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Criminology 310 > PSYCHOCRIMINOLOGY Chapter 2 > Flashcards

PSYCHOCRIMINOLOGY Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define passive-aggressive behaviours.

A

Hostile behaviours that don’t directly inflict physical harm, but has aggressive intent.

E.g, refusing to speak to someone.

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2
Q

Explain the varieties of human aggression (Buss classification).

A

in notes

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3
Q

Males tend to be more _ aggressive toward _.

A

-directly
-males

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4
Q

Females tend to be more _ aggressive toward _.

A

-indirectly
- anyone, regardless of the gender

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5
Q

Name the 2 types of aggression.

A
  1. Hostile/ reactive-impulsive
  2. Instrumental/ controlled-instrumental
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6
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Spontaneous aggression, possibly in reaction to a threat, frustration, or provocation.

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7
Q

What is the goal of the hostile aggressor?

A

To make the victim suffer.

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8
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

A type of aggression that is planned, usually for a specific purpose.

Uses aggression as an instrument to get what they want.

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9
Q

DEFINE AGGRESSION.

A

BEHAVIOUR PERPETRATED OR ATTEMPTED WITH THE INTENTION OF HARMING ONE OR MORE INDIVIDUALS PHYSICALLY OR PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR TO DESTROY AN OBJECT.

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10
Q

Will aggressive behaviour always qualify as criminal?

A

No.

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11
Q

Define VIOLENCE.

A

Destructive physical aggression intentionally directed at harming another person or thing. It always harms the recipient.

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12
Q

Violence requires 4 definitional components.

A
  1. Nonessential
  2. Unwanted
  3. Harmful
  4. Intentional acts
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13
Q

Define Ethology.

A

The study of animal behaviour, in comparison to human behaviour.

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14
Q

What is intraspecific aggression?

A

Aggression within the same species.

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15
Q

Define ritualized aggression.

A

Symbolic display of aggressive intentions without actual physical conflict.

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16
Q

Evolutionary Psychology.

A

The study of the evolution of behaviour based on natural selection.

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17
Q

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

The theory that frustration leads to aggressive behaviour.

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18
Q

When might frustration-aggression occur?

A

When anticipated goals aren’t met.

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19
Q

Define weapons effect.

A

The suggestion that the mere presence of a weapon leads to a witness/victim focusing on the weapon rather than other features of the crime.

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20
Q

Define cognitive-neoassociation theory.

A

A revised theory of the frustration-aggression hypothesis proposed by Leonard Berkowitz.

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21
Q

Define Excitation transfer theory.

A

Theory explaining how physiological arousal can generalise from one situation to another.

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22
Q

Define Displaced aggression theory.

A

Theory that some aggression is directed at a target as a replacement for the person who is the real source of provocation.

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23
Q

Triggered displaced aggression.

A

Displaced aggression directed at a person who commits a mildly annoying act.

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24
Q

What is RUMINATION.

A

A person fixates on their own thoughts and feelings, which may lead to aggression against others.

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25
Q

Bandura identifies 3 major types of role models.

A
  1. Family members
  2. Members of one’s subculture
  3. Symbolic models provided by the mass media
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26
Q

How does Bandura think aggression is learned?

A

Through cognitive-social processes.

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27
Q

Name 2 major cognitive models of aggression.

A
  1. Cognitive scripts model.
  2. Hostile attribution model.
28
Q

Define Cognitive scripts model.

A

Huesmann’s theory that social behaviour especially aggressive behaviour are controlled by cognitive scripts learned through daily experiences.

29
Q

What is “social priming” ?

A

Children don’t just mimic their parents, they encode into their brains their parents’ cognitive scripts, beliefs, and views about the world.

30
Q

A cognitive model of aggression developed by Dodge and collegues.

A

Hostile attribution model.

31
Q

Define HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS.

A

Tendency to perceive others’ actions as hostile when its not.

32
Q

When does hostile attribution bias begin to develop?

A

During preschool years.

33
Q

Does hostile attribution bias appear stronger in girls or boys?

A

Boys.

34
Q

Can hostile attribution bias be outgrown?

A

Yes, most children seem to outgrow it.

35
Q

What manages negative arousal like anger?

A

Cognition/ cognitive processes.

36
Q

Define General aggression model (GAM).

A

Combines social learning and cognition to explain aggressive behaviour.

37
Q

Define I3 Theory.

A

A new theory that organises and summarises risk factors for aggression and considers instigating triggers, impelling forces, and inhibiting forces. Self-regulation is the core of this theory.

38
Q

According to I3 Theory what are the aggression risk factors?

A
  • Instigating triggers
  • Impelling forces
  • Inhibiting forces
39
Q

What is the main difference between I3 Theory and GAM?

A

I3 Theory incorporates new research on self-regulation.

40
Q

I3 Theory provides great strategy for dealing with…

A

Intimate partner violence.

41
Q

2 types of aggressive ACTIONS.

A
  • Overt
  • Covert
42
Q

These 2 forms of aggressive ACTS differ in 4 ways.

A
  1. Behavioural patterns
  2. Emotions
  3. Cognitions
  4. Development
43
Q

What are the differences between overt and covert in behavioural patterns?

A

Overt = Direct; decreases with age
Covert = Sneaky; increases with age

44
Q

What are the differences between overt and covert in emotions?

A

Overt - high arousal
Covert - less emotion

45
Q

What are the differences between overt and covert in cognitions?

A

Overt - lack social cognitions
Covert - relies on cognitive capabilities

46
Q

What are the differences between overt and covert in development?

A

Overt - begins early especially in boys
Covert - evolve as well-learned strategy to escape punishment

47
Q

Define REACTIVE aggression.

A

Violence perpetrated in response to a provocation/ perceived provocation.

48
Q

What are the roots of reactive aggression?

A

Frustration - aggression model.

49
Q

How would you describe reactive aggression?

A

“Hot blooded”

50
Q

Give an example of reactive aggression.

A

Temper tantrums, vengeful hostility, anger expressions.

51
Q

When does reactive aggression emerge?

A

Between the ages 4-5.

52
Q

Define PROACTIVE aggression.

A

Similar to controlled-instrumental aggression, actions are undertaken to obtain a specific goal.

53
Q

Give an example of proactive aggression.

A

Bullying
Teasing
Name calling

54
Q

How would you describe proactive aggression?

A

“Cold blooded”

55
Q

What are the roots of proactive aggression?

A

Social learning theory.

56
Q

True or False.

Proactive aggression is provoked.

A

False. It is unprovoked.

57
Q

What forms of aggression are boys more likely to be?

A

Overt Aggression.

58
Q

What forms of aggression are girls more likely to be?

A

Relational Aggression.

59
Q

What is Relational Aggression?

A

Behaviour that is meant to harm the social standing of another person.

60
Q

Give a reason for why media games increase aggression.

A

Media games are more interactive.

61
Q

What does media violence do for the development of aggression?

A

It encourages, stimulates, and reinforces aggressive behaviour.

62
Q

Define copycat crime/ contagion effect.

A

The tendency for a person to model/copy behaviour seen on the mass media.

63
Q

What game is criticised fir contributing to the copycat effect?

A

Grand Theft Auto (GTA).

64
Q

Name 2 types of copycat crimes.

A
  1. Copycat school shooter
  2. Copycat terrorism
65
Q

Should the media be blamed for copycat shooters/ terrorists?

A

No.

Criminology 310 (4 decks)

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