psychiatry

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

natural response elicited by conditioned or learned stimulus that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus - usually deals with involuntary responses

Question 2

operant conditioning

Answer 2

learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward - usually deals with a voluntary response

Question 3

positive reinforcement

Answer 3

desired reward produces action (mouse presses button to get food)

Question 4

negative reinforcement

Answer 4

target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus (mouse presses button to turn off continuous loud noise)

Question 5

punishment

Answer 5

repeated application of aversive stimulus extinguishes unwanted behavior

Question 6

extinction

Answer 6

discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior. can occur in operant or classical conditioning.

Question 7

Transference

Answer 7

patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician (psychiatrist is seen as patient)

Question 8

Countertransference

Answer 8

doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient (reminds patient of younger sibling)

Question 9

ego defenses

Answer 9

unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings

immature versus mature

Question 10

immature defenses include

Answer 10

acting out
denial
displacement
dissociation
fixation
identification
isolation (of affect)
passive aggression
projection
rationalization
reaction formation
regression
repression
splitting

Question 11

mature defenses include

Answer 11

sublimation
altruism
suppression
humor

SASH

Question 12

acting out

Answer 12

immature defense

expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions

ie tantrums

Question 13

denial

Answer 13

immature defense

avoiding the awareness of some painful reality

Question 14

displacement

Answer 14

immature defense

transferring avoided ideas and feelings to a neutral person or object (vs. projection)

mother yells at her child because her husband yelled at her

Question 15

dissociation

Answer 15

immature defense

temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress

can result in dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

Question 16

fixation

Answer 16

immature defense

partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)

adults fixating on video games

Question 17

identification

Answer 17

immature defense

modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired)

ie abused child identifies with an abuser

Question 18

isolation (of affect)

Answer 18

immature defense

separating feelings from ideas and events

ie describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response

Question 19

passive aggression

Answer 19

immature defense

expressing negativity and performing below what is expected as an indirect show of opposition

ie disgruntled employee is repeatedly late to work

Question 20

projection

Answer 20

immature defense

attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement)

ie a man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him

Question 21

rationalization

Answer 21

immature defense

proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame

ie after getting fired, claiming that the job was not important anyway

Question 22

reaction formation

Answer 22

immature defense

replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation)

ie a patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery

Question 23

regression

Answer 23

immature defense

turning back teh maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs. fixation)

seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling (ie bedwetting in a previously toilet-trained child when hospitalized)

Question 24

repression

Answer 24

immature defense

involuntarily withholding and idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. suppression)

a 20 year old does not remember going to counseling during his parents’ divorce 10 years earlier

Question 25

splitting

Answer 25

immature defense believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity commonly seen in borderline personality disorder ie a patient says that all the nurses are cold and insensitive but all the doctors are warm and friendly

Question 26

altruism

Answer 26

mature defense alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity ie mafia boss makes large donation to charity

Question 27

humor

Answer 27

mature defense appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation nervous medical student jokes about the boards

Question 28

sublimation

Answer 28

mature defense replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one's value system (vs. reaction formation) ie teenager's aggression toward his father is redirected to perform well in sports

Question 29

suppression

Answer 29

mature defense intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression) temporary ie choosing to not worry about the big game until it is time to play

Question 30

NT changes seen in AD

Answer 30

decreased ACh increased glutamate

Question 31

NT changes seen in anxiety

Answer 31

increased norepi decreased GABA decreased 5HT

Question 32

NT changes seen in depression

Answer 32

decreased norepi decreased 5HT decreased dopamine

Question 33

NT changes seen in huntington disease

Answer 33

decreased GABA decreased ACh increased dopamine

Question 34

NT changes seen in parkinson disease

Answer 34

decreased dopamine increased ACh

Question 35

NT changes seen in schizophrenia

Answer 35

increased dopamine

Question 36

retrograde amnesias

Answer 36

inability to remember things that occurred before a CNS insult

Question 37

anterograde amnesia

Answer 37

inability to remember things that occurred before after a CNS insult (decreased acquisition of new memory)

Question 38

Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 38

anterograde amnesia more prevalent than retrograde amnesia due to vitamin B1 deficiency resulting in destruction of mammillary bodies often plus confabulations

Question 39

dissociative amnesia

Answer 39

inability to recall important personal information, usually subsequent to severe trauma or stress may be accompanied by dissociative fugue

Question 40

dissociative fugue

Answer 40

abrupt travel or wandering during a period of dissociative amnesia, associated with traumatic circumstances

Question 41

orientation

Answer 41

order of loss: time, than place, than person

Question 42

causes of loss of orientation

Answer 42

``` alcohol drugs fluid/electrolyte imbalance head trauma hypoglycemia infection nutritional deficiencies ```

Question 43

visual hallucinations

Answer 43

more commonly due to medical illness than psychiatric illness

Question 44

auditory hallucinations

Answer 44

more commonly a feature of psychiatric illness than medical illness

Question 45

olfactory hallucinations

Answer 45

often occur as an aura of psychomotor epilepsy and in brain tumors

Question 46

gustatory hallucinations

Answer 46

rare, but seen in epilepsy

Question 47

tactile hallucination

Answer 47

common in alcohol withdrawal (formication - the sensation of bugs crawling on one's skin) also seen in cocaine abusers (cocaine crawlies)

Question 48

hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 48

occurs while going to sleep | sometimes seen in narcolepsy

Question 49

hypnopompic hallucinations

Answer 49

occurs while waking from sleeping | sometimes seen in narcolepsy

Question 50

meds for alcohol withdrawl

Answer 50

long acting benzodiazepines - chlordiazepoxide - lorazepam - diazepam

Question 51

meds for bipolar disorder

Answer 51

lithium valproic acid atypical antipsychotics

Question 52

meds for bulimia

Answer 52

SSRIs

Question 53

meds for depression

Answer 53

SSRIs

Question 54

meds for generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 54

SSRIs | SNRIs

Question 55

meds for OCD

Answer 55

SSRIs | clomipramine

Question 56

meds for panic disorder

Answer 56

SSRIs venlafaxine benzos

Question 57

meds for PTSD

Answer 57

SSRIs | venlafaxine

Question 58

meds for schizophrenia

Answer 58

atypical antipsychotics

Question 59

meds for social phobias

Answer 59

SSRIs | beta-blockers

Question 60

meds for tourette syndromw

Answer 60

``` antipsychotics - fluphenazine -pimozide tetrabenazine clonidine ```

Question 61

distortion

Answer 61

immature defense mechanism | altering perception of upsetting reality to be more acceptable

Question 62

fantasy

Answer 62

immature defense mechanism | substituting imaginary scenarios

Question 63

intellecutalization

Answer 63

immature defense mechanism | using intellect to avoid uncomfortable feelings