Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
1
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
- outer layer of the brain
- divided into right and left hemispheres
- each hemisphere contains four lobes: *frontal
- temporal
- parietal
*occipital
2
Q
Frontal lobe
A
- Broca’s area
- prefrontal cortex
- supplementary motor cortex
- promoter cortex
- primary motor cortex
3
Q
Broca’s area
A
- major language area
- usually located in the left. Frontal lobe
4
Q
Damage to Broca’s area
A
-Broca’s (expressive or non-fluent) aphasia
- slow, labored speech, primarily nouns and verbs
- impaired repetition and anomia
- comprehension of written and spoken language is relatively intact
5
Q
Anomia
A
- can’t recall the name of familiar objects
6
Q
The prefrontal cortex
A
- important role in executive functions
- contributes to working memory, perspective, memory and emotion regulation
7
Q
Executive functions
A
- planning
- decision making
- social judgment
- self-monitoring
8
Q
Prospective memory
A
- memory for future events
9
Q
Damage to the DLPFC
A
– concrete thinking
- impaired judgment and insight
- poor planning ability
- deficits in working memory
- perseverative responses
- disinterest and apathy
10
Q
DL PFC
A
- primarily executive functions
11
Q
Orbial frontal cortex (OFC)
A
- emotion regulation
- response inhibition
- social behaviors
12
Q
Damage to the OFC
A
- poor impulse control
- social inappropriateness
- lack of concern for others
- aggressive and antisocial behaviors
- distractibility
- effective lability
13
Q
VMPFC
A
- ventral medial prefrontal cortex
- decision making
- social cognition
- memory
-emotionregulation
14
Q
Damage to vmfpc
A
- impaired decision making and moral judgment
- lack of insight
- deficits in social cognition
- fabulation
- blunted emotional responses
15
Q
Deficits in social cognition
A
- compared emotion recognition
- reduced empathy
16
Q
Supplementary motor cortex
A
- planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements
- active when people perform the movements and when they imagine performing them or watch another perform them
17
Q
Somatotopically organized cortexes
A
- premotor cortex
- primary motor cortex
- supplementary motor cortex
18
Q
Premotor cortex
A
- planning and coordinating complex movements that are triggered by external (Sensory) stimuli
- active when you imagine or watch someone perform movements as well as perform them
19
Q
Primary motor cortex
A
- executes movements by sending signals to muscles and response to signals from supplementary motor or premotor cortex
-
20
Q
Damage to the pre-motor cortex
A
- depends on the extent or location
- ranges from weakness to paralysis and one or more muscles in the opposite (contralateral) side of the body
21
Q
Temporal lobe
A
- auditory cortex
- wernicke’s area
22
Q
Auditory cortex
A
TL
- processing sound
23
Q
Damage to the auditory cortex
A
- auditory agnosia
- auditory hallucinations
- cortical deafness
24
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
- major language area
- located in dominant hemisphere
25
Q
Damage to wernicke’s area
A
Wernicke’s aphasia
26
Q
Wernicke’s aphasia
A
- receptive or fluent aphasia
- impaired comprehension of written and spoken language
- impaired repetition and anomia
- speeches fluent but contains many substitutions and other errors & is devoid of meaning
27
Q
Arcuate Fasciculus
A
- connects Wernicke’s & Broca’s areas
- damage= conduction aphasia
28
Q
Conduction aphasia
A
- relatively intact comprehension
- fluent speech that contains many errors
- impaired repetition
- anomia
29
Q
Parietal lobe
A
- Somatosensory cortex
30
Q
Somatosensory cortex
A
- processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position
31
Q
Damage to Somatosensory cortex
A
-somatosensory agnosia:
- Tactile agnosia
- Asomatognosia
- Anosognosia
32
Q
Tactile agnosia
A
- inability to recognize objects by touch
33
Q
Asomatognosia
A
- lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one’s body
34
Q
Anosognosia
A
- denial of one’s illness
35
Q
Damage to parietal lobe
A
- hemis spatial neglect
- ideomotor apraxia
- ideational apraxia
- gerstmann’s syndrome
36
Q
Hemispatial neglect
A
- aka unilateral or contralateral neglect
- caused by damage to the right parietal lobe
- neglect of the left side of the body and stimulant left side of the body
37
Q
Ideamotor apraxia
A
- inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command
38
Q
Ideational apraxia
A
- inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions
39
Q
Gerstmann’s syndrome
A
- finger agnosia
- right – left disorientation
- agraphia
- acalculia
40
Q
Occipital lobe
A
- visual cortex
41
Q
Visual cortex
A
- processes visual information
42
Q
Damage to the visual cortex
A
- visual agnosia
- visual hallucinations
- achromatopsia
- cortical blindness
43
Q
achromatopsia
A
Loss of color vision
44
Q
Cortical blindness
A
- occurs when primary visual cortex is damaged while eyes and optic nerves are intact
- some people exhibit blindsight
45
Q
Blind sight
A
- do not consciously see a visual stimuli but have appropriate physiological or behavioral responses
46
Q
Affective blindsight
A
- appropriate emotional response to emotional visual stimuli without seeing the stimulus
47
Q
Prosopagnosia
A
- bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction
- inability of recognize faces of familiar people and sometimes own face or faces of pets/ familiar animals
48
Q
Brain laterization
A
- right and left hemisphere participate in many functions
- each is dominant for some functions
- left and right hemispheres differ in regard to control of sensory and motor functions
49
Q
Left hemisphere
A
- for 95% of right-handed people and 50 to 70% of left-handed people written and spoken language, logic and analytic thinking, and positive emotions
-controls right side of the body
50
Q
Right hemisphere
A
- 95% of right-handed and 50 to 70% of left-handed people. Holistic thinking, intuition, understanding, spatial relationships, creativity, and negative emotions
- controls left side of the body
51
Q
Dominant hemisphere
A
- hemisphere that’s responsible for language
52
Q
Smell
A
- odors that enter left nostril or transmitted to left hemisphere and vice versa
53
Q
Brain laterization research
A
- split brain patients
54
Q
Corpus callosum
A
- main bundle of nerves fibers that allow to hemisphere’s to share info to each other
55
Q
Split brain patients-
A
- could say they saw an object presented to them in the right visual field and could pick the object out by touch with their right hands from a collection of objects hidden from sight, but could not do so with their left hands
- objects presented to the left visual field could not say they saw the object but could pick the object out by touch with their left hands and not right
56
Q
Research on Dichotomous listening task, neuroimaging and other techniques
A
- when presented with two different words simultaneously one presented to each ear confirm that language letterization occurs in the left hemisphere for almost right-handed people
- repeat what was presented to the right ear which sends signals to the left auditory cortex
