Psychodynamic And Humanistic Therapies Flashcards
Psychodynamic psychotherapies
- psychoanalysis (Freud)
- analytical psychology (Jung)
- individual psychology (Adler)
- object relations
Psychoanalysis
-Deterministic and pessimistic
-Views psychological issues as being due to unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose in childhood
Unresolved conflicts
- cause anxiety
- caused by the divergent demands of the three aspects of personality
Three aspects of personality (Freud)
-Id
-ego
-superego
ID
- present at birth
- life (sexual) & death (aggression) instincts are the source of psychic energy
- pleasure principal: instant gratification using unconscious irrational means
Ego
- 6 months
- reality principle
- 6 to at least partially gratify that it’s instincts and attempts to do it in realistic, rational ways
Super ego
- internalization of society’s values and standards
- conscience
- attempts to permanently block the ids instincts
Defense mechanisms
- when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and super ego using rational means they are used
- distort or deny reality
- operate on a unconscious level
The defense mechanisms
- repression
- sublimation
- denial
- reaction formation
- projection
Repression
- the basis of all defense mechanisms
- involuntary
- keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness
Denial
- immature defense mechanism
– refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality
- ignoring distorting and rejecting reality
Reaction formation
- expressing the opposite of a unacceptable impulse
Projection
- attributing and an acceptable impulse to another person
Sublimation
- channeling and unacceptable impulse into a social desirable/ admirable one
Use of defense mechanisms
- occasional use is adaptive
- repeated reliance blocks you from resolving conflicts that are causing anxiety
Goals of Freudian psychoanalysis
- Make the unconscious conscious
- strengthen the ego so behavior is based in reality unless on insexual cravings and irrational guilt
Primary technique of psychoanalysis
- analysis: free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference
The four steps of analysis
- confrontation
- clarification
- interpretation
- working through
Confrontation
- helping the client recognize behaviors they are unaware of and possible causes
Clarification
- separates important details from extraneous material to bring cause of behaviors into sharper focus
Interpretation
- explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes
Working through
- repeated interpretation leads to catharsis and insight into the connection between unconscious material and current behavior which leads to working through
- gradual process where client accepts an integrates new insights into their life
Catharsis
Experience of repressed emotions
Analytical psychology
-jung
- believes behavior is driven by both positive and negative forces
- personality continues and develop through the lifespan
- behavior is affected by the past and future
The unconscious according to Jung
- personal unconscious
- collective unconscious
Personal unconscious
- own forgotten or repressed memories
Collective unconscious
- memories that are shared by all people
- passed down from one generation to the next
- contain archetypes
Archtypes
-jung
- universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in a certain way in certain circumstances
- expressed in myth, symbols and dreams
Persona
Shadow
Hero
Anima/animus
Primary goal of analytical psychotherapy
- to bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate individuation
Individuation
Jung
- occurs primarily in the second half of life
- the process by which a person becomes a psychological individual that is a separate individual, unity or whole
Techniques of analytical psychotherapy
- dream interpretation
- analysis of transference
Transference according to analytical psychotherapy
- due to the projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious
Individual psychology
Adler
- replace sexual instincts with innate social interest and desire for social connectedness
- teleological approach that emphasizes the effects of future goals on current behavior
Feelings of inferiority (individual psych)
- people are motivated by these
- arising childhood in response to real or imagine. Inadequacies and by striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feelings
Style of life
Adler
- ways a person strives for superiority
- developed during early childhood
Healthy style of life
Mistaken style of life
Healthy style of life
Adler
- goals reflect both concerns for personal achievement and also the well-being of others
Mistaken (unhealthy) style of life
- goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority
- reflect the lack of concern about the well-being of others
- neurosis, psychosis, addiction, another problems are all a manifestation of a mistake in style of life
Primary goal of individual psychotherapy
- replace mistaken style of life for a healthier more adaptive one
- this is completed by helping the client overcome feelings of inferiority and developing stronger social interest
Strategies used in individual psychotherapy
