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Psychobiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

the division of nervous system located in the skull and spine (interprets information)

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

nervous system located outside the skull and spine (receives and transmits information)

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment using efferent and afferent nerves

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4
Q

Nerves

A

collections of axons outside of the CNS

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5
Q

Tract

A

collections of axons inside the CNS

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

collection of cell bodies inside CNS and part of an axon

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7
Q

Ganglias

A

collection of cell bodies outside of the CNS

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8
Q

anterior singulet

A

the base for nuero-navigation

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9
Q

SNS Purpose

A

Somatic division of PNS is comprised by nerves that control muscle action and that carry sensory information back to the CNS and contains cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

part of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment. uses afferent and efferent nerves to send and receive signals to and from internal organs. also contains two types of nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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11
Q

Efferent nerves

A

sends signals from the CNS (exits) (motor)

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12
Q

Afferent nerves

A

sends signals to the CNS (approach) (sensory)

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13
Q

meninges

A

layers that protect the brain

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14
Q

name meninges layers

A

dura mater (outer)
arachnoid (middle)
pia mater (inside)

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15
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

fight or flight

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16
Q

parasympathetic

A

normal functioning

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17
Q

neuraxis

A

an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain

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18
Q

anterior/rostral (neuraxis)

A

toward the head

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19
Q

posterior/caudal (neuraxis)

A

toward the tail

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20
Q

ventral/inferior (neuraxis)

A

toward the belly

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21
Q

dorsal/superior (neuraxis)

A

toward the back

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22
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of brain

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23
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side of brain

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24
Q

SNS nerve types

A

cranial nerves 12
spinal nerves 31

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25
Q

cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibular, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

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26
Q

spinal nerve sections

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx/coccygeal

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27
Q

dermatomes

A

area of skin that is supplied by (mostly) a single nerve

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28
Q

ventricles in the brain

A

structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and transport it around the cranial cavity

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29
Q

choroid plexus

A

lines the walls of ventricles and manufactures CSF

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30
Q

Purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • Cushioning effect and lubrication for the brain and spinal cord
  • helps to maintain pressure within cranium
  • transports metabolic waste away from brain and spinal-cord tissue into the bloodstream
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31
Q

the blood-brain barrier

A

border of endothelial cells that prevents toxins or pathogens entering the CSF from blood.
also filters in nutrients and filters out harmful compounds.

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32
Q

how is the nervous system developed?

A

develops from a layer of epidermal cells in the embryo called the neural plate, which folds over to form the neural tube.

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33
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

a build up of CSF in cranial ventricles throughout the brain

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34
Q

nuerons

A

cells that are specialised for the reception, conducting and transmission of electrochemical signals

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35
Q

types of neuroglia

A

oligodendroglia (oligodendrocytes)
astroglia (astrocytes)
microglia
ependymal cells

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36
Q

oligodendroglia (oligodendrocytes)

A

form myelin sheaths

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37
Q

astroglia (astrocytes)

A

support neurons, absorb debris, form part of the brain-blood barrier

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38
Q

Microglia

A

part of the CNS immune system, respond to injury or disease

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39
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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40
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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41
Q

sagittal plane

A

brain cut vertically from front to back

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42
Q

frontal plane

A

brain cut vertically front left to right

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43
Q

cross section

A

any right angle cut to a long section or narrow path such as the spinal cord

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44
Q

grey matter

A

composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

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45
Q

white matter

A

composed of myelinated axons

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46
Q

spinal nerves

A

pairs of nerves attached to the 31 sections of the spine

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47
Q

dorsal root axons are only

A

afferent

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48
Q

ventral root axons are only

A

efferent

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49
Q

encephalon

A

in the brain

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50
Q

5 divisions of the brain

A

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
diencephalon
mesencephalon (midbrain)
metencephalon
myelencephalon (medulla)

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51
Q

the brain stem consists of which brain divisions

A

diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

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52
Q

Olfactory function

A

smell

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53
Q

optic function

A

vision

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54
Q

oculomotor function

A

eye movement, pupillary constriction, sensory signals from certain eye muscles

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55
Q

trochlear

A

eye movement, sensory signals from certain eye muscles

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56
Q

trigeminal

A

facial sensations, chewing

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57
Q

abducens

A

eye movement, sensory signals from certain eye muscles

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58
Q

facial

A

taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, expression, tears, salivation

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59
Q

vestibular

A

audition, organs of balance in the inner ear

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60
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

taste from posterior third of tongue, salivation, swallowing

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61
Q

vagus

A

sensation from abdominal and thoracic regions, muscles of throat

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62
Q

accessory

A

movement of shoulders, neck and head , sensory signals from muscles of the neck

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63
Q

hypoglossal

A

tongue movement, sensory signals from tongue muscles

64
Q

medulla

A

(myelencephalon) ANS responses, such as heart rate, breathing, blood vessel dilation, digestion, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting

65
Q

reticular formation

A

(myelencephalon) has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep

66
Q

Cerebellum

A

(metencephalon) coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. Some research such role in higher order cognition (“cerebellum instructs frontal systems how to think ahead by providing anticipatory control mechanisms”).

