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pathology Flashcards

1
Q

acanthosis nigricans can lead to

A

rare paraneoplastic indicator of visceral malignancy (more commonly associated with insulin resistance)

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2
Q

barrett esophagus can lead to

A

esophageal adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis can lead to

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

postsurgical gastric remnants can lead to

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

cirrhosis can lead to

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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6
Q

ulcerative colitis can lead to

A

colon adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

actinic keratosis can lead to

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

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8
Q

dermato- and polymyositis can lead to

A

visceral malignancies, particularly genitourinary

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9
Q

dyspastic nevus can lead to

A

malignant melanoma

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10
Q

multiple seborrheic keratoses can lead to

A

GI, breast, lung, and lymphoid malignancies

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11
Q

paget disease of the bone can lead to

A

secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

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12
Q

plummer-vinson syndrome can lead to

A

squamous cell cell carcinoma of the esophagus

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13
Q

tuberous sclerosis can lead to

A

multiple hamartomatous tumors including giant cell astrocytomas, renal angiomyolipomas, cardiac rhabdomyomas

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14
Q

xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism predispose to

A

squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma

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15
Q

AIDs predisposes to

A

agressive non-hodgkin lymphoma and kaposi sarcoma

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16
Q

autoimmune diseases predispose to

A

lymphoma

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17
Q

down syndrome predisposes to

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

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18
Q

immunodeficiency predisposes to

A

lymphoma
melanoma
renal cell carcinoma

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19
Q

li-fraumeni syndrome predisposes to

A

various cancer types at a young age due to p53 mutation

including sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland

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20
Q

radiation exposure predisposes to

A

leukemia
sarcoma
papillary thyroid cancer
breast cancer

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21
Q

BRC-ABL

A

tyrosine kinase
oncogene
GOF associated with CML, ALL

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22
Q

BCL-2

A

antiapoptotic molecule (inhibits apoptosis)
oncogene
GOF associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas

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23
Q

BRAF

A

serine/threonine kinase
oncogene
GOF associated with melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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24
Q

c-kit

A

cytokine receptor
oncogene
GOF associated with GIST

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25
c-myc
transcription factor oncogene GOF associated with burkitt lymphoma
26
HER2/neu (c-erbB2)
tyrosine kinase oncogene GOF associated with breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas
27
L-myc
transcription factor oncogene GOF associated with Lung tumor
28
N-myc
transcription factor oncogene GOF associated with neuroblastoma
29
ras
GTPase oncogene GOF associated with colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer
30
ret
tyrosine kinase oncogene GOF associated with MEN 2A and 2B, medullary thyroid cancer
31
APC
tumor suppressor gene | LOF associated with colorectal cancer
32
BRCA1/BRCA2
DNA repair protein tumor suppressor gene LOF associated with breast and ovarian cancer
33
DCC
tumor suppressor gene | LOF associated with colon cancer
34
DPC4/SMAD4
tumor suppressor gene | LOF associated with pancreatic cancer
35
MEN1
tumor suppressor gene | makes menin
36
NF1
Ras GTPase activating protein (neurofibromin) tumor suppressor gene results in neurofibromatosis type 1
37
NF2
``` makes merlin (schwannomin) protein tumor suppressor gene results in neurofibromatosis type 2 ```
38
p16
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A tumor suppressor gene LOF results in melanoma
39
p53
tumor suppressor gene | transcription factor for p21, blocks G1 to S phase
40
PTEN
tumor suppressor gene | LOF results in breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer
41
Rb
inhibits E2F, blocks G1 to S phase tumor suppressor gene LOF results in retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
42
TSC1
hamartin protein tumor suppressor gene LOF results in tuberous sclerosis
43
TSC2
tuberin protein tumor suppressor gene LOF results in tuberous sclerosis
44
VHL
inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a tumor suppressor gene LOF results in von Hippel-Lindau disease, renal cell carcinoma
45
WT1/WT2
tumor suppressor gene | LOF results in Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma)
46
alkaline phosphatase elevated in
metastases to bone or liver paget disease of bone seminoma (placental ALP)
47
alpha-fetoprotein elevated in
hepatocellular carcinoma hepatoblastoma yolk sac tumor mixed germ cell tumor
48
beta-hCG elevated in
hydatidiform moles choriocarcinomas (gestational trophoblastic disease) testicular cancer mixed germ cell tumor made by syncytiotrophoblasts
49
CA 15-3 found in
breast cancer
50
CA 27-29 found in
breast cancer
51
CA 19-9 found in
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
52
CA 125 found in
ovarian cancer
53
calcitonin elevated in
medullary thyroid carcinoma
54
CEA elevated in
carcinoembryonic antigen very nonspecific but produced by about 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers also produced by gastric, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas
55
chromogranin produced by
neuroendocrine tumors/carcinoid
56
PSA elevated in
prostate-specific antigen. prostate cancer | also elevated in BPH and prostattis
57
cancer EBV associated with
burkitt lymphoma hodgkin lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma primary cns lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)
58
cancer HBV and HCV associated with
hepatocellular carcinoma
59
cancer HHV-8 associated with
kaposi sarcoma
60
cancer HPV associated with
cervical and penile/anal carcinoma | head and neck cancer
61
cancer H. pylori associated with
gastric adenocarcinoma | MALT lymphoma
62
cancer HTLV-1 associated with
adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
63
cancer liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) associated with
cholangiocarcinoma
64
cancer schistosoma haematobium associated with
bladder cancer (squamous cell)
65
aflatoxins from aspergillus cause
hepatocellular carcinoma
66
alkylating agents cause
leukemia/lymphoma
67
aromatic amines (benzidine, 2-naphthylamine) cause
transitional cell cancer in bladder
68
arsenic causes
angiosarcoma in liver lung cancer squamous cell cancer
69
asbestos causes
bronchogenic carcinoma much more commonly than mesothelioma
70
carbon tetrachloride causes
centrilobular necrosis, fatty change in liver
71
cigarette smoke causes
- transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder - cervical carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma in the esophagus - renal cell carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma of larynx - squamous cell and small cell carcinoma of lung - pancreatic adenocarcinoma
72
ethanol causes
squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus | hepatocellular carcinoma
73
ionizing radiation causes
papillary thyroid carcinoma
74
nitrosamines (smoked foods) causes
gastric cancer
75
radon causes
lung cancer (2nd leading cause after cigarette smoke)
76
vinyl chloride
angiosarcoma of liver
77
1,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) paraneoplastic syndromes
due to hodgkin lymphoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma causes hypercalcemia
78
ACTH paraneoplastic syndromes
small cell lung carcinoma renal cell carcinoma causes cushing syndrome
79
ADH paraneoplastic syndromes
small cell lung carcinoma intracranial neoplasms causes SIADH
80
Lambert Eaton causes
small cell lung carcinoma
81
erythropoietin paraneoplastic syndromes
``` Renal cell carcinoma hemangioblastoma hepatocellular carcinoma leiomyoma pheochromocytoma ``` causes polycythemia
82
PTHrP paraneoplastic syndromes
squamous cell lung carcinoma renal cell carcinoma breast cancer causes hypercalcemia
83
psammoma bodies found in
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary meningioma malignant mesothelioma
84
most common metastases to brain
``` lung breast prostate melanoma GI ``` 50% of brain tumors are metastases
85
most common metastases to liver
colon stomach pancreas
86
most common metastases to bone
prostate and breast lung, thyroid and kidney metastases much much greater than primary metastases predilection for axial skeleton

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