- identifying early recollections
- dream analysis
- having client act as if they’re the person they want to be
Object relations
- behavior is motivated primarily by a desire for human relationships
- focuses on the impact of early relationships between a child and primary caregivers. (Objects) has on future relationships
Object constancy
- the development of mental representations( introjects) of the self and objects that allow an individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy their individual needs
Mahler
- the development of object constancy takes place in three stages
- normal autistic stage
- normal symbiotic stage
- Separation individuation stage
Normal autistic stage
Mahler
- occurs during the first weeks of life
- infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the external environment
Normal symbiotic stage
Mahler
- infants become aware of their external environment but are unable to differentiate themselves from their caregivers
Separation individuation stage
Mahler
- 5 months of age until 3
- for sub stages, during which object constancy develops
The four substages of object constancy
- differentiation
- practicing
- reapproachment
- beginning of object constancy
The cause of psychological problems according to object relations
- problems during the separation individuation process that cause a pervasive failure of object constancy
Primary goal of object relations
- provide clients with the corrective reparenting experience in order to replace meladaptive introgex with more adaptive ones, thereby improving current relationships
Strategies used in object relations
- empathetic acceptance
- psychoanalytic strategies including analysis of resistance and transference
Phenomenological orientation
- prioritize a clients subjective experience over objective reality
Similarities of humanistic and existential therapies
- both focus on here and now
- adoptive phenomenological orientation
- reject the medical model and use of clinical labels
- concentrate on a client’s internal qualities and perspective rather than symptoms
Humanistic therapies
- emphasize acceptance and growth
- help client become more fully functioning and self-actualizing
Types of humanistic therapies
- person centered
- Gestalt therapy
Existential therapies
- emphasize freedom and responsibility
- help a client confront anxieties that arise from awareness of ones existential condition and cultivate authentic engagement with one’s world
Person centered therapy
Rogers
- assumes all people have an innate drive towards self-actualization which motivates them to their full potential
- the drive towards self-actualization can be throated when a person experiences and congruence between their self-concept and experience
Conditions of worth
Rogers person centered therapy
- source of incongruence
- a car when people provide a child with love and acceptance only when they behave a certain way
Reactions to incongruence
Rogers
- reacts defensively by distorting or denying their experience which causes psychological mileage adjustment
Primary goal of person centered therapy
- to help the client become a fully functioning person who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and engage in the process of self-actualization
Three facilitative (core and) conditions
Rogers person centered
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
- congruence
Empathy
Person centered therapy
- understanding the client’s perspective and communicating that understanding
Unconditional positive regard
Person centered therapy
- valuing and accepting the client as a person
Congruence
Person centered therapy
- being genuine, authentic, and honest
Assumptions of Gestalt therapy
- people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis which gets repeatedly disrupted by our unfulfilled, physical and psychological needs
- We seek to obtain something from the environment to meet our unsatisfied needs in order to restore homeostasis
Neurosis ( Gestalt)
- maladjustment
- occurs when there is a persistent disturbance in the boundary between the person and the environment, that interferes with their ability to meet their need
Boundary disturbance
-Gestalt
- introjection
- projection
- retroflection
- deflection
-confluence
Introjection
Gestalt
- people adopt the beliefs, standards, or values of others without evaluation or awareness
Projection
Gestalt
- a tribute undesirable aspects of themselves onto other people
Retroflection
Gestalt
- due to yourself what you would like to do to others
Deflection
Gestalt
- avoid contact with the environment
Confluence
Gestalt
- people blur the distinction between themselves and others
Curative factor of therapy according to Gestalt
Gaining awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions
Strategies used in Gestalt therapy
- DreamWork
- empty chair technique
Dream work (Gestalt)
- having the clients role play parts of their dream that represent disowned parts of the client’s personality
Empty chair technique
Gestalt
- client interacts with opposing aspects of their personality or to resolve unfinished business with a significant person in their past or present
Transference (Gestalt)
