Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pragmatics and psycholinguistics > Psycholinguistics Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Psycholinguistics Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many hemispheres does the brain have?

A

2- left hemisphere and right hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does cerebral dominance mean?

A

That one hemisphere is dominant over the other in a particular function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Analytic, time-based processing is mainly in the ____ hemisphere and Holistic, spatially based processing occurs in the ____ hemisphere.

A

left

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What hemisphere is dominant for language processing? (for most right handed people and majority of left handed people)

A

The Left Hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who was the Wada test developed by?

A

John Wada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the Wada test, a ___ is administered to one of the ____, anaesthetizing it for approx. ____ minutes.

A

drug
hemispheres
10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

After one hemisphere in anaesthetized what are patients asked to do?

A

Asked to perform language tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The experiment is then repeated…

A

on the other hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If the affected hemisphere is ______-______, verbal behaviour should be affected more severely.

A

language-dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who found that 96% of right handed people and 70% of left handed people had left hemisphere control of speech?

A

Rasmussen and Milner, 1977

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

overall what percentage of people have left hemisphere control of speech?

A

93%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Penfield and Roberts develop in 1950?

A

Electrical Brain Mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is electrical brain mapping?

A

When a brief electrical current is administered onto a small area of the patient’s exposed brain while the patient is still awake and they have to perform language tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If current is applied to language areas what should happen?

A

Speech should be disrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

who found that all patients had language areas located in the left hemisphere but nowhere in the right hemisphere?

A

Ojemann 1983

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A bundle of fibres connecting the 2 hemispheres that allows information transfer between the 2 hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When the corpus callosum is removed there’s no ______ ______ between the 2 hemispheres, what is this sometimes known as?

A

information transfer

having a split brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the 1960’s who tested split-brain patients whose corpus callosum was removed?

A

Sperry and Gazzaniga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The split brain patients took part in ___ ____ experiments.

A

visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the information on the right visual field go?

A

To the Left Hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the information on the left visual field go?

A

To the Right Hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What would normally happen in a visual field experiment when people looks at the fixation cross?

A

Normally people can name or describe words or objects presented in EITHER visual filed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what could most split brain patients name?

A

They could name words/objects presented in the RIGHT VISUAL FIELD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What could split brain patients not see?

A

They couldn’t name/see words/objects presented in the LEFT VISUAL FIELD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does Sperry and Gazzaniga 1960, show?

A

It shows that language is localised in the LEFT hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is lateralisation another word for?

A

cerebral dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lateralisation occurs gradually as a result of _________.

A

maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What possible explanation is there for lateralisation with regard to language processing?

A

That the LH is better designed for language processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does damage to the Left Hemisphere in adults lead to?

A

Severe language disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If there is damage to the left hemisphere in an infant or a child they are far ____ likely to suffer from a language disorder.

A

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Even when the entire left hemisphere is removed _________ could recover almost completely.

A

very young children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do we mean by plasticity in the brain?

A

we mean that the brain structure isn’t completely fixed and possesses flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Often ____ isn’t a permanent condition.

A

aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Damage to the left hemisphere doesn’t always impair ____ abilities, even in adulthood.

A

language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What can the Right hemisphere take over?

A

The Right Hemisphere can take over the function of the left hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name 2 language functions that the Right Hemisphere is important for.

A

Prosody
and
Non-Literal Language processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is prosody?

A

Prosody is the tone of voice, intonation and emphasis we use whilst speaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an impairment in producing and comprehending prosody called?

A

Aprosodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How was it discovered that there was a stronger response in the right hemisphere to prosodic cues than the left?

A

Through Imaging Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If you have right hemisphere damage you will have difficulty with _____ meanings and understanding _____. Who discovered this?

A

metaphor
humour
Brownell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The surface of the left frontal lobe is known as…

A

Broca’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

are people with Broca’s aphasia non-fluent or fluent aphasics?

A

non-fluent aphasics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

People with Broca’s Aphasia have ___, _____ and ____ _____ speech.

A

slow, effortful, poorly articulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What can’t Broca’s Aphasics compose?

