Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies Flashcards
Jung referred to the process of developing a unique and unified personality as:
A. differentiation.
B. self-actualization.
C. individuation.
D. introjection.
Answer C is correct. According to Jung, individuation occurs during the second half of life and is “the process by which a person becomes a psychological ‘in-dividual,’ that is, a separate, indivisible unity or whole” (1968, p. 275).
Which element of Seligman’s PERMA model of well-being is characterized by a state of flow?
A. engagement
B. meaning
C. accomplishment
D. relationships
Answer A is correct. Seligman’s PERMA model distinguishes between five core elements of psychological well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Engagement is characterized by a state of flow – i.e., by being completely immersed in an intrinsically motivating activity.
As described by Mahler, the beginning of object constancy follows which substage of separation-individuation?
A. displacement
B. differentiation
C. practicing
D. rapprochement
Answer D is correct. Mahler identified four substages of the separation-individuation process: differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and beginning of object constancy (which is also known as the consolidation and object constancy substage).
For Gestalt therapists, __________ is a boundary disturbance that involves uncritically accepting the values, standards, and beliefs of other people.
A. projection
B. deflection
C. introjection
D. retroflection
Answer C is correct. Introjection is one type of boundary disturbance that causes neurotic behavior. It occurs when a person adopts the values, standards, and beliefs of other people without evaluating them.
As described by Carl Rogers, incongruence between self-concept and experience is caused by which of the following?
A. conditions of worth
B. a chronic boundary disturbance
C. “bad choices”
D. feelings of inferiority
Answer A is correct. Conditions of worth are one source of incongruence and occur, for example, when parents provide a child with love and acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways.
Practitioners of Glasser’s reality therapy view the primary motivator of behavior to be which of the following?
A. unconscious instinctual drives
B. basic needs
C. self-actualization
D. striving for superiority
Answer B is correct. Glasser proposed that people are motivated to fulfill five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun.
A practitioner of Freudian psychoanalysis is most likely to interpret the artistic endeavors of his client as a diversion of the client’s unacceptable aggressive urges and a manifestation of which of the following?
A. displacement
B. sublimation
C. projection
D. reaction formation
Answer B is correct. Sublimation involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially desirable (and often admirable) activities.
Adler’s individual psychology is based on the assumption that neurotic behavior is attributable to which of the following?
A. an unresolved unconscious conflict
B. a boundary disturbance
C. a failure to satisfy innate needs
D. a mistaken style of life
Answer D is correct. Adler proposed that people have adopted a mistaken (unhealthy) style of life when their goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others. From this perspective, neurotic behavior and other psychological problems are manifestations of a mistaken style of life.