67
Q

Pons

A

(metencephalon) It is involved in the control of breathing, regulation of cranial nerves, and relays motor and sensory information.

68
Q

What is Neuropsychology?

A

Relationship between brain and psychological functions
- Brain structure and function
- psychological function=behaviour

69
Q

Cognitive neuropsychology?

A

-attempts to infer the normal structure and function of the brain from the study of damage to the nervous system
- info-processing approach
- draws on cognitive and clinical neuropsychology

70
Q

clinical neuropsychology methods

A
  • case studies
  • Syndromes approach
71
Q

Role of Clinical neuropsychology

A
  • Differential diagnosis
  • Treatment planning
  • Rehab
  • Capacity/Competence
  • Legal proceedings
72
Q

Differential diagnosis

A
  • Discrimination b/w disorders, particularly detecting dysfunction in the absence of clear anatomical evidence
73
Q

Treatment Planning

A
  • Decisions based on nature and extent of dysfunction
74
Q

Rehab

A
  • Consideration of relative strengths and weaknesses, to apply to treatment strategies
75
Q

Capacity/Competence

A
  • Evaluation of a person’s ability to make reasoned decisions
76
Q

Legal proceedings

A
  • Document cause, nature and extent of dysfunction in personal injury cases
77
Q

Brain structure: fine and gross

A
  • single cells (neurons) building blocks
  • nuerons groups together to form brain structure and pathways
  • each neuron contains a cell body that holds the nuclei and an axon which is covered in fatty tissue (myelin)
78
Q

Brain Chemistry

A
  • neurotransmitters are chemicals released by neurons to excite or inhibit behaviour (manufactured in the cell body, and released into the synapse at the terminal buttons of the axon)
  • Psychoactive drugs mimic the action of neurotransmitters
79
Q

blood vessels

A
  • arterial (bring oxygenated blood in) and venous (take oxygenated blood out)
80
Q

Electrophysiology

A
  • Neuron: action potential - electrochemical action of adjacent neurons acting upon one another to cause the secretion or cessation of the release of neurotransmitters
  • neurotransmitter picked up from adjacent neuron at the cell body and when threshold is reached signal passed daown axon to the terminal buttons where neurotransmitter is released to next axon - ongoing chain reaction until inhibited
81
Q

Grey matter

A
  • cell bodies group together to form structures (e.g. cortex)
82
Q

white matter

A
  • axons group together to form pathways that link structures (carrying the electrochemical message)
83
Q

X-ray

A
  • depending upon the density of the tissue, it is absorbed to different degrees
  • the ‘left over’ x-rays can be projected onto a photographic plate to produce a 2D image of the object
84
Q

Contrast x-ray

A

angiography: radio-opaque dye injected into blood vessels
- used to visualize blood vessels

85
Q

computerised axial tomography (CAT/CT)

A
  • narrow x-ray beam passed through at man y angles to provide detailed pictures of slices of the brain
  • multiple brain slices combined by a computer to produce a 3D picture of brain structures which can be viewed in any orientation
86
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI scan)

A
  • measures change in magnetice properties of protons (in hydrogen nuclei) after a magnetic field is passed thru head
  • yields a similar 3D pic to CT, with better resolution
87
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG) 1929

A
  • application of metal macroelectrodes to scalp
    (detects small changes in electrical potential indicating the patterns of activity of neurons, maps “brainwaves”
  • clinical use in diagnosis of epilepsy, sleep disorders, evaluating coma or brain death
  • good temporal (when activity is happening) but poor spatial/localising (where activity is happening)
88
Q

Event relatied potentials (ERPs) or Evoked potentials (EPs)

A
  • large slow potentials that are seen after a sensory stimulus or cognitive operation
  • Visualised using EEG, but this time a stimulus is presented or withdrawn to deliberately precipitate action potentials
89
Q

ERP/EP clinical use in detecting diseases affecting sensory pathways

A
  • visual evoked responses
  • somatosensory evoked responses
  • brainstem auditory evoked responses
90
Q

Positron emission topography (PET scan)

