Psychodynamic Therapies Flashcards
The worldview underlying Freudian Psychoanalysis is summarized as…
pessimistic
deterministic
mechanistic
reductionistic
According to Freud, human beings are determined by these factors…
irrational forces
unconscious motivations
biological and instinctual needs/drives
psychosexual events
What are the three aspects of the structural (drive theory)?
Freudian theory involving three structures: the id, ego, and superego
The Id
(Describe when it is present and the principle it operates on)
The id is present at birth and operates on the pleasure principle (impulses, seeks immediate gratification)
The Ego
(Describe when it is present and the principle it operates on, and why it develops)
The ego is present at 6 months old and operates on the reality principle
The ego develops as a response to the id’s inability to gratify all of its needs.
What does the Ego do?
Defers gratification of the id’s instincts.
The ego is characterized by realistic, rational thinking, and planning.
Mediates between the id (impulses) and superego (rigid rules)
The Superego
(Describe when it is present and what it represents)
The superego emerges at 4-5 years old and represents an internalization of society’s values and standards.
What is Freud’s developmental theory?
It emphasizes the sexual drives of the id
1.Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
Oral Stage
Age: birth to one year
Erogenous zone: the mouth
Sexual needs are gratified by eating, drinking, and other activities involving the mouth.
Anal Stage
Age: 1 to 3 years
Erogenous zone: bowel and bladder control
Success is dependent on toilet training
Lenient parents create anal explosive children (messy, wasteful, destructive)
Strict parents create anal retentive children (rigid, orderly, obsessive)
Phallic Stage
Age: 3 to 6 years
Erogenous zone: genitals
Children discover how males and females differ
Oedipus/Electra Complex
Latency Stage
Age: 6 years to puberty
Erogenous zone: inactive sexual feelings
Ego /superego contribute to this calm period
Period of exploration
Social communication and skills
Fixation can lead to immaturity and inability to form fulfilling relationships
Genital Stage
Age: puberty to death
Erogenous zone: genitals, maturing sexual interests
Libido is active again
ego /superego fully formed
According to Freud, psychopathology stems from…
unconscious, unresolved conflict that occurred during childhood
According to Freud, mania represents…
a defense against libidinal or aggressive urges that threaten the ego
According to Freud, depression is due to…
object loss coupled with anger toward the object turned inward
According to Freud, phobias are the result of…
displacement of anxiety onto an object that is symbolic of an event that involved an unresolved conflict
What is the goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Reduce or eliminate symptoms by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness
Integrating previously repressed material into the personality
Primary targets of psychoanalysis
free associations
dreams
resistances
transferences
Psychic determinism is…
the belief that all behaviors are meaningful and serve a psychological function
Primary techniques of psychoanalysis
Confrontation
(help the client see their behavior in a new way)
Clarification
(clarifying client’s feelings and restating their remarks in clearer terms)
Interpretation
(explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes)
Working Through
(final and longest stage. gradually assimilate new insights into personality)
In psychoanalysis, countertransference is viewed as…
A potential source of information about the client
Important contributor to the curative process
Adler believed that all behavior is…
purposeful
In psychoanalysis, transference is viewed as…
The client’s response to the therapist’s actual behavior, not a distortion.
A healthy style of life is marked by…
goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and social interest
Teleological Approach
Behavior is motivated by a person’s future goals, not determined by past events
Inferiority feelings are a result of…
real or perceived weaknesses
Striving for superiority is an inherent tendency toward…
“perfect completion”
A mistaken style of life is marked by…
self-centeredness
competitiveness
striving for personal power
According to Adler, mental disorders represent…
A mistaken style of life
Misbehavior of a child is viewed as having one of these four goals according to Adler
attention
power
revenge
display deficiency
According to Jung, personality is the consequence of…
unconscious and conscious factors
According to Jung, the conscious is oriented toward _____________ and is governed by the _____.
- the external world
- ego
According to Jung, the unconscious is made up of…
the personal unconscious
(experiences that are now repressed or forgotten)
the collective unconscious
(memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next)
What key factor is included in the collective unconscious?
archetypes
What are archetypes?
“primordial images” that cause people to experience and understand things in a universal way
The Self (archetype)
striving for unity of different parts of the personality
The Persona/Public Mask (archetype)
how one presents to the world
The Shadow (archetype)
the “dark side” of the personality
Anima (archetype)
feminine aspects of personality
Animus (archetype)
masculine aspects of personality
Jung described personality as consisting of these two factors…
introversion and extroversion
According to Jung, the four basic psychological functions are…
thinking
feeling
sensing
intuiting
According to Jung, symptoms are…
unconscious messages to the individual that something is wrong with him
symptoms present people with demands to be fulfilled
The primary goal of Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy is…
to rebridge the gap between the conscious and personal and collective unconscious
Jungians rely primarily on this technique
interpretations (help client become aware of their inner world)
In Dreamwork (Jung), dreams represent…
an unconscious message that is received in symbolic form
According to Jung, transference is…
a projection of the personal and collective unconscious
a crucial part of therapy
According to Jung, countertransference…
provides the therapist with information about what is occurring in therapy
Does Jung focus on the past or present?
Primary focus is on the here-and-now.
The past is only sought when it will help the client understand the present
Name four Object Relations Theorists
Klein
Fairbairn
Mahler
Kernberg
The primary goal of Object Relations theory is to…
bring maladaptive unconscious relationship dynamics into consciousness
Replace dysfunctional internalized object representations with appropriate ones
Infantile Autism is…
A concept in object relations theory (Mahler)
occurs in the first month of life
infant is self-absorbed and oblivious to the external environment.
Normal Symbiotic Phase is…
A concept in object relations theory (Mahler)
Child becomes aware of the mother but is unable to differentiate between “me” and “not me”
Separation-Individuation is…
A concept in object relations theory (Mahler)
development of object relations occurs at this phase (4-5 months old)
four overlapping sub-phases:
differentiation
practicing
reapproachment
object constancy
According to Object Relations theory, at what age does a child develop a permanent sense of self and object?
What is this concept called?
3 years old
Object Constancy
According to Kernberg (object relations), people with BPD…
never integrated positive and negative aspects of their experiences with others
shift back and forth between contradictory images (idealizing and devaluing)
