Memory And Sleep

Question 1

Hippocampus

Answer 1

• memory
• roll in consolidation of long-term declarative memories: transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory
• spatial working memory

Question 2

Bilateral removal of the hippocampus amygdalentin medial temporal lobe

Answer 2

HM

• short-term memory and procedural memory were intact
• some deficits in remote long-term episodic memory
• unable to transfer new declarative information from short-term to long-term memory

Question 3

Procedural memory and other implicit memories

Answer 3

-basal ganglia

• cerebellum
• supplementary motor area

Question 4

Implicit memories

Answer 4

• operate on an unconscious automatic level

Question 5

Damage to basal ganglia, cerebellum, supplementary motor area

Answer 5

• trouble learning new skills and performing previously learned skills

Question 6

Amygdala

Answer 6

• attaching emotions to memories
• people with intact amygdalas tend to remember emotional experiences better than non-emotional ones
• people with amygdala damage have same level of recall for emotional and non-emotional experiences because emotions have not been attached to memories

Question 7

Prefrontal cortex and memory

Answer 7

• essential for working memory aspect of short-term memory and perspective memory

Question 8

Lesions in the PFC

Answer 8

• adversely affect event-based perspective memory more than time-based perspective memory

Question 9

Event-based perspective memory

Answer 9

• remembering to perform intended action when a memory is triggered by a cue

Question 10

Time-based perspective memory

Answer 10

• remembering to perform intended action at a certain time without a cue

Question 11

Thalamus and mammalary bodies damage

Answer 11

• antero grade in retrograde amnesia

Question 12

Neural mechanisms

Answer 12

• sea slug (apysia) research
• classical conditioning of reflexes has two effects: short-term storage of information involved in increase in the release of serotonin while long-term storage involved development of new synapses and changes in the structure of existing neurons

Question 13

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 13

• first observed in glutamate, receptors and hippocampus
• observed in other areas of the brain including amygdala and inter-hornal cortex
• neuron as a result of rapid/ or high frequency stimulation believed to play an essential role and learning and memory formation

Question 14

Synthesis of RNA

Answer 14

,- changes in synapses are associated with formation of long-term memories

• necessary for protein synthesis
• research found that administering a drug that inhibits RNA synthesis around a time of training prevents formation of long-term but not short-term memory

Question 15

Sleep function theories

Answer 15

• recovery/ restoration theories
• adaptive/evolutionary theories

Question 16

Recovery/ restoration theories

Answer 16

• the purpose of sleep is to repair damage that occurs during wakefulness

Question 17

Adaptive/evolutionary theories

Answer 17

• sleep is related to the need to adapt to environmental threats

Example conserving energy

Question 18

Stages of sleep

Answer 18

• all have different EEG patterns
• stage one
• stage 2
• stage 3
• stage 4
• REM sleep

Question 19

Stage one sleep

Answer 19

• transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep
• low frequency, high aptitude alpha waves (drowsy state)
• alpha waves are then replaced by low frequency, low aptitude theta waves

Question 20

Stage two sleep

Answer 20

• fadea waves continue but our interrupted by sleep spindles and k complexes

Question 21

Sleep spindles

Answer 21

• sudden burst of moderately fast waves

Question 22

K. Complexes

Answer 22

• large slow waves

Question 23

Stage 3 sleep

Answer 23

• occurs after being asleep for 20 minutes
• low frequency, high amplitude Delta waves
• slow wave sleep

Question 24

Stage 4 sleep

Answer 24

• Delta waves continue but are of higher amplitude
• deep sleep

Question 25

REM sleep

Answer 25

• occurs after you’ve been asleep for 80 to 90 minutes
• EEG pattern is similar to stage one pattern
• also known as peridoxial sleep because characterized by active brain and physiological arousal while bodies major muscle groups are nearly paralyzed and persons difficult to arouse
• most dreams occur here
• dreams are more vivid, bizarre, and detailed than those in non-rem sleep
• after been asleep for 10 minutes in REM sleep you cycle through non-rim and rim sleep stages again throughout sleep period
• as night progresses duration of REM sleep increases and duration of stage 3 and 4 decrease

Question 26

Sleep in newborns

Answer 26

• sleep longer
• spend more time in active room sleep
• begin sleep. With REM sleep that is followed by quiet non-rimmed sleep
• pattern reverses at about 3 months and four stages of sleep non- REM sleep are evident by 6 months
• total sleep time reduces from 14 to 16 hours in infancy to eight in adulthood

Question 27

Sleep in older adults

Answer 27

• do not require less sleep
• have more difficulty falling asleep
• spend less time in deep sleep, especially stage 4
• more evenly distributed REM sleep throughout the night
• Wake up more often throughout the night
• experience in advance sleep space known as circadian phase advance= Go to sleep earlier in the evening and wake up earlier