Cross-Cultural Issues – Terms and Concepts Flashcards
According to Sue (2006), White middle-class Americans are most likely to have which of the following worldviews?
A. EC-IR
B. EC-ER
C. IC-ER
D. IC-IR
Answer D is correct. According to Sue, the IC-IR (internal locus of control/internal locus of responsibility) worldview is characteristic of mainstream American culture, while the other three worldviews are characteristic of some cultural minority cultures.
During a discussion on race, a White graduate student says to an African American student that she “doesn’t see color” and that “we’re all part of the human race.” As described by Sue et al. (2007), these comments are examples of which of the following?
A. microassault
B. microinvalidation
C. microinjustice
D. microinsult
Answer B is correct. Sue and his colleagues describe microinvalidations as “communications that exclude, negate, or nullify the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of a person of color” (2007, p. 274). The comments included in this question are examples of color blindness, which is a type of microinvalidation.
When working with African American therapy clients, it’s important to keep in mind that they are likely to prefer:
A. an insight-oriented, nondirective approach.
B. an egalitarian therapist-client relationship.
C. a therapist who adopts the role of knowledgeable expert.
D. a therapist who adopts the role of coach or mentor.
Answer B is correct. African American clients prefer an egalitarian relationship which can be established by explaining the therapy and assessment process to clients at the beginning of therapy and having clients participate in identifying treatment goals and strategies. See, e.g., D. W. Sue and D. Sue, Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (7th ed.), Hoboken, NJ, 2016. Answer A is incorrect because African American clients tend to prefer a goal-oriented problem-solving approach. Answers C and D are not the best answers because the roles they describe seem antithetical to an egalitarian relationship.
Based on their review of the research, Sue, Zane, Nagayama Hall, and Berger (2009) concluded that culturally adapted interventions have:
A. equivalent benefits for adults and children.
B. somewhat greater benefits for adults than children.
C. somewhat greater benefits for children than adults.
D. little or no benefits for adults or children.
Answer B is correct. According to Sue, Zane, Nagayama Hall, and Berger, “the preponderance of evidence shows that culturally adapted interventions provide benefit to intervention outcomes … [but] this added value is more apparent in the research on adults than on children and youths” (2009, p. 541).
Etic is to __________ as emic is to __________.
A. intrinsic; extrinsic
B. extrinsic; intrinsic
C. culture-specific; universal
D. universal; culture-specific
Answer D is correct. A person with an etic perspective believes that all behaviors are essentially unaffected by culture and are, therefore, universal (cross-cultural), while a person with an emic perspective believes that some behaviors are affected by culture and are, therefore, culture-specific.
As described by Berry’s (1990) acculturation model, __________ occurs when members of a minority culture retain their own culture and reject the majority culture.
A. separation
B. marginalization
C. assimilation
D. integration
Answer A is correct. According to Berry, a person who adopts a separation acculturation strategy retains his/her own minority culture and rejects the majority culture.
Hall (1976) classified __________ styles as high- or low-context.
A. cognitive
B. communication
C. socioemotional
D. acculturation
Answer B is correct. Hall distinguished between two communication styles: High-context communication relies heavily on group understanding, nonverbal messages, and the context in which the communication occurs and is characteristic of several cultural minority groups. In contrast, low-context communication relies on the verbal message, is independent of the context, and is characteristic of the White (mainstream) culture.
Peggy McIntosh (1998) listed the statement “I can easily buy posters, postcards, picture books, greeting cards, dolls, toys, and children’s magazines featuring people of my race” to illustrate which of the following?
A. internalized racism
B. colorism
C. White supremacy
D. White privilege
Answer D is correct. For the exam, you want to know that Peggy McIntosh is best known for her work on White privilege and that she provided a list of examples of privileges that Whites take for granted. The statement in the question is one of her examples.
When working with Asian and Asian American clients, it’s important to keep in mind that they are likely to:
A. prefer an insight-oriented, nondirective approach.
B. prefer an egalitarian therapist-client relationship.
C. express resistance by being silent and avoiding eye contact.
D. express emotional distress as physical symptoms.
Answer D is correct. Asian and Asian American individuals often express emotional distress as headaches, chest pain, and other physical symptoms. Answer A is incorrect because Asian and Asian American clients are likely to prefer a structured goal-oriented, problem-focused approach. Answer B is not the best answer because Asian and Asian American clients are likely to view the therapist as a knowledgeable expert who offers advice. And answer C is incorrect because, for Asian and Asian American individuals, being silent and avoiding eye contact are expressions of politeness and respect.