A
  • reflects brain activity not structure
  • measures blood flow: radioactively labelled water (Oxygen 15) emits positrons as it decays
  • glucose metabolism: measured via injection of 2,4 deoxyglucose which emits positrons
  • resting state or functional snacs possible, and can be compared
    (differences between the two show specific areas associated with specific functions)
91
Q

Functional MRI (FMRI)

A
  • reflects brain activity not structure (as in MRI)
  • fMRI detects activity of neurons by measuring the magnetic field effects of increased haemoglobin (oxygen carriers) concentration in blood
92
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A
  • imaging of white matter tracts within brain= tractography
  • able to explore connections between distant brain regions
93
Q

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

A
  • measure metabolites/neurochemicals in brain
  • elevations or reductions indicative of cell death or dysfunction
94
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • method for non-invasively modulating (changing) brain activity
    (magnetic pulses directed at specific regions)
  • Possible to facilitate or disrupt brain activity
    (single pulse TMS, repetitive TMS (RTMS))
  • research use for confirmation of lesion studies
  • therapeutic uses of TMS (is sometimes used to treat depression that hac been resistant to other forms of treatment
95
Q

neuropsychological assessment

A
  • a behavioural investigation of braing functioning (interviews and psych assessment tools
  • importance of person in context (family history, family/relationship history, presenting problem)
  • formal assessment of: sensori-motor function, cognitive function, social/emotional function
  • integration of quantitative and qualitative info leads to a neuropsychological formulation
96
Q

psychopathology

A
  • literally “disease of the mind
  • Disturbance
  • psychological disorder
  • psychological dysfunction
  • scientific study of mental disorders and behaviours (what is typical or healthy)
    -underlying cause, mechanisms, and patterns
97
Q

WHO ‘mental health’

A

more than just the absence of mental disorders or disabilities

98
Q

Major classification system for Psychopathology

A
  • DSM
  • latest edition DSM-V-TR
99
Q

International Classification of Diseases

A
  • made by the WHO
  • produced by a global health agency in comparison to DSM produced by AMerica
100
Q

DSM definition of mental disorder

A

-syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour
- reflects a dysfunction in the psychological biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
- usually associated with sig distress or impairment (disability) in social, occupational or other important activities.

101
Q

What is not a mental disorder?

A
  • expectable, culturally approved response to a stressor or loss
  • socially deviant behaviour (unless deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual)
  • conflicts between individual and society (similar to above)
102
Q

Etiology

A
  • the causes or origins of a disorder
103
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population
104
Q

mortality

A
  • occurrence of death within a population or groups
105
Q

Co-morbidity

A
  • problems or presenting symptoms meet the criteria for more than one diagnosis
106
Q

burden of disease

A
  • measured in disability adjusted life years (DALY)= years of life lost due to premature mortality (fatal burden) and years of healthy life lost due to poor health (Non-fatal burder).
107
Q

Kraepelin (1883)

A
  • produced first comprehensive classification system of mental illness
  • symptoms
  • syndromes (cluster of symptoms)
  • assumption that each syndrome had a specific organic cause
  • following a particular course
  • began the medical model
108
Q

diagnostic classification

A
  • set of concepts (based on observation
  • open to debate about inclusion/modify
  • ideas on disorder vary across time and place
  • each DSM edition is reviewed
  • sometimes fierce debate about what should be included as disorder
109
Q

Basis of classification in DSM

A
  • claims to be atheoretical (neutral and unbiased by any preconceived theoretical assumptions)
  • not based on etiology
  • criteria are descriptive
  • diagnosis requires impairment in functioning and/or reported distress
  • classification is categorical
  • polythetic criteria - a diagnosis based on the presence of a subset of symptoms or criterial; rather than requiring a specific set of criteria to be met.
110
Q

purposes/advantages of classification

A
  • to provide a vocabulary and a shorthand description
  • to provide basis for research into causes and therapies
  • to provide a basis for making decisions about therapies/treatment
  • to provide a basis for prognosis ie; a prediction about future course
  • being given a diagnosis may help people to feel their experience/condition is known, recognisable and that something can be done
111
Q

misuse of diagnostic classification

A
  • can give the illusion of explanation, but really only a description
  • labels can obscure the person’s individuality
  • labels can result in social harm
  • labels can encourage people to settle into a sick role
  • implies problem is located with individual and can discourage looking at role of relationships, the social system or context
112
Q

mental health services- current issues

A
  • lack of capacity/funding (inpatient, community, emergency)
  • models of service (medication and case management vs psychotherapies)(consumer rights, collaborative models of service delivery and role of families who are carers)
  • service gaps and barriers
  • role of psychologists in private practice and challenges around medicare rebates for services
113
Q

