Psycholinguistic lesson 3 Flashcards
People with dementia, young children, second language learners and people with stutters all have difficulty speaking _____.
fluently
Even “normal people” experience difficulty with speaking- give 2 examples.
- We can’t think of a word
2. we cant pronounce a word
Name 4 everyday disfluencies.
Pauses
fillers (um,eh)
Repetitions
Repairs
Speaking involves converting a _____ into a _____.
meaning
sound
Speaking has many _____ for example how to say it, what to say and what words to use.
options/choices
What is an active sentence?
When the agent is the subject.
What type of sentence is this?- The girl hit the ball
An ACTIVE sentence
a _____ sentence structure means that the patient is the subject.
Passive
Use ball/girl example to create a passive sentence.
The ball was hit by the girl
What other sentence structures are possible?
The object first the recipient- gave flowers to his gran
Th recipient first then the object- gave his gran flowers
We choose what words to ____, how ____ to speak and what _____ to use.
Stress
fast
language
Psycholinguists are interested in the what of speaking?
Mechanisms of speaking
Name the 3 levels of linguistic representation?
Semantics, syntax and phonology
What does symantics mean?
meaning
What does syntax mean?
grammar
What does phonology mean?
Sound
psycholinguists are interested in how _____ are accessed in the speaker’s mental ____.
representations
lexicon
What would the entry in our mental lexicon be for the word dog? (referring to all 3 levels of representation)
semantics- 4 legged animal kept as pet
syntax- noun, countable (1 dog, 2 dogs)
sound - /dɔg/, monosyllable
What is the process of selecting individual words known as?
Lexical selection/retrieval
How many stages does experimental evidence suggest that lexical selection has?
2
What is the first stage of lexical selection?
First we retrieve the Semantics (word meaning) and the syntax
What is the second stage of lexical selection?
We retrieve phonemes/sound
The processes of lexical selection are _____ of each other.
independent
Where does lexical selection stage evidence come from (3 main sources)?
Speech errors
Tips of the tongue (TOT)
Reaction Time (RT) experiments
What is a speech error?
A slip of the tongue
How frequent are speech errors?
Fairly infrequent- 1 in 1000 words
speech errors are less common than ____, that occur approx. 6 times in every 100 words.
disfluencies
What do speech errors provide psycholinguists?
A window into the mechanisms of speaking
_____ slips that are unconscious are not explored, it is simply to explore language ___ processes.
Freudian
production
Speech errors are not random but ____.
systematic
There are many different ____ of speech errors.
types
Name a speech error (to do with semantics).
Semantically related word substitution
Define semantically related word substitution and give an example
When the speaker uses a word that means something similar to the intended word eg. mixing up shoulder with elbow.
Name this speech error- the speaker used a word that sounded similar (mushroom) to the intended word (moustache).
Phonologically Related Word Substitution
Define this state- A feeling a person has when they know a word but it is inaccessible at that moment.
Tip of the Tongue State- (TOT state)
when do TOT states become more frequent?
as you get older
describe 2 different TOT experiments.
- ask participants to name pictures especially of uncommon objects eg. lute
- Give participants definitions of objects and ask them to name them (eg. nostalgia definition)
when participants experience TOT what do they often know about the word?
Often know some features eg the initial sound, number of syllables, words that are related to its in meaning, its grammatical gender etc.
What evidence does TOT provide?
That information about a word that is in our ,mental lexicon can be retrieved partially meaning some processes are separate.
TOT state is similar to failures to find words experienced by _____ ______ individuals with ______.
brain damaged
anomia
patient EST with ammonia (kay and ellis, 1987) had no problems with ___ and _____ information and could repeat a word he heard however he could not _____ the _____ himself as he couldn’t access the _____ representation of the word .
semantic syntactic produce sound sound
Name the RT experiment that Schriefers et al. 92, Levelt et al. 99, were involved with.
Picture-Word Interference Paradigm
Describe the basic principle of a Picture-Word Interference Paradigm.
Target picture to name (dog) however there is a distractor word written inside the picture.
Name the 3 types of distractors (picture-word Interference Paradigm and give the example.
Semantic distractor eg. cat
Phonological distractor eg. dot
Unrelated distractor eg. car
When the semantic distractor word was presented BEFORE the picture the reaction time was _______ than the unrelated distractor.
slower
When the phonological distractor (dot) was presented BEFORE the picture, what effect did this have on RT?
it had no effect
When the distractor word was presented AFTER the picture what 2 distractors had no effect on RT?
unrelated distractor= no effect
semantic distractor= no effect
What distractor when presented after the picture, actually facilitated RT?
