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psychology 1/2 > psych unit 1 aos2 definitions > Flashcards

psych unit 1 aos2 definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

critical period

A

a narrow, rigid, development period where individuals have a set time to develop

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2
Q

sensitive period

A

optimal development time frames at which there’s an opportunity to learn a skill or process in the easiest way

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3
Q

nature vs nurture

A

whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

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4
Q

nature

A

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

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5
Q

continuous development

A

gradual and ongoing changes where the abilities developed in earlier stages of development provide the basis of skills and abilities for the next stages

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6
Q

discontinuous development

A

Involves distinct and separate stages with different kinds of abilities occur in each stage

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7
Q

physical development

A

changes in the body and its various systems

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8
Q

social development

A

changes in an individual’s relationship with others

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9
Q

emotional development

A

changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and in how they express, interpret, and deal with feelings

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10
Q

cognitive development

A

changes in an individual’s mental abilities

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11
Q

symbolic thinking

A

being able to use words and pictures to represent objects that are not physically present

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12
Q

abstract thinking

A

not being reliant on being able to see or visualise in order to understand something

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13
Q

piagets theory

A

children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

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14
Q

sensorimotor stage (0-2)

A

infants explore and learn about the world primarily through their senses and motor skills.

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15
Q

sensorimotor achievements

A

object permanence, goal directed behaviour

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16
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding that objects still exist even if they cant be seen

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17
Q

goal directed behaviour

A

to perform and successfully complete actions with a specific purpose in my mind

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18
Q

preoperational stage (2-7)

A

children become increasingly able to mentally represent objects and experiences

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19
Q

preoperational achievements

A

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism, centration, reversibility

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20
Q

egocentrism

A

the tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own POV

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21
Q

animism

A

the belief that everything that exists has some kind of conciousness

22
Q

centration

A

only being able to focus on one feature of an object or event at a time

23
Q

reversibility

A

the ability to mentally follow a sequence of events or line of reasoning back to its starting point

24
Q

concrete operational stage (7-12)

A

child is capable of true logical thought and can perform mental operations

25
Q

concrete operational achievements

A

mental operations, conservation, classification

26
Q

mental operations

A

the ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something happening without it actually needing to happen

27
Q

conservation

A

certain properties of an object can remain the same even when its appearance changes

28
Q

classification

A

the ability to organise objects or events into categories

29
Q

formal operational stage (12+)

A

More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes increasingly sophisticated through brain maturation and life experience

30
Q

idealistic thinking

A

when adolescents compare themselves to others

31
Q

formal operational achievements

A

idealistic thinking, deductive thinking, logical thinking,

32
Q

logical thinking

A

the mental ability to reason systematically based on information

33
Q

deductive thinking

A

using logical rules to draw a conclusion from 2+ pieces of information

34
Q

assimilation

A

taking in new information and fitting it into an existing mental idea

35
Q

accomodation

A

changing an existing mental idea or developing a new idea in order to fit new information

36
Q

schema

A

a mental idea or representation of what something is and how to deal with it

37
Q

insecure resistant attachment

A

infant appears anxious when the caregiver is near and becomes upset when separated from the caregiver

38
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A

infant doesnt seek closeness with caregiver and treats them like a stranger

39
Q

secure attachment

A

infants show a balance between dependence and exploration

40
Q

strange situation test

A

A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure set in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment

41
Q

factors that affect attachments

A

attachments

genetics, temperament, early life experiences

42
Q

temperament

A

characteristic way of reacting to people, objects, and events

43
Q

types of temperaments

A

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

44
Q

lifespan development

A

focuses on changes from birth through to and including old age.

45
Q

genetics

A

Bowlby suggested that infants use genetically inherited abilities to get attention

46
Q

early life experiences

A

sensitivity and responsiveness of caregiver, demographic factors

47
Q

socio-cultural approach

A

thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that are appropriate in a particular society are viewed as normal but not in others

48
Q

functional approach

A

thoughts, feelings, and behaviour are viewed as normal if the individual can function in society

49
Q

historical approach

A

whats considered normal in a culture depends on the era of judgement

50
Q

medical approach

A

views abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviour as having an underlying biological cause that can be diagnosed and treated

51
Q

statistical approach

A

based on the idea that any behaviour or characteristic in a large group is distributed in a particular way

52
Q

situational approach

A

thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that are normal in one society may be abnormal in another

psychology 1/2 (4 decks)

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