A

They are unable to compose sentences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Broca’s aphasic have agrammatism- what does this mean?

A

this means they have problems with processing grammatical information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Their ____ suffers as much as their speech (Broca’s). What does this suggest?

A

writing

this suggests that language rather than vocal control is impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What type of sentences can’t people with Broca’s Aplasia comprehend?

A

They can’t comprehend complex sentences

48
Q

What did Caplan 2006, Caramazza and Zurif 1976 find?

A

Broca’s Aphasics can access the meanings of individual words
but have trouble figuring out who did what to whom unless the meanings of the words constrain the roles.

49
Q

What did Heilman and Scholes 1976 show abput Broca’s Aphasics? (the baby pictures/baby the pictures)

A

That they have problems processing syntactic information, they have difficulty working out how words in the sentence relate to each other.

50
Q

What is fluent aphasia also known as?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

51
Q

What do Wernicke’s aphasics have a severe impairment in?

A

Wernicke’s Aphasics have a severe impairment in comprehending language

52
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasics can speak- name 4 characteristics of their speech

A

fast
fluent
well articulated
but meaningless

53
Q

Broca’s aphasics often have lesions in _____ ____

A

Broca’s Area

54
Q

What area is the left-lateralised pre-frontal cortex?

A

Broca’s area

55
Q

Wernicke’s aphasics have lesions in the _____ ________. Where is this within the brain?

A

Wernicke’s Area, it is further back in the brain than Broca’s area- left temporal lobe

56
Q

What do different brain lesions cause?

A

Different language functions

57
Q

Specific areas of the brain are responsible for ______ _______ functions.

A

specific language

58
Q

What does WLG stand for?

A

The Wernicke-Lichteim-Geschwind model

59
Q

Broca’s and Wernicke’s findings were revisiterd in the 1960’s by _______(_______) who reinvented the _____ originally proposed by Wernicke.

A

Geschwind 1967

model

60
Q

How many areas are language functions localised in?

A

7

61
Q

What processing does Broca’s Area specialise in?

A

It converts sounds into articulatory information.

62
Q

What processing does Primary Motor Cortex specialise in?

A

Articulation

63
Q

What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?

A

A bundle of fibres

64
Q

What is the function of the Primary Visual Cortex?

A

To receive visual information

65
Q

What part of the brain processes visual properties of words?

A

The Angular Gyrus

66
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Stores the mental lexicon and extracts word meaning and activates sound for production

67
Q

What part of the brain receives auditory information?

A

Primary Auditory cortex

68
Q

______ area stores sound and meaning; activates appropriate representations in comprehension and production.

A

Wernicke’s

69
Q

_______ area sequences words, generates grammatical forms and stores motor plans that produce speech output.

A

Broca’s

70
Q

A potential problem with WLG theory is that Aphasics are diagnoses…

A

behaviourally based on symptoms of speech production and comprehension

71
Q

some Broca’s aphasics have no damage in the ____ _____.

A

Broca’s area

72
Q

Some patients with damage to Broca’s area don’t have ____ ______.

A

Broca’s aphasia

73
Q

Do all Wernicke’s aphasics have damage in Wernicke’s area?

A

No

74
Q

Some patients with damage to ______ area don’t have Wernicke’s _____.

A

Wernicke’s

aphasia

75
Q

What differs in terms of lesions between patients?

A

The size and location of the lesion differs greatly from patient to patient

76
Q

What is basically the problem with WLG theory?

A

That everybody’s brain is different and people have different deficits- hard to have a solid correlation

77
Q

A person who has difficulty in understanding some types of word meaning but not others is said to have a…

A

Category-specific semantic deficit

78
Q

In warrrington and Shallice(1984) Patient JBR had difficulty defining and comprehending ____ objects but had no difficulty with ____ objects.

A

animate (living)

inanimate (non-living)

79
Q

In warrington and McCarthy 1983, What impairment did patient YOT have?

A

Patient YOT had the reverse of JBR- impairment in naming inanimate objects instead of animate objects.