Phonological distractor
A conclusion of this experiment was that there was a _____ effect when the distractor occurs before the picture.
semantic
There was a _____ effect when the distractor occurred after the picture.
phonological
What do RT experiments suggest?
That speakers select meaning before sound
Lexical selection stages do not _____.
overlap
When a distractor activates a related word (cat) which interferes with naming the target word (dog)- what is this slowing down of RT called?
inhibition
What does phonological facilitation mean in terms of RT?
A phonologically related word (dot) makes the search for the target word (dog) faster and easier.
What do speech errors, tots and rt experimants all show?
that meaning and syntax information is accessed separately from sound.
In particular what do RT experiments show?
That we FIRST access semantics and syntax, Then we access sound.
Name the 2 influential models of lexical access.
- WEAVER Model (Levelt, Roelofs and Meyer’s, 1999)
2. Dell’s Interactive Model (Dell 1982, Dell and O’Seaghdha, 1992)
Name the 3 main levels of the WEAVER model and the 4th not as important level.
- Conceptual level
- Lemma level
- Lexeme level
(4. Articulation level)
Define concepts.
Non-linguistic, semantically related concepts organised in networks
Lemmas are involved with ____ and ______.
semantics and syntax
What happens at the lemma level?
The semantically related words Compete with each other for selection, eventually the most activated (correct) word is selected.
Describe the Lexeme Level
At the lexeme level, the lemma that is selected in the previous stage is encoded phonologically
At what level is motor information sent to the mouth muscles and the word spoken?
Articulation level
What word does the WEAVER model use as their example?
sheep
what 2 things does the WEAVER model assume?
- that only 1 lemma gets selected and only it’s phonological form gets activated- the unselected lemma/loser is not accessed.
- That lemma selection and phonological encoding are temporally separate and don’t interact (they are autonomous).
Architecture of the WEAVER Model- It is strictly ______.
feedforward
In the WEAVER model information moves in…
only 1 direction (down)
The WEAVER model doesn’t allow information to ______ in the _____ direction.
feedback
opposite
WEAVER Model has discrete processing. What is discrete stage processing?
The completion of one stage before the next
(Gary) Dell’s interactive model is _____.
connective/interactive
What does Dell’s interactive model also postulate?
conceptual, lemma and phonological (lexeme and articulation) levels
In Dell’s model- what do the levels do?
They interact with one another (via network of connections)
In Dell’s interactive model the lower levels can affect the higher levels, what is this known as?
That Dell’s interactive model has feedback.
`In Dell’s model the links are ______.
bi-directional
In Dell’s model ___ activated lemma ___ its ____ to the phonological level. for example not just dog but also cat and rat are activated( /k/, /r/ and /d/ all activated at phonological level).
any
spreads
activation
In Dell’s interactive model, how can “log” be activated at the lemma level?
Due to feedback from the phonological level - log rhymes with dog so as sounds appear in both lemmas, log is feedback to the lemma level and can compete for selection with dog
Name the difference in terms of feedback between the 2 models.
Dells’ model= feedback
WEAVERS model= no feedback
Phonology via feedback can influence ____ selection in what model?
lexical
Dell’s interactive model
what 2 things can Dell’s model explain better than WEAVERS Model?
Mixed Substitution Errors
Lexical Bias effect
Define Mixed Substitution Errors
When the exchange is both semantically ans phonologically related eg. lemon and melon
Big Feet being said as Fig Beet is more likely than Big Horse being said as Hig Borse, name this effect.
Lexical Bias effect
Phonological substitution errors are more likely to result in _____ than ______.
real words
non words
Do non words have representation at lemma level?
No
Only real words have representation at lemma level- T or F
T
what does the presence of the wrong real words in an error imply?
That the real words come from the lemma, due to the activation and feedback at the phonological level because they share phonemes with the target word.
In lexical access, the retrieval of ____ and ______ precedes phonology.
semantics and syntax
Levelt et al.’s theory of word production is strictly _______ and they believe that phonology cannot influence ___ ______.
feedforward
lexical selection
in Dell’s model there is interaction between ____ selection and ____ processing.
lemma
phonological
What type of model does recent evidence seem to favour?
interactive eg. Dell’s
A property of an interactive model is that it is ______ plausible.
biologically
In an interactive model what do the connections simulate?
The connections between neurons in the brain
Interactive models can be implemented and tested easily on a _______ _______.
computer programme
What are interactive models better equipped to explain than non-interactive ones?
Language Deficits eg. different types of aphasia
and the complexity of the behaviour associated with these deficits
Deficits are simulated by selectively ____ ______ ______.
lesioning network connections.
