Cross-Cultural Issues – Identity Development Models Flashcards
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s R/CID Model predicts that African-American clients are most likely to prefer a White therapist and to be uninterested in exploring their cultural identity when they’re in which of the following stages?
A. pre-encounter
B. conformity
C. dissonance
D. disintegration
Answer B is correct. The R/CID Model distinguishes between five stages: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. It proposes that people in the conformity stage prefer a therapist from the majority group and are not interested in exploring their cultural identity.
A White therapist is likely to be most effective when working with clients from racial and cultural minority groups when she is in which of the following of Helms’s identity statuses?
A. integrative awareness
B. reintegration
C. autonomy
D. pseudo-independence
Answer C is correct. Research has found that White therapists with higher racial identity statuses also have higher levels of multicultural counseling competence. Autonomy is the highest racial identity status in Helms’s model. Consequently, White therapists in the autonomy status are likely to be most effective with clients from cultural and racial minority groups.
Helm’s White Racial Identity Development Model proposes that each identity status is associated with a different information processing strategy. For example, the __________ status is associated with a strategy that involves selective perception and negative outgroup distortion.
A. disintegration
B. reintegration
C. pre-encounter
D. contact
Answer B is correct. Helms’s model distinguishes between six identity statuses: contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy. The reintegration status is characterized by believing in White superiority and minority inferiority and an information-processing strategy that involves selective perception and negative outgroup distortion.
Like many other models of homosexual identity development, Troiden’s (1988) model proposes that the initial stage of development involves:
A. feeling different from same-sex peers.
B. feeling sexually attracted to members of the same sex.
C. denying one’s same-sex feelings.
D. realizing that one’s feelings can be described as “homosexual.”
Answer A is correct. Troiden’s initial stage is sensitization, which is characterized by a sense of being different from one’s peers. This stage is similar to the initial stages of other models of gay and lesbian identity development.
People who are members of a minority group and are in the ________ stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s R/CID Model question the inflexibility of their positive attitudes toward their own minority group and negative attitudes toward the majority group.
A. dissonance
B. integrative awareness
C. disintegration
D. introspection
Answer D is correct. During the introspection stage of the R/CID model, people question their unequivocal allegiance to their own group and rigid rejection of the majority group.
Which of the following is not one of the five stages of Cross’s (1971) original Nigrescence Model of Identity Development?
A. pre-encounter
B. immersion-emersion
C. dissonance
D. internalization
Answer C is correct. The five stages of Cross’s original Nigrescence Model are pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, internalization, and internalization-commitment. Dissonance is the second stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s R/CID Model.
