psychofarmacology Flashcards
stages in pharmacokinetics:
absorption– distribution – metabolism – excretion
antagonists
INhibition of effects
Direct anagonists
recepor blockers
Inderict antagonists
competes with agonists. doesnt cause a reaction to the receptor
ways of administration
Per os Intravenous Intramuscular Intraperitoneal Subcutaneous Sublingual Rectal Inhalation Intranasal Intracerebroventricular
Per os
oral
Intraveneus
injection in veins
Intramuscular
injection is muscle
intraperitoneal
injection into a cavity
subcutaneaus
injection lowest part of the skin
Sublingual
under the tongue
Intracerebroventricular
in the four cavities in the brain
NEUROMODULATORS
modulate the effects of neurotransmitters
not only synaptic, long lasting effects (100-500- or more ms)
Acethylcholine location
central nervous system
motor endplate
parasympathetic part of the autonomous NS
synthesis of ACh:
choline and acetate
enzyme: cholin-acetyl-transferase
Breakdown of ACh:
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
What types of substances activate ACh-receptors?
nicotintypes, inh. by curare poison
and muscarin type, CNS, inhibited by atropin
MONOamines
CATECHOLAMINES - DOPAMINE - NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE) - EPINEPHRIN (ADRENALINE) INDOLAMINES - SEROTONIN
SYNTHESIS of catecholamines:
tyrosine - L-DOPA – dopamine – norepinephrine - epinephrine
DOPAMINE effect
can evoke inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials depending on the type of postsynaptic receptor
DOPAMINE Function
learning, reinforcement, movement, attention, memory
DOPAMINE Localization
1) nigrostriatal system
2) mesolimbic system
3) mesocortical system
NORADRENALINE synthesis
tyrosine - L-DOPA – dopamine – norepinephrine - epinephrine
Origin of NORADRENALINE system
locus coeruleus
in dorsal pons: from here to all cortical regions
SEROTONIN Synthesis
Triptophan (aminoacid)→5-hidroxitriptophan →
5-hidroxitriptamine (5HT)
SEROTONIN Localization:
raphe nuclei (9 in midbrain, pons, medulla) from here to: cortex, thalamus, hippocampus
SEROTONIN Role and effect:
Mood (improves), appetite (decreases), sleep (activates arousal), sexual activity (decreases libido), temperature
ROLES OF THE HISTAMINERG SYSTEM
1) CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
2) INFLAMATORY AND ALLERGIC PROCESSES
3) COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
4) ACTIVATED IN STRESS
AMINO ACIDS I.
GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)
Different receptor binding sites on GABA A receptor
1) benzodiazepines (reduce anxiety and seizure activity, promote sleep)
2) anxiolytics
3) barbiturates (low therapeutic index!)
4) picrotoxin
5) steroids
AMINO ACIDS II.
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter in 50% of synapses
function: learning - acts on NMDA receptors -
sodium and calcium entry into cells
Glycine
inhibition in spinal cord
Tetanus toxin inhibits
glycin release in spinal cord
PEPTIDES
molecules that consist of two or more
amino acids
NUCLEOSIDES
consists of a sugar molecule and a purin or pyrimidine base. is released by glial cells when neurons are short of oxigen
Adenosin in pharmacology
Ijncreases blood flow through vasodilation
