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psychology 1/2 > psych unit 2 aos1 definitions + key knowledge > Flashcards

psych unit 2 aos1 definitions + key knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information

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2
Q

perception

A

the process by which we give meaning to sensory information

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3
Q

reception

A

the process of detecting and responding to incoming sensory information

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4
Q

transduction

A

the process of which receptors change the energy of the detected sensory information into a form which can travel along neural pathways to the brain as neural impulses

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5
Q

transmission

A

process of sending the sensory information as action potentials to relevant areas of the brain via the thalamus

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6
Q

selection

A

feature detectors detect and filter neuron impulses sent from the receptor site

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7
Q

organisation

A

grouping elements of stimuli to form a meaningful whole

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8
Q

interpretation

A

the process in which incoming sensory information is given meaning so it can be understood

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9
Q

Taste - Stimulus

A

molecules in what you eat and drink are dissolved by saliva allowing the chemicals to stimulate taste receptors

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10
Q

Taste - Reception

A

taste receptors are stimulated by molecules

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11
Q

Taste - Transduction

A

taste receptors convert the sensory input into signals that can be sent to the brain along neural pathways. The taste pathways are cranial nerves which connect directly to the brain

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12
Q

Taste - Transmission

A

After being processed by the thalamus, the sensory information is relayed to the gustatory cortex for interpretation. Info is combined w other sensory inputs

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13
Q

Taste - Interpretation

A

the gustatory cortex processes your perception of what the food tastes like

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14
Q

taste receptors

A

sensory receptors that detect the chemical molecules that enable taste. located in taste buds

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15
Q

factors that influence taste perception

A

age, perceptual set, culture, genetics

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16
Q

Vision - Stimulus

A

light enters the eye through the cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, vitreous humour, and then reaches the retina
C A P L V R

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17
Q

Vision - Reception

A

retina receives and absorbs the light

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18
Q

Vision - Transduction

A

rods and cones in the retina detect the light and change the energy into a form that can be sent to the brain. This is sent to ganglion cells which generate action potentials sent to the brain

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19
Q

Vision - Transmission

A

the action potentials are sent to the brain through the optic nerve

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20
Q

Vision - Interpretation

A

the action potentials are received in the primary visual cortex and interpreted and given meaning.

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21
Q

cornea

A

transparent convex shaped covering which protects the eye and helps to focus light rays onto the retina

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22
Q

aqueous humour

A

watery fluid that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and provides nutrients and oxygen

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23
Q

pupil

A

an opening to the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye

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24
Q

lens

A

transparent, flexible, convex structure located behind the pupil. has cilliary muscles attached to it that contract and expand

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25
vitreous humour
jelly like substance that helps maintain the shape of the eye and helps focus light
26
rods
photoreceptor that respond to low levels of light
27
cones
photoreceptors that respond to high levels of light
28
optic nerve
carries visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex via the thalamus
29
factors that influence visual perception
perceptual set, past experience, perceptual constancy
30
gestalt principles
help us construct meaningful wholes from an assortment of parts that individually lack meaning
31
gestalt principle types
figure ground, closure, similarity, proximity FPCS
32
depth cues
sources of information that help us determine how far away an object is
33
binocular depth cues
require the use of both eyes working to provide the brain information to the brain about depth and cues
34
binocular depth cue types
convergence, retinal disparity Bi means theres only two, CR
35
monocular depth cues
require the use of only one eye to provide information to the brain
36
monocular depth cue types
accommodation, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, height in the visual field ALITRH - looks like alliteration
37
pictorial cues
used by artists to create depth on a 2d surface
38
perceptual constancies
tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable or unchanging despite any changes that may occur to the image cast on the retina
39
figure ground organisation
organising visual information by perceptually dividing a visual scene into a figure, which stands out from the ground (surroundings).
40
closure
the perceptual tendency to mentally close up gaps in an image to perceive incomplete objects as complete
41
proximity
the tendency to perceive parts of an image which are positioned close together as belonging together in a group
42
similarity
the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features as part of a group
43
convergence
involves the brain detecting and interpreting distance from changes in tension in the eye muscles that occur when the two eyes turn inwards to focus on close objects
44
retinal disparity
refers to the very slight difference in the location of the visual images on the retinas which enables us to make judgements about the depth or distance of an object
45
accomodation
the automatic adjustment of the shape of the lens to focus on an object in response to changes in how far away the object is. bulge = close, elongate = far
46
linear perspective
the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance
47
interposition
occurs when one object partially blocks or covers another, and the partially blocked object is perceived as farther away
48
texture gradient
the gradual reduction of detail as a surface recedes
49
relative size
the tendency to perceive the object that produces a larger image on the retina as being closer when both objects are expected to be the same size irl
50
height in the visual field
where objects located closer to the horizon are perceived as more distant than objects further from the horizon
51
size constancy
involves recognising that an object's actual size remains the same even though the size of the image cast on the retina changes
52
shape constancy
the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the image of the object on the retina
53
brightness constancy
the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings despite changes in the amount of light reflected from the object to the retina
54
influences on taste perception
age, genetics, perceptual set, culture
55
perceptual distortion
involves an inconsistency or mismatch between a perceptual experience and physical reality
56
visual illusion
a consistent misinterpretation of real sensory information
57
Müller-Lyer illusion
a visual illusion where one of two lines of equal length, each of which has opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other
58
biological explanation for muller lyer illusion
the arrowheaded and feather-tailed lines require different types and/or amounts of eye movements. we perceive the feather-tailed line as longer because it takes more eye movements to view a line with inward pointing arrows than it does a line with outward pointing arrows
59
psychological explanation for muller lyer illusion
the illusion occurs because of its similarity to familiar architectural features in the real world we experience in everyday life
60
Ames room illusion
involves people appearing smaller or larger, depending on where they are standing. It's based on the unusual construction of the room
61
explanation for ames room illusion
when two retinal images are the same size but one image appears to be at a greater distance, then the one that appears further away will be interpreted as bigger or larger
62
synaesthesia
a perceptual experience in which stimulation of one sense involuntarily produces additional unusual experiences in another sense
63
synaesthesia key info (4)
- involuntary and automatic - difficult to suppress - highly memorable and consistent - one way, not bidirectional
64
grapheme colour synaesthesia
viewing letters or numbers produces the experience of colours. most common
64
grapheme colour synaesthesia
viewing letters or numbers produces the experience of colours. most common
65
explanations for synaesthesia (3)
- synaesthetes are unusually sensitive to external stimuli - synaesthesia occurs because of a breakdown in sensory and perceptual processes - excess neural connections formed during early development that werent pruned

psychology 1/2 (4 decks)

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