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psychology 1/2 > psych unit 2 aos 2 defintions + key knowledge > Flashcards

psych unit 2 aos 2 defintions + key knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

person perception

A

the mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people

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2
Q

attitude formation

A

when attitudes are formed through experiences made through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modelling, and repeated exposure

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3
Q

factors that influence attitude formation

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modelling, repeated exposure

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4
Q

classical conditioning

A

the simple form of learning that occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli and events

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5
Q

operant thinking

A

learning based on the assumption that we tend to repeat behaviour which has a desirable consequences or result

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6
Q

modelling

A

when someone uses observation of another person’s actions and their consequences to guide their future thoughts, feelings, or behaviours

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7
Q

repeated exposure

A

when attitudes can be formed by repeated exposure to an object, person, group etc.

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8
Q

halo effect

A

cognitive bias where the impressions we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs about the person in other qualities. eg. attractive people have a good personality

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9
Q

attribution

A

process by which people explain the causes of their own behavior and others behavior

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10
Q

personal attribution

A

an explanation due to the characteristics of the person. internal

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11
Q

situational attribution

A

explanation due to factors external to the person. external

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12
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors. blaming

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13
Q

saliency bias

A

the persons behaviour is more noticeable than the situation in which it is occuring

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14
Q

actor observer bias

A

refers to our tendecy to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational causes, yet attribute others behaviour to internal factors

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15
Q

self serving bias

A

when we judge ourselves we take credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors

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16
Q

why do we use a self serving bias

A

we have a desire to protect our self esteem and need to maintain a positive public image

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17
Q

individualist culture

A

emphasises interests of the individual ahead of the entire group. more likely to make the fundamental attribution error

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18
Q

collective culture

A

emphasises interests of the entire group ahead of those of the individual. less likely to make the fundamental attribution error. they blame external factors instead of internal

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19
Q

types of impressions from non-verbal communication

A

body language, eye contact, facial expressions

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20
Q

body language

A

A person’s expression of behaviour that enables us to make quick and often accurate judgments about them

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21
Q

tricomponent model of attitudes

A

proposes that any attitude has three related components, the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components

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22
Q

affective (tricomponent)

A

refers to the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has based on a judgement which results in a positive, negative, or neutral response

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23
Q

behavioral (tricomponent)

A

refers to the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions

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24
Q

cognitive (tri-component)

A

refers to the beliefs we have about something that are linked to what we know about the world

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25
Q

consistencies of the tri-component model

A

the model proposes that all three components must be present before an attitude exists. In many cases, all three are consistent.

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26
Q

inconsistencies of the tri-component model

A

A person’s behaviour doesn’t always reflect their attitude, therefore the behavioral component is often inconsistent. doesnt always have to be the behavioral component thats inconsistent

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27
Q

limitations of the tri-component model

A

attitudes do not reliably predict behavior, its unrealistic to expect attitudes to always correspond with behaviour bc behaviour rarely has one influence

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28
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

a situation involving conflicting attitudes, behaviours, or beliefs

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29
Q

factors that influence attitudes AND behaviours

A

strength of the attitude, accessibility of the attitude, social context of the attitude, perceived control over the behaviour

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30
Q

strength of an attitude

A

a strong attitude is ones that’s well thought about, well-known, and easily accessible.
stronger attitudes are more likely to predict behaviour than weak attitudes.

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31
Q

accessibility of the attitude

A

an accessible attitude is a strong one that easily comes to mind.
accessible attitudes are more likely to be consistent

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32
Q

social context of the attitude

A

whether an attitude leads to behaviour depends on the specific situation a person finds themselves in

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33
Q

perceived control over the behaviour

A

perceived control is the belief an individual has that theyre free to perform or not perform behaviour linked to an attitude and a belief that they can perform this behaviour

34
Q

stereotype

A

a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group.

35
Q

ingroup

A

any group that you belong to or identify with

36
Q

outgroup

A

any group you do not belong to or identify with

37
Q

prejudice

A

holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group.

38
Q

old fashioned prejudice

A

a form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members. their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognisable to others

39
Q

modern prejudice

A

a form of prejudice which is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group

40
Q

explicit prejudice

A

prejudice that is consciously held and usually deliberately thought about

41
Q

implicit prejudice

A

prejudice that is typically unconsciously held and the person holding such prejudice is not usually aware that they do so

42
Q

discrimination

A

positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members

42
Q

discrimination

A

positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members

43
Q

direct discrimination

A

occurs when a person treats someone unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law
eg. racism, sexism etc

44
Q

indirect discrimination

A

occurs when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic

eg. equity example w boxes

45
Q

prejudice vs discrimination

A

the basic difference between prejudice and discrimination is that prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is behaviour arising from prejudice

46
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours
you can change cognitive dissonance by changing your belief or behaviours

47
Q

social influence

A

the effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave

48
Q

group

A

any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose

49
Q

characteristics of a group

A

number of people, interaction, influence, goal

50
Q

status

A

the importance of an individual’s position in the group as perceived by members of the group

51
Q

power

A

an individual’s ability to control
or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person

52
Q

types of power (6)

A

reward, referent, expert, coercive, legitimate, informational

r r e c l i

53
Q

reward power

A

Ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour

54
Q

referent power

A

Individuals identify with or want to be like or liked by this person

55
Q

expert power

A

Having special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed

56
Q

coercive power

A

Ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour

57
Q

legitimate power

A

An individual’s status/position in a group, society, or in general gives them the authority to exercise power over those with a
lower status

58
Q

informational power

A

Having resources or information that are useful and are not available elsewhere

59
Q

ethical issues in zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

A

withdrawal rights, protection of participants, debriefing

60
Q

zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

A

experiment where a fake prison was created to test the effect of roles and social expectations of being in prison as a guard or a prisoner

61
Q

obedience

A

when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society

62
Q

milgram’s experiments on obedience

A

investigated factors that can influence obedience to an authority figure through a fake shock operation

63
Q

factors affecting obedience

A

social proximity, legitimacy of authority figures, group pressure

64
Q

ethical issues in milgram’s experiment

A

informed consent, withdrawal rights, participant protection

65
Q

conformity

A

the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group

66
Q

asch’s experiments on conformity

A

explored factors that influence conformity such as group size through a deceiving experiment

67
Q

factors affecting conformity (7)

A

group size, unanimity, informational influence, normative influence, culture, social loafing, deindividuation

68
Q

pro-social behaviour

A

behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group, or society with little regard to ones self interest

69
Q

factors influencing pro-social behaviour

A

situational factors, social factors, personal factors

69
Q

situational factors (pro-social behaviour)

A

whether we notice the situation, whether we interpret the situation as one where help is needed, whether we’re prepared to take responsibility

70
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone

71
Q

social factors (pro-social behaviour)

A

standards that govern what people should or should not
do in different social situations

reciprocity norm, social responsibility norm

72
Q

reciprocity norm

A

prescribes that we should help
others who help us

73
Q

social responsibility norm

A

prescribes that we should help those who need help because it is our responsibility or duty to do so

74
Q

personal factors (pro-social behaviour)

A

empathy, mood, competence

75
Q

personal factors (pro-social behaviour)

A

empathy, mood, competence

76
Q

influences on reluctance to help

A

diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, cost benefit analysis

77
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the belief that in a situation where help is required and others are present, one or more
other people will/should help

78
Q

audience inhibition

A

not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish in the presence of others

79
Q

cost-benefit analysis

A

involves an individual
weighing up the personal and social costs of helping
against the benefits of helping

80
Q

types of bullying

A

verbal, physical, cyberbullying

psychology 1/2 (4 decks)

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