PSYCHOCRIMINOLOGY Chapter 2

Question 1

Define passive-aggressive behaviours.

Answer 1

Hostile behaviours that don’t directly inflict physical harm, but has aggressive intent.

E.g, refusing to speak to someone.

Question 2

Explain the varieties of human aggression (Buss classification).

Answer 2

in notes

Question 3

Males tend to be more _ aggressive toward _.

Answer 3

-directly
-males

Question 4

Females tend to be more _ aggressive toward _.

Answer 4

-indirectly
- anyone, regardless of the gender

Question 5

Name the 2 types of aggression.

Answer 5

1. Hostile/ reactive-impulsive
2. Instrumental/ controlled-instrumental

Question 6

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 6

Spontaneous aggression, possibly in reaction to a threat, frustration, or provocation.

Question 7

What is the goal of the hostile aggressor?

Answer 7

To make the victim suffer.

Question 8

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 8

A type of aggression that is planned, usually for a specific purpose.

Uses aggression as an instrument to get what they want.

Question 9

DEFINE AGGRESSION.

Answer 9

BEHAVIOUR PERPETRATED OR ATTEMPTED WITH THE INTENTION OF HARMING ONE OR MORE INDIVIDUALS PHYSICALLY OR PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR TO DESTROY AN OBJECT.

Question 10

Will aggressive behaviour always qualify as criminal?

Answer 10

No.

Question 11

Define VIOLENCE.

Answer 11

Destructive physical aggression intentionally directed at harming another person or thing. It always harms the recipient.

Question 12

Violence requires 4 definitional components.

Answer 12

1. Nonessential
2. Unwanted
3. Harmful
4. Intentional acts

Question 13

Define Ethology.

Answer 13

The study of animal behaviour, in comparison to human behaviour.

Question 14

What is intraspecific aggression?

Answer 14

Aggression within the same species.

Question 15

Define ritualized aggression.

Answer 15

Symbolic display of aggressive intentions without actual physical conflict.

Question 16

Evolutionary Psychology.

Answer 16

The study of the evolution of behaviour based on natural selection.

Question 17

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 17

The theory that frustration leads to aggressive behaviour.

Question 18

When might frustration-aggression occur?

Answer 18

When anticipated goals aren’t met.

Question 19

Define weapons effect.

Answer 19

The suggestion that the mere presence of a weapon leads to a witness/victim focusing on the weapon rather than other features of the crime.

Question 20

Define cognitive-neoassociation theory.

Answer 20

A revised theory of the frustration-aggression hypothesis proposed by Leonard Berkowitz.

Question 21

Define Excitation transfer theory.

Answer 21

Theory explaining how physiological arousal can generalise from one situation to another.

Question 22

Define Displaced aggression theory.

Answer 22

Theory that some aggression is directed at a target as a replacement for the person who is the real source of provocation.

Question 23

Triggered displaced aggression.

Answer 23

Displaced aggression directed at a person who commits a mildly annoying act.

Question 24

What is RUMINATION.

Answer 24

A person fixates on their own thoughts and feelings, which may lead to aggression against others.

Question 25

Bandura identifies 3 major types of role models.

Answer 25

1. Family members 2. Members of one's subculture 3. Symbolic models provided by the mass media

Question 26

How does Bandura think aggression is learned?

Answer 26

Through cognitive-social processes.

Question 27

Name 2 major cognitive models of aggression.

Answer 27

1. Cognitive scripts model. 2. Hostile attribution model.

Question 28

Define Cognitive scripts model.

Answer 28

Huesmann's theory that social behaviour especially aggressive behaviour are controlled by cognitive scripts learned through daily experiences.

Question 29

What is "social priming" ?

Answer 29

Children don't just mimic their parents, they encode into their brains their parents' cognitive scripts, beliefs, and views about the world.

Question 30

A cognitive model of aggression developed by Dodge and collegues.

Answer 30

Hostile attribution model.

Question 31

Define HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS.

