Psycholinguistics lesson 5 Flashcards
In production comprehension , the speaker has a message to _____, they _____ the message as words they encode the ____ as a _____.
send
encode
word
sound
In ____ comprehension, the pressure changes in the air and the listener has to ____ the _____ into words and then decode the word into _____, so that they receive the message.
language
decode
sounds
meaning
Why must the listener make sense of the auditory input?
In order to extract the message from the speech stream.
Individual differences, dialects and coarticulation are _____ in the speech stream that the listener must _____to.
variability
adjust
Like production comprehension, ____ comprehension is a highly _______ process.
Language
incremental
In language comprehension, what is there a pressure to do?
There’s pressure to make sense of the input as soon as possible to free up resources to process what comes next.
Language comprehension isn’t just a matter of recognising individual words- what else does it have to process?
It has to add and integrate the words spoken, into what has been heard and processed so far.
Recognising words in speech involves ____ mental operations.
complex
When is the spoken word usually recognised by the listener?
Whilst it is still being produced by the speaker.
on what syllable do we start to process the word (100-150 ms from word onset)?
The end of the 1st syllable
What process is the opposite of word recognition?
Word production
How many stages are there in Word Recognition?
3
Describe the first stage in word recognition.
Segment the speech stream to find the beginning of the word in the continuous acoustic signal.
The 2nd stage in word recognition is to _______ the ______ in sequence and recognise a sequence of phonemes as a _____/ entry in our mental _____.
Process
sound/phonemes
word
lexicon
What is the last stage in Word recognition?
To access the semantics (meaning) and syntax of the word in the mental lexicon.
What is segmentation?
Finding the beginning of a word
What are 2 strategies we use for segmentation?
- stress position
2. implicit statistical knowledge about syllable sequences
What syllable in English is most likely to be stressed?
the first syllable
The probability that one syllable is followed by another is different for syllables ______ a word than for _______ _______ words. This is how we can distinguish the end of a word and the start of a new word :)
within
Syllables between
Name the 2 main models for word recognition.
Cohort (marlsen-wilson 1987)
TRACE (mcCelland and Elman 1986)
How many stages do both models assume?
3
As sounds are produced ______;
- _______ of a set of candidates or _____
- ________ one among the candidates
- _______ the chosen candidate with word ____ in the _____ _____ thus accessing the _____ and syntax of the word.
incrementally
Activation, cohorts
Choosing/selection
Mapping, entry, mental lexicon, semantics
Marslen and Wilson created what model?
The Cohort Model
In the cohort model, what type of input is there before the main stages?
A sensory Input
The first stage in the cohort model is known as the ____ stage.
Access
What representation is used to activate lexical items?
Perceptual Representation
On the activation of lexical items what does this generate?
A candidate set of items/ the cohorts
What happens at the selection stage?
The candidate is chosen from the cohort.
In the selection stage- what information is used at this stage?
Syntactic and Semantic Information and CONTEXT
In the last stage the properties of a word are utilised and the word is represented in terms of its entire utterance, name this stage.
Integration Stage
Name a main property of the Cohort Model.
It is feed-forward so only flows in 1 direction
What do Cohort members share?
Cohort members share the initial sound or sounds
eg. /s/, /sp/, /spi/
If a word is said that begins with /s/- what happens (in terms of cohorts)
Every word in the lexicon beginning with /s/ is selected- this is called the initial set of candidates
Over time what happens to the cohort members?
They are eliminated as more sounds are introduced eg. /s/ > /sp/ > /spi/
What happens at the Cohort recognition point?
The word id identifies
According to Cohort Model when does context only come in?
Context only comes in at the selection stage according to the Cohort model
Before the selection stage both ______ appropriate and _____ candidates are considered.
Contextually
inappropriate
From what experiments is there evidence of the Cohort Model?
From Eye-Tracking
Dahan, Swingley, Tanenhous and Magnuson (2000), were French, what was the target word they used for their eye tracking experiment?
Bouton
What types of distractors did they use?
Cohort Distractor eg. bouteille
Non-Cohort Distractors eg. chien and sac
What was the result of ( tanenhous etc.) this experiment?
As participants heard bout, they looked more at the Cohort (phonologically related) distractor than the other distractors.
In the Cohort Model, only ____ _____ information is used by the processor at the access stage when the ____ are constructed.
pure sound
cohorts
Only after the ____ is selected in the Cohort Model is other information (syntactic, semantic, context etc.) used.
Target/ target cohort
What was the problematic evidence for this model discovered by Dahan et. al (2000)?
That gender information (syntactic information) is used during the access stage when the cohorts are constructed.
Allopena, Magnuson and Tanenhous (1998), used:
target word=beaker
cohort distractor=beetle
non cohort distractor= speaker, carriage
What was the result here as speaker and beaker aren’t cohorts but rhyme?
On hearing “bea”, particioants looked at cohort member “beetle” BUT ALSO participants looked more at “speaker” than “carriage”.
These two experiments are not consistent with the ____ model, as more than the initial sound is obviously accessed at the access stage.
Cohort
The same ambiguous sound half way between /g/ and /k/, is perceived as a /k/ in the context “iss” and is perceived as a /g/ in the context “ift”. Name this effect.
The Gangong Effect
What does the Gangong Effect show?
It shows that lexical context, not just pure sound is used in the access stage.
Phoneme restoration is further evidence against the _____ ____.
Cohort model.
What is the interactive connectionist model for language comprehension called?
TRACE Model
In the TRACE Model what way can information spread?
Information can spread forward as well as backwards between levels
So in the TRACE not just ____ can influence the access stage.
sound/matching of initial sound
In TRACE model what can influence the access stage and ultimately the selection of the correct candidate?
Lexical Information (syntax and semantics) eg. grammar Not just initial sound but the whole word sound eg. partially matching sounds can be accessed
What can this model deal well with?
When the sound input is imperfect eg. noisy situations
Name a type of impairment in word recognition.
Pure Word Deafness/ Auditory Verbal Agnosia
What do people with auditory verbal agnosia/pure word deafness, have difficulty with?
They have difficulty segmenting the speech stream and processing phonemes.
Patient RC (Klein and Harper 1956) showed normal ____ , he could _____, ____ and ____ however he could not understand ____ addressed to him.
hearing
speak, read, write
speech
What did patient RC describe how he was hearing speech like?
Jumbled together like a foreign language (and far away)
Where was RC’s problem?
At the perception stage where the acoustic input is decoded into words.
Typically individuals with pure word deafness have no problems ______.
reading
Describe Dyslexia.
Dyslexia is the opposite of pure word deafness. They have problems recognising written words but have no problems recognising spoken words.
What had dyslexia and Pure word deafness led to some researchers like Caramazza to postulate?
That there are separate lexicons for spoken and written words.
So there is not only a separation between ____ and _____ but also separation between different types of _____ (spoken vs. written).
meaning
form
form
Understanding spoken language requires:
S_________
W______ R_______
I______________
Segmentation
Word Recognition
Integration
Word Recognition involves:
_____ ______ at the Access Stage
Selecting words at the _____ stage.
And finally the ______ of words.
Constructing Cohorts
Selection stage/word recognition
Integration
Name the 2 main models of word recognition.
Cohort and TRACE
Cohort is ____ whereas TRACE is _______.
feedforward
interactive
What is the main difference between Cohort and TRACE models (apart from feedforward/iteractive)?
That in the TRACE model, cohorts are constructed using more than pure sound info.
There are _____ lexicons for ____ and ____ words.
Separate
spoken
written