- therapist do not foster or interpret the client’s transference, but helps the client distinguish between their transference fantasy and reality
Existential therapies
- derived from existential philosophy
-Yalom, May, Frankl
- emphasize personal responsibility and choice
The assumption of existential therapy
- each person must ultimately define their personal experience
Psychological disturbances according to existential therapy
- our result of the inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing for ultimate concerns of existence
- death
- freedom
- isolation
- meaninglessness
Two types of anxiety according to existential therapy
- normal (existential) anxiety
- neurotic anxiety
Normal (existential) anxiety
- existential therapy
- in proportion to the object of threat, does not involve oppression, and can be constructively identified, and confront the conditions that elicit it and motivates positive change
Neurotic anxiety
Existential
- disproportionate to the objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential
The goal of therapy and existential therapies
- help clients lead more authentic lives by assisting them in taking charge of their life, helping them choose for themselves the values and purposes that will define and guide their existence and supporting them in actions that express is values and purposes
The most important therapeutic tool in existential therapies
- authentic therapist-client relationship
Therapeutic strategies used in existential therapies
- questioning
- interpretation
- reframing
Reality therapy
Glasser
- based on choice theory
- people have five basic innate needs and the ways the person chooses to fulfill these needs to determine whether or not they have a successor failure identity
5 innate needs
Reality therapy
- love and belonging!
- power
- fun
- freedom
- survival
Success identity
Reality therapy
- when a person chooses to fulfill their needs responsibly, i.e in a positive constructive ways that do not infringe on the rights of others
Failure identity
Reality therapy
- person chooses to fulfill their needs irresponsibly ie in a negative destructive way that infringes on the rights of others and doesn’t always get what they want
Primary goal of reality therapy
To replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity by helping the client assume responsibilities for their actions and adopting more appropriate ways to fulfill their needs
WDEP system
Reality therapy
W=wants & needs
D= determine what they are currently doing to foster awareness of their behavior
E= encourage the client to evaluate their own behaviors
P= help the client create a plan of action
Positive psychology
- valued subjective experience, well-being, contentment, and satisfaction in the past, hope and optimism for the future and the flow of happiness and the present
Positive psychology
- is about valued subjective experiences: well being, contentment, and satisfaction in the past with hope and optimism for the future and a flow of happiness and the present
Past/present/future
Important characteristic or positive psychology
- It uses the scientific method to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions
Ex. Researchers have investigated positive emotions by evaluating an effectiveness of interventions aimed on increasing happiness and have investigated positive health by studying how positive emotions contribute to & sustain physical health
Important component of positive psychology
Seligmam’s PERMA model
PERMA model
- positive psychology
- describe the five essential elements of well-being
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment- achievement
Positive emotions
Positive psychology/PERMA model
- experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions
Engagement
Positive psychology/PERMA model
- being truly engaged in situations or tasks
– characterized by a state of flow,
Flow
Perma model
- being totally immersed in an activity accompanied by a high level of joy in a sense of fulfillment
Relationships
Positive psychology/PERMA model
- HAVING POSITIVE AND MEANINGFUL INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Meaning
- positive psychology/ PERMA model
- being dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself
Accomplishment- achievement
Positive psychology/ perma model
- striving to be better and accomplish your goals
Personal construct therapy
Kelly
- focuses on how people construe (perceived, interpret, and anticipate) events
- people can change the way they construe events to alleviate and desirable behaviors and outcomes
Construing
Kelly
- involves the use of personal constructs which are bipolar dimensions of meaning that arise from a person’s experiences and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level
Personal constructs
Kelly
- fair/ unfair
- friend/ enemy
- relevance/ irrelevant
Strategies of personal construct therapy
- plain and therapist work is partners to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs
Therapy strategies and personal construct therapy
- fixed role therapy: helps the client try out alternative personal constructs
- the client role plays a fictional character that is described by the therapist and to construes events in alternative ways
