Developmental Psychology Flashcards
developmental psychology
study of how people change over time
3 domains of development
- physical
- psychosocial
- cognitive
how is culture acquired?
culture is socially acquired and not inherited.
individualism
cultures that place emphasis on independence, individual achievements, and self-expression.
collectivism
cultures that place emphasis on social harmony, contributing to the good of a group (family, community, etc.), obedience, and conformity.
Gender
set of cultural beliefs, values, attitude, behaviours, communications associated with being a man or a woman
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory
- an expanded theory based on Freud’s theory of development. Describes 8 stages of development each associated with a crisis to be resolved.
- states that conflicts arent usually completely resolved; but if not sufficiently resolved will have negative impact at later stage of development.
- development was reversible
8 stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory
infancy = trust vs mistrust
toddlerhood = Autonomy vs shame and doubt
early childhood = initiative vs guilt
middle childhood = industry vs inferiority
adolescence = identity vs identity confusion
early adulthood = intimacy vs isolation
middle adulthood = generativity vs stagnation
late adulthood = ego integrity vs dispair
crossing over
during meiosis genes are exchanged between chromosomes inhereted from each parent
trisomy
extra chromosome
monosomy
missing chromosome
teratogens
any agent that can cause abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy
meiosis
a special type of cell division of germ cells that creates sexually-reproducing organisms that produces gametes such as eggs and sperm
gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or a plant
prenatal development periods
- germinal
- embryonic
- fetal
germinal period
occurs at 1-2 weeks (first trimester), zygote divides and forms blastocyst, which implants in the uterus, and begins forming the amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord.
embryonic period (3-4 weeks)
synaptic pruning
unused neurons die, efficiency increases due to synaptic pruning
infant brain growth rate
1% per day; by age 2 it will reach 70%
exuberance
dendritic connections multiply
myelination
axons become encased in a myelin sheath
neurons (brain development)
they specialize in different regions of the brain for certain action and purpose
cerebellum (brain development)
doubles in size in the first 90 days; is purposed to muscle coordination, and movement
hippocampus (brain development)
slowest growth, increases only 47% in the first 90 days and is purposed to memory