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psychology 1/2 > psych unit 2 aos1 definitions + key knowledge > Flashcards

psych unit 2 aos1 definitions + key knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information

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2
Q

perception

A

the process by which we give meaning to sensory information

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3
Q

reception

A

the process of detecting and responding to incoming sensory information

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4
Q

transduction

A

the process of which receptors change the energy of the detected sensory information into a form which can travel along neural pathways to the brain as neural impulses

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5
Q

transmission

A

process of sending the sensory information as action potentials to relevant areas of the brain via the thalamus

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6
Q

selection

A

feature detectors detect and filter neuron impulses sent from the receptor site

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7
Q

organisation

A

grouping elements of stimuli to form a meaningful whole

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8
Q

interpretation

A

the process in which incoming sensory information is given meaning so it can be understood

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9
Q

Taste - Stimulus

A

molecules in what you eat and drink are dissolved by saliva allowing the chemicals to stimulate taste receptors

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10
Q

Taste - Reception

A

taste receptors are stimulated by molecules

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11
Q

Taste - Transduction

A

taste receptors convert the sensory input into signals that can be sent to the brain along neural pathways. The taste pathways are cranial nerves which connect directly to the brain

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12
Q

Taste - Transmission

A

After being processed by the thalamus, the sensory information is relayed to the gustatory cortex for interpretation. Info is combined w other sensory inputs

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13
Q

Taste - Interpretation

A

the gustatory cortex processes your perception of what the food tastes like

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14
Q

taste receptors

A

sensory receptors that detect the chemical molecules that enable taste. located in taste buds

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15
Q

factors that influence taste perception

A

age, perceptual set, culture, genetics

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16
Q

Vision - Stimulus

A

light enters the eye through the cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, vitreous humour, and then reaches the retina
C A P L V R

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17
Q

Vision - Reception

A

retina receives and absorbs the light

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18
Q

Vision - Transduction

A

rods and cones in the retina detect the light and change the energy into a form that can be sent to the brain. This is sent to ganglion cells which generate action potentials sent to the brain

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19
Q

Vision - Transmission

A

the action potentials are sent to the brain through the optic nerve

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20
Q

Vision - Interpretation

A

the action potentials are received in the primary visual cortex and interpreted and given meaning.

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21
Q

cornea

A

transparent convex shaped covering which protects the eye and helps to focus light rays onto the retina

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22
Q

aqueous humour

A

watery fluid that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and provides nutrients and oxygen

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23
Q

pupil

A

an opening to the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye

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24
Q

lens

A

transparent, flexible, convex structure located behind the pupil. has cilliary muscles attached to it that contract and expand

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25
Q

vitreous humour

A

jelly like substance that helps maintain the shape of the eye and helps focus light

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26
Q

rods

A

photoreceptor that respond to low levels of light

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27
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that respond to high levels of light

28
Q

optic nerve

A

carries visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex via the thalamus

29
Q

factors that influence visual perception

A

perceptual set, past experience, perceptual constancy

30
Q

gestalt principles

A

help us construct meaningful wholes from an assortment of parts that individually lack meaning

31
Q

gestalt principle types

A

figure ground, closure, similarity, proximity
FPCS

32
Q

depth cues

A

sources of information that help us determine how far away an object is

33
Q

binocular depth cues

A

require the use of both eyes working to provide the brain information to the brain about depth and cues

34
Q

binocular depth cue types

A

convergence, retinal disparity
Bi means theres only two, CR

35
Q

monocular depth cues

A

require the use of only one eye to provide information to the brain

36
Q

monocular depth cue types

A

accommodation, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, height in the visual field
ALITRH - looks like alliteration

37
Q

pictorial cues

A

used by artists to create depth on a 2d surface

38
Q

perceptual constancies

A

tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable or unchanging despite any changes that may occur to the image cast on the retina

39
Q

figure ground organisation

A

organising visual information by perceptually dividing a visual scene into a figure, which stands out from the ground (surroundings).

40
Q

closure

A

the perceptual tendency to mentally close up gaps in an image to perceive incomplete objects as complete

41
Q

proximity

A

the tendency to perceive parts of an image which are positioned close together as belonging together in a group

42
Q

similarity

A

the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features as part of a group

43
Q

convergence

A

involves the brain detecting and interpreting distance from changes in tension in the eye muscles that occur when the two eyes turn inwards to focus on close objects

44
Q

retinal disparity

A

refers to the very slight difference in the location of the visual images on the retinas which enables us to make judgements about the depth or distance of an object

45
Q

accomodation

A

the automatic adjustment of the shape of the lens to focus on an object in response to changes in how far away the object is.
bulge = close, elongate = far

46
Q

linear perspective

A

the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

47
Q

interposition

A

occurs when one object partially blocks or covers another, and the partially blocked object is perceived as farther away

48
Q

texture gradient

A

the gradual reduction of detail as a surface recedes

49
Q

relative size

A

the tendency to perceive the object that produces a larger image on the retina as being closer when both objects are expected to be the same size irl

50
Q

height in the visual field

A

where objects located closer to the horizon are perceived as more distant than objects further from the horizon

51
Q

size constancy

A

involves recognising that an object’s actual size remains the same even though the size of the image cast on the retina changes

52
Q

shape constancy

A

the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the image of the object on the retina

53
Q

brightness constancy

A

the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings despite changes in the amount of light reflected from the object to the retina

54
Q

influences on taste perception

A

age, genetics, perceptual set, culture

55
Q

perceptual distortion

A

involves an inconsistency or mismatch between a perceptual experience and physical reality

56
Q

visual illusion

A

a consistent misinterpretation of real sensory information

57
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

a visual illusion where one of two lines of equal length, each of which has opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other

58
Q

biological explanation for muller lyer illusion

A

the arrowheaded and feather-tailed lines require different types and/or amounts of eye movements. we perceive the feather-tailed line as longer because it takes more eye movements to view a line with inward pointing arrows than it does a line with outward pointing arrows

59
Q

psychological explanation for muller lyer illusion

A

the illusion occurs because of its similarity to familiar architectural features in the real world we experience in everyday life

60
Q

Ames room illusion

A

involves people appearing smaller or larger, depending on where they are standing. It’s based on the unusual construction of
the room

61
Q

explanation for ames room illusion

A

when two retinal images are the same size but one image appears to be at a greater distance, then the one that appears further away will be interpreted as bigger or larger

62
Q

synaesthesia

A

a perceptual experience in which stimulation of one sense involuntarily produces additional unusual experiences in another sense

63
Q

synaesthesia key info (4)

A
  • involuntary and automatic
  • difficult to suppress
  • highly memorable and consistent
  • one way, not bidirectional
64
Q

grapheme colour synaesthesia

A

viewing letters or numbers produces the experience of colours. most common

64
Q

grapheme colour synaesthesia

A

viewing letters or numbers produces the experience of colours. most common

65
Q

explanations for synaesthesia (3)

A
  • synaesthetes are unusually sensitive to external stimuli
  • synaesthesia occurs because of a breakdown in sensory and perceptual processes
  • excess neural connections formed during early development that werent pruned

psychology 1/2 (4 decks)

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