Answer 31

Tendency to perceive others' actions as hostile when its not.

Question 32

When does hostile attribution bias begin to develop?

Answer 32

During preschool years.

Question 33

Does hostile attribution bias appear stronger in girls or boys?

Answer 33

Boys.

Question 34

Can hostile attribution bias be outgrown?

Answer 34

Yes, most children seem to outgrow it.

Question 35

What manages negative arousal like anger?

Answer 35

Cognition/ cognitive processes.

Question 36

Define General aggression model (GAM).

Answer 36

Combines social learning and cognition to explain aggressive behaviour.

Question 37

Define I3 Theory.

Answer 37

A new theory that organises and summarises risk factors for aggression and considers instigating triggers, impelling forces, and inhibiting forces. Self-regulation is the core of this theory.

Question 38

According to I3 Theory what are the aggression risk factors?

Answer 38

- Instigating triggers - Impelling forces - Inhibiting forces

Question 39

What is the main difference between I3 Theory and GAM?

Answer 39

I3 Theory incorporates new research on self-regulation.

Question 40

I3 Theory provides great strategy for dealing with...

Answer 40

Intimate partner violence.

Question 41

2 types of aggressive ACTIONS.

Answer 41

- Overt - Covert

Question 42

These 2 forms of aggressive ACTS differ in 4 ways.

Answer 42

1. Behavioural patterns 2. Emotions 3. Cognitions 4. Development

Question 43

What are the differences between overt and covert in behavioural patterns?

Answer 43

Overt = Direct; decreases with age Covert = Sneaky; increases with age

Question 44

What are the differences between overt and covert in emotions?

Answer 44

Overt - high arousal Covert - less emotion

Question 45

What are the differences between overt and covert in cognitions?

Answer 45

Overt - lack social cognitions Covert - relies on cognitive capabilities

Question 46

What are the differences between overt and covert in development?

Answer 46

Overt - begins early especially in boys Covert - evolve as well-learned strategy to escape punishment

Question 47

Define REACTIVE aggression.

Answer 47

Violence perpetrated in response to a provocation/ perceived provocation.

Question 48

What are the roots of reactive aggression?

Answer 48

Frustration - aggression model.

Question 49

How would you describe reactive aggression?

Answer 49

"Hot blooded"

Question 50

Give an example of reactive aggression.

Answer 50

Temper tantrums, vengeful hostility, anger expressions.

Question 51

When does reactive aggression emerge?

Answer 51

Between the ages 4-5.

Question 52

Define PROACTIVE aggression.

Answer 52

Similar to controlled-instrumental aggression, actions are undertaken to obtain a specific goal.

Question 53

Give an example of proactive aggression.

Answer 53

Bullying Teasing Name calling

Question 54

How would you describe proactive aggression?

Answer 54

"Cold blooded"

Question 55

What are the roots of proactive aggression?

Answer 55

Social learning theory.

Question 56

True or False. Proactive aggression is provoked.

Answer 56

False. It is unprovoked.

Question 57

What forms of aggression are boys more likely to be?

Answer 57

Overt Aggression.

Question 58

What forms of aggression are girls more likely to be?

Answer 58

Relational Aggression.

Question 59

What is Relational Aggression?

Answer 59

Behaviour that is meant to harm the social standing of another person.

Question 60

Give a reason for why media games increase aggression.

Answer 60

Media games are more interactive.

Question 61

What does media violence do for the development of aggression?

Answer 61

It encourages, stimulates, and reinforces aggressive behaviour.

Question 62

Define copycat crime/ contagion effect.

Answer 62

The tendency for a person to model/copy behaviour seen on the mass media.

Question 63

What game is criticised fir contributing to the copycat effect?

Answer 63

Grand Theft Auto (GTA).

Question 64

Name 2 types of copycat crimes.

Answer 64

1. Copycat school shooter 2. Copycat terrorism

Question 65

Should the media be blamed for copycat shooters/ terrorists?

Answer 65

No.