifies exceptions and instances of success, given session formula task - think of something in life want to continue
Transtheroretical model of change:
Prochaska &DiClemente- orginally developed for cigeratte smoking, and other addictive behaviors applied to weight control, treatment compliance, intimate partner violence
Six stages of Change:
Precontemplation: individual has little to no insight into change, does not intend to change, may be in denial,
Contemplation Stage: aware of need for change, intends to take action within the next six months not committed to change. Aware of the pros and cons of changing-
Preparation: plan to take action in the immediate future ( usually the next month) and has a realistic plan
Action Stage: individual takes concrete steps to change his or her behavior,
Maintenance: maintained a change in behavior for at least 6 months
Termination: feels he or she can resist temptation and is confident there is no risk for relapse
**consciousness raising, dramatic relief, and environmental reevaulation are useful for helping clients transition from the precontemplation to the contemplation while countercounditioning, reinforcement mangement and stimulus control
Decisional Balance: refers to the strength of perceived pros and cons of the problem behavior and plays a role in all stages, motivation in contemplation stage.
Self efficacy- clients confidence that he or she will be able to cope with high risk situations without relapse
Motivational Interviewing:
developed for clients who are ambivalent about changing their behavior and used for alcohol addiction, diabetes, cigarette smoking
*Basic assumptions were deririved from Rogers client centered therapy and Banduras notion of self efficacy
stresses therapist empathy, reflective listening, and responding to client resistance in non confrontational way.
Motivational Interviewing Therapy Goals:
enhance the clients intrinsic motivation to alter his or her behavior by helping the client examine and resolve ambilevance about changing.
1) express empathy, 2) develop discrepancies between current behavior and personal goals 3) roll with resistance 4) support self efficacy
**OARS, open ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries
What is an open system according to general systems theory?
Open system receives input from and discharges output to the environment and is more adaptable to change
What is Homeostastis?
Tendency to act in ways that maintain the family’s equilibrium or status quo.
What is a negative feedback loop?
Reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo
What is a positive feedback loop?
Amplifies deviation or change and disrupts the system, can lead to breakdowns,
**in therapy, positive feedback promotes appropriate change in dysfunctional family system
What is double blind communication?
involves conflicting negative injuctions such as do that or youll be punished, one being expessed verbally and one nonverbally,
**work on role of development of schizophrenia
Communication/Interaction Family therapy:
Jay Haley, research,
report function- content aspect
Command- nonverbally
Symmetrical communication
reflects equality between communicators but may escalate into a competitive “one up” where each person tries to outdo the other