main skull plates

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone
114
Q

skull hole for brain stem

A
  • Foramen magnum
115
Q

Hindbrain and midbrain

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • midbrain
    =tectum; inferior colliculi auditory
    =superior colliculi;visual
  • tegmentum
116
Q

hand model of the brain

A

-nemonic device
cortex fingers
thumb limbic
spinal cord wrist
brain stem palm

117
Q

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A
118
Q

pons latin

A

bridge

119
Q

medulla, ppons, and cerebellum responsible

A
  • autonomic processes
  • make up the hindbrain
120
Q

Cerebellum AKA little brain

A
121
Q

Thalamus

A
  • egg like structure
  • distribution centre for all info incoming from the spinal cord and sending back out
122
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • hypo (under)
  • basic drives and motivation
  • very related to survival
  • FFFF
    -fight, fleeing, faunicating, feeding
123
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • fill in
124
Q

Forebrain

A
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
125
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • enter picture
  • important for motor processing and motor cognition
126
Q

Limbic system

A
  • amygdala (important for basic emotions)
  • hippocampus (seahorse) memory processing and some emotional processing
  • cingulate cortex (belt that holds things in) controlling and producing emotion
127
Q

neocortex (neo=new)

A
  • division of brain into two hemispheres
  • seperated by the longitudinal fissure
  • outer layer of grey matter (mainly cell bodies) called cortex or neo cortex
  • continue!!!!!!
128
Q

dividing the cerebral hemispheres

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
    (if damaged would not be able to recognise objects and faces)
  • ventral (what) stream^
  • precentral sulcus
129
Q

hierarchical organization of function

A
  • projection map: map of the location of the inputs and outputs to the cortex
  • add pic
130
Q

Primary areas

A

Anterior, motor
- frontal lobe - motor functions
Posterior, sensory
- parietal lobe = body senses
- temporal lobe = auditory functions
- occipital lobe = visual functions

131
Q

Motor Cortex

A
  • situation in frontal lobe in narrow strip anterior to the central sulcus
  • end point for visuo-motor and onject recognition processes initiated in primary sensory areas (extends in longitudinal fissure, broadman area 4)
132
Q

somatosensory cortex

A
  • situatied in parietal lobe in narrow strip prosterior to the central sulcus (extends into longitudinal fissure, broadman areas 1,2 and 3)
  • receives info about tactile stimulation, position of body space (proprioception)
  • similar representation of body as motor cortex
133
Q

primary sensory cortices

A
  • visual cortex (V1 or Striate cortex)
  • continue
134
Q

hierarchical organization of function

A
  • fill in
135
Q

the connectome

A
  • the highways of the brain
136
Q

steuctural and functional brain asymmetries

A
  • hemispheric specialisation; dominance; lateralisation
  • early suggestions eg. Wigan (1844), that the hemispheres are independent
  • Knowledge about lateralisation comes from lesion studies; wada procedure toanaesthetise one hemisphere
137
Q

structural and functional asymmetries

A
138
Q

lateralisation and asymmertry in humans

A
139
Q

the corpus callosum and split brain studies

A

tactile

140
Q

split brain experiments

A
141
Q

lateralisation of language function

A
142
Q

The WADA procedure and language function

A
143
Q

from neural tube to brain

A
  • day 18 after conception PNS and CNS begin to develop
  • day 26 ectodermal tissue at one end of the embryo has fused together (neurulation) to form neural tube
  • cavity in tube>ventricles
  • anterior of tube > brain
  • Posterior> spinal cord
144
Q
A
145
Q
A
146
Q
A
147
Q
A
148
Q
A
149
Q
A
150
Q

Tegmentum

A

Part of midbrain and Made up of two parts
- iron red nucleus =helps to coordinate movement
- periaqueductal grey = made up of grey matter and is involved in suppressing pain

151
Q

Day 18 after conception (neurodevelopment)

A
  • PNS and CNS begin to develop
152
Q

Day 26 after conception (neurodevelopment)

A

-ectodermal tissue at one end of the embryo had fused together (neurulation) to form neural tube
- cavity in tube=ventricles
- anterior of tube=brain
- posterior =spinal cord

153
Q

Neural tube to brain (areas)

A

Proscencephalon (forebrain)
-telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
- diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
- metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
Myelencephalon
- medulla

154
Q

Neural development

A

Proliferation
- corticogenesis begins in 6th gestational week
- most concentrated period of neuronal proliferation
Migration
- mostly complete by 18th week
- six layers of neurons
- malformations associated with aberrant cell migration

155
Q

Neural development

A

Proliferation
- corticogenesis begins in 6th gestational week
- most concentrated period of neuronal proliferation
Migration
- mostly complete by 18th week
- six layers of neurons
- malformations associated with aberrant cell migration

Psychology (9 decks)

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