80
Q

what theories are Caramazza & Hills, 1991 and Pinker 1994 involved with?

A

Localisation theories

81
Q

What has been useful to argue for localised semantic representations?

A

category-specific semantic deficits

82
Q

Define Localisation Theory

A

the theory that different semantic categories are stored in different physical locations of the brain.

83
Q

Localisation theory can explain _____ semantic deficits following ___ ____.

A

category-specific,

brain damage

84
Q

What happens if we have a lesion in a certain brain area?

A

We have a deficit in processing specific groups of word meanings.

85
Q

What were Damasio’s (1996) naming studies trying to find out?

A

if different area of the brain are involved in semantic processing

86
Q

In Damasio’s first experiment- who did he test?

A

Lesion patients

87
Q

Damasio visually presented the participants with 3 categories of stimuli- name them.

A

Famous Faces, animals and tools.

88
Q

What did people with damage in the left temporal pole (TP) problems with?

A

They couldn’t retrieve the people’s names

89
Q

What area of the brain was damaged when people had problems naming animals?

A

Damage in the left infratemporal lobe (IT)

90
Q

Patients that had damage in the Lateral Temporo-occipitoparcital (IT+) had naming problems for _______.

A

tools

91
Q

Damasio’s second experiment involved PET, what does this stand for?

A

Positron Emission Tomography

92
Q

what does PET measure?

A

PET measures blood flow in brain by monitoring the distribution of a radioactive tracer

93
Q

There will be more blood flow in the brain if there is __________ in that area.

A

increased neural activity

94
Q

The lesion and activation studies produced consistent results -what was the conclusion of Damasio’s (1996) experiment?

A

That there are different areas specifically involved in naming people, tools and animals.

95
Q

What theory is Damasio’s research consistent with?

A

Localisation theories

96
Q

What can localisation theory explain?

A

Why deficits for living and non-living things cab differ.

97
Q

What can’t the localisation theory explain?

A

It can’t explain why deficits in patients are more common for living things than non-living things.

98
Q

What theory believes that the knowledge about living and non-living things are represented in the same system, but the way activation spreads within the system is different?

A

Distributed Representation Hypothesis

pulvermuller, 1999

99
Q

A same brain region could _____ different kinds of ______ information.

A

activate, semantic

100
Q

Why are living things harder to discriminate than non-living things?

A

Because they tend to share Correlated features eg. cat and dog both have 4 legs, tail etc.

101
Q

non-living things are more likely to have _____,______ features (eg. book + cup)

A

uncorrelated, distinct

102
Q

non-living things are ____ to discriminate than living things.

A

easier

103
Q

naming living things may require more ____ knowledge than compared to non-living things.

A

detailed

104
Q

What does processing more detailed features result in the activation of?

A

Results in the activation of more anterior (front) regions

105
Q

What thing do patients with category-specific deficits have more trouble naming?

A

Living things as they have correlated features making them harder to discriminate.

106
Q

Patients with category-specific deficits have no problem identifying _____ features of both living/non-living things.

A

common

107
Q

Tyler and colleagues (2004) were interested in the level of specificity- what were they interested in finding out?

A

Whether different parts of the brain get activated depending on how specific people name different objects.

108
Q

Healthy participants silently named pictures of either living (cat) or non-living (spoon) objects- on 2 levels, name these.

A

Basic level naming (cat, spoon)

Domain level naming (living, non-living)

109
Q

Both basic and domain level naming activated the _____ ____ ______ _____.

A

posterior inferior temporal cortex

110
Q

basic-level naming additionally activated more ______ regions.

A

anterior

111
Q

What region is involved in processing more complex featural information (basic level- cat,spoon)?

A

Anterior region

112
Q

What is the posterior region of the brain for?

A

Responsible for processing simpler features of objects (required by domain level naming eg. non-living/living)

113
Q

Language functions are ______.

A

lateralised

114
Q

What does Left Hemisphere damage result in?

A

substantial language dysfunction

115
Q

What does the WLG model offer?

A

A basic account of language function-brain localisation relationships

pragmatics and psycholinguistics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions