Psycholgical needs: Extrinsic motivation Flashcards
What is extrinsic motivation and what are its 4 parts?
Motivation from an external source
1) external regulation:
incentives, requests where contingency at stake
- not a good long term motivator, lower engagement and performance
2) Introjected regulation: slightly autonomous/taking in but not truly accepting other people’s suggested ways of feeling, thinking, and acting
- creates inner tension
-contingency at stake: avoid guilt, avoid shame and disappointment
3) Identified regulation: highly autonomous, further internalization, accept and endorse the value of an acitivty
- contingency at stake: valuing, sense of importance
- ex) recycling bc I want to
4) Integrated regulation: fully autonomous, full integration of action into identity and self-concept
- external contingency at stake: value congruence
-ex) I recycle bc I am an environmentalist
-still lacks the sense of internal satisfaction that intrinsic motivation involves
Why is it important to act in line with one’s authentic self?
People with more autonomous motivation tend to persist longer and perform better in areas like:
Sticking to an exercise program, eating healthy, recovering from addiction, succeeding in school, maintaining relationships, searching for a job, engaging in political or religious activities
But also because ignoring authentic self results in well-being at risk.
Individuals who prioritize extrinsic goals over intrinsic goals experience HIGHER levels of anxiety and depression, even if they achieve those goals
Individuals who prioritize intrinsic goals have lower levels of anxiety, feel more connected to others, and report greater overall life satisfaction
ex) STUDY with models: less need satisfaction, less well-being, more distress
ex)STUDY: Asked people to self-report their temperament and then asked their parents to fill it out.
RESULTS: The greater the difference between temperament as a child and as an adult meant greater likelihood of psychological maladjustment like anxiety, depression, etc
Why do these extrinsic goals harm well-being?
Extrinsic goals are sometimes harder to achieve which leads to more frustration and stress.
Even if they are met, people are less fulfilled.
Extrinsic goals lead to controlled, ego-driven behaviour. They sometimes compensate for unmet emotional needs
People focused on intrinsic goals were more likely to engage with meaningful activity
What is conditional regard?
practice in which parents, educators, or partners make their affection, esteem, attention, and acceptance contingent on an individual’s compliance with expectations and values
- acceptance is used a s a commodity to motivate others
What is conditional positive regard?
offering more warmth and approval when someone complies with expectations
- this can be temporarily fulfilling for relatedness, but is uncertain which often leads to resentment and hidden ambivalence
What is conditional negative regard?
withdrawing warmth and approval when someone doesn’t meet expectations
-both are harmful but negative tends to cause stronger frustration and emotional strain (fear of abandonment)
Why is conditional regard so hurtful?
creates conflict between needs for autonomy and relatedness
- undermine autonomy by creating external pressure, and can lead to doubt things against your personal interest
Why do people use conditional regard?
Because it leads to behavioural compliance, but this is not internalization, it produces introjected internalization
What is perfectionism? What are the different types?
personality trait that involves combination of excessively high personal standards and overly critical self-evaluation
Self critical perfectionism: harsh self-scrutiny, overly-critical self-evaluation, concern of social criticism, inability to drive satisfaction from success.
- associated with depression and anxiety
Narcissistic perfectionism: type of focused on projecting image of perfection to others
- linked to grandiousity, entitlement, hostility, and interpersonal conflict
How does perfectionism connect to conditional regard?
Self-critical and narcissistic perfectionists are linked to parental conditional regard in adolescence.
What is self-actualization?
ongoing, developmental process in which individual fully realize and express their true potential in line with their true and authentic self
- involves personal growth, integration of the self, autonomous self-regulation, and pursuit of meaningful goals
The top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
A way to describe and catergorize human needs
- the lower the need the stronger and more urgently it is felt
-the lower the need is in the hierarchy, the sooner it appears in development
-Needs are fulfilled sequentially
What are some criticisms of Maslow’s hierarchy?
lack of empirical support
- order of needs may not be so fixed
-different people and cultures may prioritize needs differently
- no consistent evidence supporting the developmental order
Some people support a dual level hierarchy: deficency needs vs growth needs
