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psychology 1/2 > psych unit 2 aos 2 defintions + key knowledge > Flashcards

psych unit 2 aos 2 defintions + key knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

person perception

A

the mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people

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2
Q

attitude formation

A

when attitudes are formed through experiences made through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modelling, and repeated exposure

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3
Q

factors that influence attitude formation

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modelling, repeated exposure

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4
Q

classical conditioning

A

the simple form of learning that occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli and events

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5
Q

operant thinking

A

learning based on the assumption that we tend to repeat behaviour which has a desirable consequences or result

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6
Q

modelling

A

when someone uses observation of another person’s actions and their consequences to guide their future thoughts, feelings, or behaviours

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7
Q

repeated exposure

A

when attitudes can be formed by repeated exposure to an object, person, group etc.

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8
Q

halo effect

A

cognitive bias where the impressions we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs about the person in other qualities. eg. attractive people have a good personality

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9
Q

attribution

A

process by which people explain the causes of their own behavior and others behavior

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10
Q

personal attribution

A

an explanation due to the characteristics of the person. internal

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11
Q

situational attribution

A

explanation due to factors external to the person. external

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12
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors. blaming

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13
Q

saliency bias

A

the persons behaviour is more noticeable than the situation in which it is occuring

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14
Q

actor observer bias

A

refers to our tendecy to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational causes, yet attribute others behaviour to internal factors

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15
Q

self serving bias

A

when we judge ourselves we take credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors

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16
Q

why do we use a self serving bias

A

we have a desire to protect our self esteem and need to maintain a positive public image

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17
Q

individualist culture

A

emphasises interests of the individual ahead of the entire group. more likely to make the fundamental attribution error

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18
Q

collective culture

A

emphasises interests of the entire group ahead of those of the individual. less likely to make the fundamental attribution error. they blame external factors instead of internal

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19
Q

types of impressions from non-verbal communication

A

body language, eye contact, facial expressions

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20
Q

body language

A

A person’s expression of behaviour that enables us to make quick and often accurate judgments about them

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21
Q

tricomponent model of attitudes

A

proposes that any attitude has three related components, the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components

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22
Q

affective (tricomponent)

A

refers to the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has based on a judgement which results in a positive, negative, or neutral response

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23
Q

behavioral (tricomponent)

A

refers to the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions

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24
Q

cognitive (tri-component)

A

refers to the beliefs we have about something that are linked to what we know about the world

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25
consistencies of the tri-component model
the model proposes that all three components must be present before an attitude exists. In many cases, all three are consistent.
26
inconsistencies of the tri-component model
A person's behaviour doesn't always reflect their attitude, therefore the behavioral component is often inconsistent. doesnt always have to be the behavioral component thats inconsistent
27
limitations of the tri-component model
attitudes do not reliably predict behavior, its unrealistic to expect attitudes to always correspond with behaviour bc behaviour rarely has one influence
28
cognitive dissonance
a situation involving conflicting attitudes, behaviours, or beliefs
29
factors that influence attitudes AND behaviours
strength of the attitude, accessibility of the attitude, social context of the attitude, perceived control over the behaviour
30
strength of an attitude
a strong attitude is ones that's well thought about, well-known, and easily accessible. stronger attitudes are more likely to predict behaviour than weak attitudes.
31
accessibility of the attitude
an accessible attitude is a strong one that easily comes to mind. accessible attitudes are more likely to be consistent
32
social context of the attitude
whether an attitude leads to behaviour depends on the specific situation a person finds themselves in
33
perceived control over the behaviour
perceived control is the belief an individual has that theyre free to perform or not perform behaviour linked to an attitude and a belief that they can perform this behaviour
34
stereotype
a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group.
35
ingroup
any group that you belong to or identify with
36
outgroup
any group you do not belong to or identify with
37
prejudice
holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group.
38
old fashioned prejudice
a form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members. their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognisable to others
39
modern prejudice
a form of prejudice which is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group
40
explicit prejudice
prejudice that is consciously held and usually deliberately thought about
41
implicit prejudice
prejudice that is typically unconsciously held and the person holding such prejudice is not usually aware that they do so
42
discrimination
positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members
42
discrimination
positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members
43
direct discrimination
occurs when a person treats someone unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law eg. racism, sexism etc
44
indirect discrimination
occurs when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic eg. equity example w boxes
45
prejudice vs discrimination
the basic difference between prejudice and discrimination is that prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is behaviour arising from prejudice
46
cognitive dissonance
refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours you can change cognitive dissonance by changing your belief or behaviours
47
social influence
the effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave
48
group
any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose
49
characteristics of a group
number of people, interaction, influence, goal
50
status
the importance of an individual’s position in the group as perceived by members of the group
51
power
an individual’s ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person
52
types of power (6)
reward, referent, expert, coercive, legitimate, informational r r e c l i
53
reward power
Ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour
54
referent power
Individuals identify with or want to be like or liked by this person
55
expert power
Having special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed
56
coercive power
Ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour
57
legitimate power
An individual’s status/position in a group, society, or in general gives them the authority to exercise power over those with a lower status
58
informational power
Having resources or information that are useful and are not available elsewhere
59
ethical issues in zimbardo's stanford prison experiment
withdrawal rights, protection of participants, debriefing
60
zimbardo's stanford prison experiment
experiment where a fake prison was created to test the effect of roles and social expectations of being in prison as a guard or a prisoner
61
obedience
when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society
62
milgram's experiments on obedience
investigated factors that can influence obedience to an authority figure through a fake shock operation
63
factors affecting obedience
social proximity, legitimacy of authority figures, group pressure
64
ethical issues in milgram's experiment
informed consent, withdrawal rights, participant protection
65
conformity
the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group
66
asch's experiments on conformity
explored factors that influence conformity such as group size through a deceiving experiment
67
factors affecting conformity (7)
group size, unanimity, informational influence, normative influence, culture, social loafing, deindividuation
68
pro-social behaviour
behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group, or society with little regard to ones self interest
69
factors influencing pro-social behaviour
situational factors, social factors, personal factors
69
situational factors (pro-social behaviour)
whether we notice the situation, whether we interpret the situation as one where help is needed, whether we're prepared to take responsibility
70
bystander effect
the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone
71
social factors (pro-social behaviour)
standards that govern what people should or should not do in different social situations reciprocity norm, social responsibility norm
72
reciprocity norm
prescribes that we should help others who help us
73
social responsibility norm
prescribes that we should help those who need help because it is our responsibility or duty to do so
74
personal factors (pro-social behaviour)
empathy, mood, competence
75
personal factors (pro-social behaviour)
empathy, mood, competence
76
influences on reluctance to help
diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, cost benefit analysis
77
diffusion of responsibility
the belief that in a situation where help is required and others are present, one or more other people will/should help
78
audience inhibition
not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish in the presence of others
79
cost-benefit analysis
involves an individual weighing up the personal and social costs of helping against the benefits of helping
80
types of bullying
verbal, physical, cyberbullying

psychology 1/2 (4 decks)

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