Psycholingusitics lesson 4 Flashcards
Speech production is more complex than the process of _______ word retrieval
individual
There are many partially _______ processes taking place at any _____ time.
overlapping
given
When we speak what do we do in order to say the upcoming message?
We Plan Ahead
What allows us to speak fluently?
Planning Ahead
There is a ____ as to how much we can ___ in advance.
limit
plan
Why is there a limit as to how much we plan in advance?
Due to memory limitations
an error is Anticipation- name the two types of Anticipation.
Word anticipation
Sound anticipation
What is this an example of-
target= the lush list
produced= the lust list
Sound anticipation
What is this an example of-
Target= bury me right with him
produced= bury him right with him
Word Anticipation
Name another error apart from anticipation.
Exchange
When two words are swapped around/ swap places accidentally what is this known as?
Word Exchange
What is the following error called?
t= do you feel really bad?
p=do you reel feally bad?
Sound exchange- sounds are exchanged :)
Where do word errors tend to occur?
Across phrases- wide gap/longer time
What do sound errors tend to involve?
Adjacent words- words next to each other or within the same phrase
Because sound errors occur typically in adjacent words what does this tell us?
That speakers work out the phonemes (sounds) for 1 or 2 words at a time.
Because word errors occur mostly across phrases thus tells us that lexical selection is planned _____ in advance ie. phrase to phrase.
More
Semantics and syntax are planned ____ than phonology
longer
Anticipation and exchange ___ indicate speech is planned in _____ to some extent.
errors
advance
Lindsey (1975) did an experiment on sentence planning using _______.
onset latencies
What is an onset latency?
how long it takes for a person to start speaking
- the man
- the man is greeting
What sentence had longer latencies?
2
The longer sentence had a longer onset latency- what does this suggest?
It suggests that before speech , the participants planes more than “the man”
What do words that are more accessible in memory tend to do, in terms of sentence structure?
Words that are more accessible in memory tend to come early in the sentence.
Bock (1986) asked speakers to repeat single words (prime) and then they had to describe pictures (target) in a sentence. What was Bock expereimenting?
Accessibility effects
Bock had 2 primes relating to church and 2 primes related to lightning- what main categories do these primes come under?
Semantic prime eg. worship or thunder
phonological prime eg. search or frightening
What does a semantic prime do?
It makes one entity semantically more accessible than the other
A ______ prime makes one entity phonologically more accessible than the other.
phonological
What were the results following a semantic prime?
Speakers produced the primed word earlier in the sentence.
What were the results following a phonological prime?
no effect
So what accessibility affects the choice of subject (first word in sentence)?
Semantic accessibility
Does phonological accessibility have an affect on the choice of word order (active or passive sentence)?
NO
What other factor did Bock investigate apart from accessibility?
Structural Priming
After processing a sentence containing a certain structure- what happens?
A related structure becomes more activated and is produced more often
What is sentence structure separable from?
Meanings of sentences
Name the sentence structure when the object comes first and then the recipient
eg. The boy gave flowers to his granny
Prepositional object structure (PO)
The boy gave his granny some flowers is an example of a _________ _______ structure where the recipient comes _____ the object.
Double Object
before
When more PO primes were read what did the participants do?
They gave more PO descriptions
Words that are more accessible semantically tend to be produced ____ in the sentence.
earlier
Why would a certain sentence structure be more accessible?
If they have been used or heard recently they are more likely to be re-used in the following sentences.
speaking is a ____ human ability involving many _____ such as semantics, _____ and ________.
complex
components
syntax
phonology
Phonology is to some extent ____ from syntax and semantics.
separate
What are an important spurce of evidence in the mechanisms of speech production?
(speech) Errors
why is speech production described as being highly incremental?
As many processes occur at the same time
In word production ____ are retrieved after the syntax and semantics.
sounds
Dell’s interactive model and WEAVERS model (levelt et al.) are 2 important models for what?
For word production
What are planned more in advance?
1. Words (syntax and Semantics)
or
2. Sounds
- Words (syntax and semantics)
______ accessible entities tend to be mentioned earlier in a sentence.
Semantically
We tend to re-use sentence structures that we have used or heard recently- what is this called?
Structural Priming.
