psych unit 1 aos2 definitions

Question 1

critical period

Answer 1

a narrow, rigid, development period where individuals have a set time to develop

Question 2

sensitive period

Answer 2

optimal development time frames at which there’s an opportunity to learn a skill or process in the easiest way

Question 3

nature vs nurture

Answer 3

whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

Question 4

nature

Answer 4

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Question 5

continuous development

Answer 5

gradual and ongoing changes where the abilities developed in earlier stages of development provide the basis of skills and abilities for the next stages

Question 6

discontinuous development

Answer 6

Involves distinct and separate stages with different kinds of abilities occur in each stage

Question 7

physical development

Answer 7

changes in the body and its various systems

Question 8

social development

Answer 8

changes in an individual’s relationship with others

Question 9

emotional development

Answer 9

changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and in how they express, interpret, and deal with feelings

Question 10

cognitive development

Answer 10

changes in an individual’s mental abilities

Question 11

symbolic thinking

Answer 11

being able to use words and pictures to represent objects that are not physically present

Question 12

abstract thinking

Answer 12

not being reliant on being able to see or visualise in order to understand something

Question 13

piagets theory

Answer 13

children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

Question 14

sensorimotor stage (0-2)

Answer 14

infants explore and learn about the world primarily through their senses and motor skills.

Question 15

sensorimotor achievements

Answer 15

object permanence, goal directed behaviour

Question 16

object permanence

Answer 16

the understanding that objects still exist even if they cant be seen

Question 17

goal directed behaviour

Answer 17

to perform and successfully complete actions with a specific purpose in my mind

Question 18

preoperational stage (2-7)

Answer 18

children become increasingly able to mentally represent objects and experiences

Question 19

preoperational achievements

Answer 19

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism, centration, reversibility

Question 20

egocentrism

Answer 20

the tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own POV

Question 21

animism

Answer 21

the belief that everything that exists has some kind of conciousness

Question 22

centration

Answer 22

only being able to focus on one feature of an object or event at a time

Question 23

reversibility

Answer 23

the ability to mentally follow a sequence of events or line of reasoning back to its starting point

Question 24

concrete operational stage (7-12)

Answer 24

child is capable of true logical thought and can perform mental operations

Question 25

concrete operational achievements

Answer 25

mental operations, conservation, classification

Question 26

mental operations

Answer 26

the ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something happening without it actually needing to happen

Question 27

conservation

Answer 27

certain properties of an object can remain the same even when its appearance changes

Question 28

classification

Answer 28

the ability to organise objects or events into categories

Question 29

formal operational stage (12+)

Answer 29

More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes increasingly sophisticated through brain maturation and life experience

Question 30

idealistic thinking

Answer 30

when adolescents compare themselves to others

Question 31

formal operational achievements

Answer 31

idealistic thinking, deductive thinking, logical thinking,

Question 32

logical thinking

Answer 32

the mental ability to reason systematically based on information

Question 33

deductive thinking

Answer 33

using logical rules to draw a conclusion from 2+ pieces of information

Question 34

assimilation

Answer 34

taking in new information and fitting it into an existing mental idea

Question 35

accomodation

Answer 35

changing an existing mental idea or developing a new idea in order to fit new information

Question 36

schema

Answer 36

a mental idea or representation of what something is and how to deal with it

Question 37

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 37

infant appears anxious when the caregiver is near and becomes upset when separated from the caregiver

Question 38

insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 38

infant doesnt seek closeness with caregiver and treats them like a stranger

Question 39

secure attachment

Answer 39

infants show a balance between dependence and exploration

Question 40

strange situation test

Answer 40

A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure set in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment

Question 41

factors that affect attachments

Answer 41

attachments | genetics, temperament, early life experiences

Question 42

temperament

Answer 42

characteristic way of reacting to people, objects, and events

Question 43

types of temperaments

Answer 43

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

Question 44

lifespan development

Answer 44

focuses on changes from birth through to and including old age.

Question 45

genetics

Answer 45

Bowlby suggested that infants use genetically inherited abilities to get attention

Question 46

early life experiences

Answer 46

sensitivity and responsiveness of caregiver, demographic factors

Question 47

socio-cultural approach

Answer 47

thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that are appropriate in a particular society are viewed as normal but not in others

Question 48

functional approach

Answer 48

thoughts, feelings, and behaviour are viewed as normal if the individual can function in society

Question 49

historical approach

Answer 49

whats considered normal in a culture depends on the era of judgement

Question 50

medical approach

Answer 50

views abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviour as having an underlying biological cause that can be diagnosed and treated

Question 51

statistical approach

Answer 51

based on the idea that any behaviour or characteristic in a large group is distributed in a particular way

Question 52

situational approach

Answer 52

thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that are normal in one society may be abnormal in another