Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
- outer layer of the brain
- divided into right and left hemispheres
- each hemisphere contains four lobes: *frontal
- temporal
- parietal
*occipital
2
Q
Frontal lobe
A
- Broca’s area
- prefrontal cortex
- supplementary motor cortex
- promoter cortex
- primary motor cortex
3
Q
Broca’s area
A
- major language area
- usually located in the left. Frontal lobe
4
Q
Damage to Broca’s area
A
-Broca’s (expressive or non-fluent) aphasia
- slow, labored speech, primarily nouns and verbs
- impaired repetition and anomia
- comprehension of written and spoken language is relatively intact
5
Q
Anomia
A
- can’t recall the name of familiar objects
6
Q
The prefrontal cortex
A
- important role in executive functions
- contributes to working memory, perspective, memory and emotion regulation
7
Q
Executive functions
A
- planning
- decision making
- social judgment
- self-monitoring
8
Q
Prospective memory
A
- memory for future events
9
Q
Damage to the DLPFC
A
– concrete thinking
- impaired judgment and insight
- poor planning ability
- deficits in working memory
- perseverative responses
- disinterest and apathy
10
Q
DL PFC
A
- primarily executive functions
11
Q
Orbial frontal cortex (OFC)
A
- emotion regulation
- response inhibition
- social behaviors
12
Q
Damage to the OFC
A
- poor impulse control
- social inappropriateness
- lack of concern for others
- aggressive and antisocial behaviors
- distractibility
- effective lability
13
Q
VMPFC
A
- ventral medial prefrontal cortex
- decision making
- social cognition
- memory
-emotionregulation
14
Q
Damage to vmfpc
A
- impaired decision making and moral judgment
- lack of insight
- deficits in social cognition
- fabulation
- blunted emotional responses
15
Q
Deficits in social cognition
A
- compared emotion recognition
- reduced empathy
16
Q
Supplementary motor cortex
A
- planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements
- active when people perform the movements and when they imagine performing them or watch another perform them
17
Q
Somatotopically organized cortexes
A
- premotor cortex
- primary motor cortex
- supplementary motor cortex
18
Q
Premotor cortex
A
- planning and coordinating complex movements that are triggered by external (Sensory) stimuli
- active when you imagine or watch someone perform movements as well as perform them
19
Q
Primary motor cortex
A
- executes movements by sending signals to muscles and response to signals from supplementary motor or premotor cortex
-
20
Q
Damage to the pre-motor cortex
A
- depends on the extent or location
- ranges from weakness to paralysis and one or more muscles in the opposite (contralateral) side of the body
21
Q
Temporal lobe
A
- auditory cortex
- wernicke’s area
22
Q
Auditory cortex
A
TL
- processing sound
23
Q
Damage to the auditory cortex
A
- auditory agnosia
- auditory hallucinations
- cortical deafness
24
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
- major language area
- located in dominant hemisphere
25
Damage to wernicke's area
Wernicke's aphasia
26
Wernicke's aphasia
- receptive or fluent aphasia
- impaired comprehension of written and spoken language
- impaired repetition and anomia
- speeches fluent but contains many substitutions and other errors & is devoid of meaning
27
Arcuate Fasciculus
- connects Wernicke's & Broca's areas
- damage= conduction aphasia
28
Conduction aphasia
- relatively intact comprehension
- fluent speech that contains many errors
- impaired repetition
- anomia
29
Parietal lobe
- Somatosensory cortex
30
Somatosensory cortex
- processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position
31
Damage to Somatosensory cortex
-somatosensory agnosia:
* Tactile agnosia
* Asomatognosia
* Anosognosia
32
Tactile agnosia
- inability to recognize objects by touch
33
Asomatognosia
- lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one's body
34
Anosognosia
- denial of one's illness
35
Damage to parietal lobe
- hemis spatial neglect
- ideomotor apraxia
- ideational apraxia
- gerstmann's syndrome
36
Hemispatial neglect
- aka unilateral or contralateral neglect
- caused by damage to the right parietal lobe
- neglect of the left side of the body and stimulant left side of the body
37
Ideamotor apraxia
- inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command
38
Ideational apraxia
- inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions
39
Gerstmann's syndrome
- finger agnosia
- right – left disorientation
- agraphia
- acalculia
40
Occipital lobe
- visual cortex
41
Visual cortex
- processes visual information
42
Damage to the visual cortex
- visual agnosia
- visual hallucinations
- achromatopsia
- cortical blindness
43
achromatopsia
Loss of color vision
44
Cortical blindness
- occurs when primary visual cortex is damaged while eyes and optic nerves are intact
- some people exhibit blindsight
45
Blind sight
- do not consciously see a visual stimuli but have appropriate physiological or behavioral responses
46
Affective blindsight
- appropriate emotional response to emotional visual stimuli without seeing the stimulus
47
Prosopagnosia
- bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction
- inability of recognize faces of familiar people and sometimes own face or faces of pets/ familiar animals
48
Brain laterization
- right and left hemisphere participate in many functions
- each is dominant for some functions
- left and right hemispheres differ in regard to control of sensory and motor functions
49
Left hemisphere
- for 95% of right-handed people and 50 to 70% of left-handed people written and spoken language, logic and analytic thinking, and positive emotions
-controls right side of the body
50
Right hemisphere
- 95% of right-handed and 50 to 70% of left-handed people. Holistic thinking, intuition, understanding, spatial relationships, creativity, and negative emotions
- controls left side of the body
51
Dominant hemisphere
- hemisphere that's responsible for language
52
Smell
- odors that enter left nostril or transmitted to left hemisphere and vice versa
53
Brain laterization research
- split brain patients
54
Corpus callosum
- main bundle of nerves fibers that allow to hemisphere's to share info to each other
55
Split brain patients-
- could say they saw an object presented to them in the right visual field and could pick the object out by touch with their right hands from a collection of objects hidden from sight, but could not do so with their left hands
- objects presented to the left visual field could not say they saw the object but could pick the object out by touch with their left hands and not right
56
Research on Dichotomous listening task, neuroimaging and other techniques
- when presented with two different words simultaneously one presented to each ear confirm that language letterization occurs in the left hemisphere for almost right-handed people
- repeat what was presented to the right ear which sends signals to the left auditory cortex
