Histories, Theories and Practices Flashcards
what year did modern psychology form
1878
What year did psychodynamic psychology emerge
1874
what year did organizational psychology emerge
1910
what year did clinical psychology emerge
1907
what year did counseling psychology emerge?
1900
what year did behavioural psychology emerge?
1900
what year did developmental psychology emerge
1900
what year did educational psychology emerge
1900
culture informs and influences individual’s
- understanding of health and wellbeing
- mental processes and behaviours
- expression and understanding of emotion
key concepts and markers used to identify and thus include/exclude people from group belonging or participation
age, gender, religion, race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, (dis)ability
what is a culture
- culture is complex and embedded in many aspects of life and living
- culture is an expression of human adaption to an environment
Phinney (1996) 3 aspects of ethnicity have psychological importance
- ethnic groups share a distinguishable set of cultural values, communications, and behaviours
- ethnic group members share a subjective sense of belonging (identity component)
- experiences associated with minority status, including powerlessnesss, discrimination and prejudice
phenotype
physical appearance
enculturation
the process of learning about and being indoctrinated into a culture
ethnocentrism
positivism
- seeking universal truths
- yes or no
- generalisation
Whiteness in Psychology
- descriptor or identifier
- it is an experience that involves receiving unearned privileges based on race
- ideology, social structure, or worldview that is based on a system of exploitation based on the idea of white supremacy
Model for developing a white identity
Stage 1 - pre-exposure
Stage 2 - Conflict
Stage 3 - Antiracism
Stage 4 - Immersion
Stage 5 - Autonomy
stage1 pre-exposure
- racial identity unexamined. colour-blind
Stage 2 conflict
- Increased knowledge about racial knowledge due to education or interaction with members of a minority group
- Conflict between wanting to conform to white norms and wanting to uphold nonracist values
Stage 3 Antiracism
- strong pro minority group stance, guilt over their white identity
- difficulty dealing with people with racist values, avoidance sometimes results
Stage 4 Immersion
- Learns about institutionalised nature of racism and impacts on oppressed
- starts to unpack myths about people of colour and work with other whites to challenge racism
Stage 5 Autonomy
- freed self from racism and denial of white identity
- flexible view of self and own racial group does not see others as psychological threat
what worldview and culture does psychology hold?
- predominantly western view of the nature of humans and the best way to generate new knowledge
- research conducted to discover truth
Indigenous psychologies
- Psychological models that reflect local customs, experiences and beliefs
- reconceptualisation of Brofenbrenner’s ecological model
- validation of indigenous cultures and histories
Reconceptialisation of Brofenbrenner’s ecological model
- variation on the model, tailoring it to non-western values and culture
constructionist approach
- this means that humans actively construct their environments
- beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviours are created by people
cultural competence
requires more than becoming aware of practicing tolerance
- ability to identify and challenge one’s own cultural assumptions, values, and beliefs.
- engage in process of developing and practicing appropriate, relevant and sensitive interventions.
cultural awareness
- taking responsibility for own biases, stereotypes, values and assumptions
- need to develop ways of working that take into account client’s historical cultural and environmental contexts
cultural respect
- involves the recognition, protection and continued advancement of the inherent rights, cultures and traditions of Aboriginal peoples
Cultural safety
- extends beyond cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity
- developed in nursing context in Aotearoa/New Zealand
- Cultural safety is an outcome
- Requires critical reflexivity
Elements that enhance cultural competence
3 Components
- Attitudes/beliefs
- Knowledge
- Skills
Sue’s (2001) multidimensional model of cultural competence
- race and cultural specific attributes
- components of cultural competence
- the foci of cultural competence
Critically reflective practice
Critical reflexivity as central to culturally competent practice, which involves
- recognising and critically engaging our own subjectivities in the context of relating across cultural boundaries
- examining our own social and cultural identities and the power and privilege we have because of these identities
problematising cultural competence
- failure to recognise diversity within racialised groupings
- oversimplification of culture into systematized lists of facts and presumed values
Psychoanalytic period
1880-1920
Freud was born?
1856
Hysteria
- broad range of symptoms
- mostly diagnosed in women
free association
- say whatever comes into one’s mind
- theoretically used to bring unconscious thoughts to conscious
Fanny Moser
- treated by Freud
- symptoms of tics, hallucinations, odd noises, nightmare
- free association
resistance in psychoanalysis
- the inability to remember traumatic events
Ego
Psychological component
Superego
Social component
ID
biological component
Key freudian defense mechanisms
- occur when the ego cant satisfy the id and superego at the same time
- repression
- regression
- denial
- when defenses fail, the patient experiences neurosis
downfall of psychoanalysis
- explains but does not predict
- cannot be tested
- mostly developed using himself and his patients - reliant on case studies
legacy of psychoanalysis
- popularised the talking therapy
- helped us understand that mental health was related to thought/mind/feelings
- some concepts (defense mechanisms) still used broadly within psychology
- some psychologists still take a psychodynamic approach, which draws from Freud’s work
Defense mechanisms
- repression
- reaction formation
- denial
- sublimation
- displacement
- projection
- rationalization
- regression
- intellectualization
- identification
- suppression
Repression
- pulling into the unconscious
Reaction formation
taking the opposite belief because the true belief is unacceptable and causes anxiety
Denial
arguing against or refusing to acknowledge an anxiety provoking stimulus- doesnt exist
Sublimation
acting out/channelling unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way
Displacement
Taking out/transferring feelings that causes anxiety to a less threatening target
projection
placing or attributing your own unacceptable impulses/feelings onto another
rationalization
supplying a ‘logical/rational’ reason to cover up the true reasons for actions
regression
returning to a previous stage development
intectualization
avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on intellectual aspects
identification
the unconscious modelling of oneself upon another person
Suppression
pushing into the unconscious
behaviourists
- Ed Thorndike
- Ivan Pavol
Ed Thorndike
- chick maze experiment
- chicks had to find food water and other chicks
- they got better at it
John Watson
- mr behavioursim
- had difficulty expressing his emotions
- little Albert experiment
- little interest in the mind; only what is observable
- felt psychoanalysis could not predict behaviour
- no difference between man and animal
Behaviourism
- humans are like machines
B.F Skinner
- neobehaviourist (trying to formalise the laws of behaviour)
- operant conditioning - how does this differ from classical conditioning?
- Skinner box
- Walden Two - Skinner’s fairly unsuccessful novel
Critical Psychology
- no universal definition of critical psychology
two main perspecctives - critical approach to psychology - offers a critique of mainstream psychology
- critical psychology - new type/form of psychological practice
Critical psychology key principals
gaze - positioning those outside discipline as other
Reductionism - focus on individual
focus on positivism
interpretation - value laden ‘psychologist knows best’
neutrality - ‘fake neutrality’ in framing of research
crit psych developed from different standpoints
- diverse socio-cultural contexts
- connections with anti-racist and feminist research
- important in raising awareness of different forms of oppression
Crit psych ‘new’ type of psychological practice
- alliances - between academics, professionals and service users
- culturally attuned practice
- provide resourfces to overcome alienation/ objectification of participants/clients
- action research methodology
- standpoint - importance of reflexivity
Gender as a social determinant of health and wellbeing
- occupations are gender typed
- personality and skills are gender typed and/or sex typed; women are seen as caregivers
- exposure to family and sexual violence
