Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

Cerebral cortex

Answer 1

• outer layer of the brain
• divided into right and left hemispheres
• each hemisphere contains four lobes: *frontal
• temporal
• parietal
  *occipital

Question 2

Frontal lobe

Answer 2

• Broca’s area
• prefrontal cortex
• supplementary motor cortex
• promoter cortex
• primary motor cortex

Question 3

Broca’s area

Answer 3

• major language area
• usually located in the left. Frontal lobe

Question 4

Damage to Broca’s area

Answer 4

-Broca’s (expressive or non-fluent) aphasia

• slow, labored speech, primarily nouns and verbs
• impaired repetition and anomia
• comprehension of written and spoken language is relatively intact

Question 5

Anomia

Answer 5

• can’t recall the name of familiar objects

Question 6

The prefrontal cortex

Answer 6

• important role in executive functions
• contributes to working memory, perspective, memory and emotion regulation

Question 7

Executive functions

Answer 7

• planning
• decision making
• social judgment
• self-monitoring

Question 8

Prospective memory

Answer 8

• memory for future events

Question 9

Damage to the DLPFC

Answer 9

– concrete thinking

• impaired judgment and insight
• poor planning ability
• deficits in working memory
• perseverative responses
• disinterest and apathy

Question 10

DL PFC

Answer 10

• primarily executive functions

Question 11

Orbial frontal cortex (OFC)

Answer 11

• emotion regulation
• response inhibition
• social behaviors

Question 12

Damage to the OFC

Answer 12

• poor impulse control
• social inappropriateness
• lack of concern for others
• aggressive and antisocial behaviors
• distractibility
• effective lability

Question 13

VMPFC

Answer 13

• ventral medial prefrontal cortex
• decision making
• social cognition
• memory

-emotionregulation

Question 14

Damage to vmfpc

Answer 14

• impaired decision making and moral judgment
• lack of insight
• deficits in social cognition
• fabulation
• blunted emotional responses

Question 15

Deficits in social cognition

Answer 15

• compared emotion recognition
• reduced empathy

Question 16

Supplementary motor cortex

Answer 16

• planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements
• active when people perform the movements and when they imagine performing them or watch another perform them

Question 17

Somatotopically organized cortexes

Answer 17

• premotor cortex
• primary motor cortex
• supplementary motor cortex

Question 18

Premotor cortex

Answer 18

• planning and coordinating complex movements that are triggered by external (Sensory) stimuli
• active when you imagine or watch someone perform movements as well as perform them

Question 19

Primary motor cortex

Answer 19

• executes movements by sending signals to muscles and response to signals from supplementary motor or premotor cortex

-

Question 20

Damage to the pre-motor cortex

Answer 20

• depends on the extent or location
• ranges from weakness to paralysis and one or more muscles in the opposite (contralateral) side of the body

Question 21

Temporal lobe

Answer 21

• auditory cortex
• wernicke’s area

Question 22

Auditory cortex

Answer 22

TL

• processing sound

Question 23

Damage to the auditory cortex

Answer 23

• auditory agnosia
• auditory hallucinations
• cortical deafness

Question 24

Wernicke’s area

Answer 24

• major language area
• located in dominant hemisphere

Question 25

Damage to wernicke’s area

Answer 25

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 26

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 26

• receptive or fluent aphasia
• impaired comprehension of written and spoken language
• impaired repetition and anomia
• speeches fluent but contains many substitutions and other errors & is devoid of meaning

Question 27

Arcuate Fasciculus

Answer 27

• connects Wernicke’s & Broca’s areas
• damage= conduction aphasia

Question 28

Conduction aphasia

Answer 28

• relatively intact comprehension
• fluent speech that contains many errors
• impaired repetition
• anomia

Question 29

Parietal lobe

Answer 29

• Somatosensory cortex

Question 30

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 30

• processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position

Question 31

Damage to Somatosensory cortex

Answer 31

-somatosensory agnosia:

• Tactile agnosia
• Asomatognosia
• Anosognosia

Question 32

Tactile agnosia

Answer 32

• inability to recognize objects by touch

Question 33

Asomatognosia

Answer 33

• lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one’s body

Question 34

Anosognosia

Answer 34

• denial of one’s illness

Question 35

Damage to parietal lobe

Answer 35

• hemis spatial neglect
• ideomotor apraxia
• ideational apraxia
• gerstmann’s syndrome

Question 36

Hemispatial neglect

Answer 36

• aka unilateral or contralateral neglect
• caused by damage to the right parietal lobe
• neglect of the left side of the body and stimulant left side of the body

Question 37

Ideamotor apraxia

Answer 37

• inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command

Question 38

Ideational apraxia

Answer 38

• inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions

Question 39

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Answer 39

• finger agnosia
• right – left disorientation
• agraphia
• acalculia

Question 40

Occipital lobe

Answer 40

• visual cortex

Question 41

Visual cortex

Answer 41

• processes visual information

Question 42

Damage to the visual cortex

Answer 42

• visual agnosia
• visual hallucinations
• achromatopsia
• cortical blindness

Question 43

achromatopsia

Answer 43

Loss of color vision

Question 44

Cortical blindness

Answer 44

• occurs when primary visual cortex is damaged while eyes and optic nerves are intact
• some people exhibit blindsight

Question 45

Blind sight

Answer 45

• do not consciously see a visual stimuli but have appropriate physiological or behavioral responses

Question 46

Affective blindsight

Answer 46

• appropriate emotional response to emotional visual stimuli without seeing the stimulus

Question 47

Prosopagnosia

Answer 47

• bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction
• inability of recognize faces of familiar people and sometimes own face or faces of pets/ familiar animals

Question 48

Brain laterization

Answer 48

• right and left hemisphere participate in many functions
• each is dominant for some functions
• left and right hemispheres differ in regard to control of sensory and motor functions

Question 49

Left hemisphere

Answer 49

• for 95% of right-handed people and 50 to 70% of left-handed people written and spoken language, logic and analytic thinking, and positive emotions

-controls right side of the body

Question 50

Right hemisphere

Answer 50

• 95% of right-handed and 50 to 70% of left-handed people. Holistic thinking, intuition, understanding, spatial relationships, creativity, and negative emotions
• controls left side of the body

Question 51

Dominant hemisphere

Answer 51

• hemisphere that’s responsible for language

Question 52

Smell

Answer 52

• odors that enter left nostril or transmitted to left hemisphere and vice versa

Question 53

Brain laterization research

Answer 53

• split brain patients

Question 54

Corpus callosum

Answer 54

• main bundle of nerves fibers that allow to hemisphere’s to share info to each other

Question 55

Split brain patients-

Answer 55

• could say they saw an object presented to them in the right visual field and could pick the object out by touch with their right hands from a collection of objects hidden from sight, but could not do so with their left hands
• objects presented to the left visual field could not say they saw the object but could pick the object out by touch with their left hands and not right

Question 56

Research on Dichotomous listening task, neuroimaging and other techniques

Answer 56

• when presented with two different words simultaneously one presented to each ear confirm that language letterization occurs in the left hemisphere for almost right-handed people
• repeat what was presented to the right ear which sends signals to the left auditory cortex