psych terms from PT's

Question 1

define autonomy

Answer 1

principle of self-rule and or self-determination

Question 2

in cognitive screening how is attention tested

Answer 2

serial 7’s or spelling world backwards

Question 3

in cognitive screening how is memory tested

Answer 3

repeating three words previously mentioned

Question 4

in cognitive screening how is language tested

Answer 4

naming tasks (pencil, watch), repeat “no ifs ands of buts”, three stage commands

Question 5

describe conversion disorder

Answer 5

one or more symptoms or altered voluntary motor or sensory function, not better explained by a medicial disorder, which causes significant distress. Can be identified when signs are inconsistent if tested differently.

Question 6

describe body dysmorphia

Answer 6

Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder are excessively
concerned about a perceived defect in their physical features but do not complain of
symptoms of sensory or motor functioning in the affected body part

Question 7

what is the criteria for major depression

Answer 7

depressed for most of the day, every day with reduced pleasure in almost all daily activities, + significant weight loss, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and psychomotor agitation or retardation. Reduced concentration and recurrent thoughts of death.

Question 8

what is projection

Answer 8

A process where a person defends themselves against their own unconscious thoughts/impulses/qualities by denying their existence in themselves but attributing them to others.

Question 9

what is dissociation

Answer 9

A disruption in consciousness, identity, memory, physical actions or environment whereby a person detaches themselves.

Question 10

define dessensitisation

Answer 10

A process whereby a person is repeatedly exposed to a fearful stimulus in order to reduce the level of response normally exhibited.

Question 11

what is classical conditioning

Answer 11

think Pavlov and his dogs. Relies on an association between stimulus and response; involuntary response.

Question 12

what is habituation

Answer 12

A learning process where there is a decrease in a response to a stimulus having been repeatedly exposed to it.

Question 13

what is operant conditioning

Answer 13

Operant conditioning is reliant on reinforcement and voluntary behaviour. The stimulus occurs after the behaviour.

Question 14

what is social learning

Answer 14

behaviours which are learnt by observing others

Question 15

how would attention deficit disorder present

Answer 15

A child which finds it hard to sit still, has trouble concentrating, interupts others and acts impulsively. These behaviours are uncontrollable and persistent.

Question 16

how would tourettes present

Answer 16

Multiple motor tics and one or more verbal tics, presenting many times a day for at least a year.

Question 17

what is proportionality

Answer 17

Proportionalityis the motive for rewards and punishments to be proportionate to merit, benefits to be calibrated to contributions, and judgments to be based on a utilitarian calculus of costs and benefits.

Question 18

what is confabulation

Answer 18

confabulation is a memory disturbance where a person confuses imagined scenarios with actual memories. Often linked to dementia, brain damage or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (thiamine def due to alcohol).

Question 19

define delusional disorder

Answer 19

the precence of one or more delusions for 1 month or longer where functioning isn’t markedly impaired, and mania or depression if having occurred are only brief. May be erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, presecutory or somatic.

Question 20

define schizoaffective disorder

Answer 20

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviour and negative symptoms (as per schizophrenia) for > 2 weeks, where a major mood episode is also present.

Question 21

how does a hallucination differ from a delusion and illusion

Answer 21

hallucination: false sensory perception without an external stimulus. Illusion: misperception of a real external stimulus. Delusion: a fixed false belief inconsistent with religion or culture.

Question 22

define delirium and what is required to make a diagnosis

Answer 22

an acute confusional state, of fluctuating course, where inattention, disorganised thinking, altered consciousness, global cognitive effects, illusions or delusions, altered sleep wake cycle plus either hyper or hypo psychomotor disturbances.

Question 23

what is flooding

Answer 23

aka prolonged exposure therapy. Scared of snakes? Put them in a room full of snakes.

Question 24

what is aversive conditioning

Answer 24

where a behaviour is abolished by associating it with something unpleasant. Eg electrocuting me whenever I reach for some chocolate

Question 25

what is cognitive dissonance

Answer 25

a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours which produces feelings of discomfort resulting in an alteration to reduce the discomfort and restore balance.

Question 26

what is cognitive restructuring

Answer 26

a process where you identify and dispute irrational thoughts known as cognitive distortions.

Question 27

define repression

Answer 27

suppressng a thought so that it becomes unconscious

Question 28

define a defence mechanism

Answer 28

a mental process initiated unconsciously to avoid experiencing conflict or anxiety

Question 29

define obsessive thinking

Answer 29

thoughts and concerns cannot be controlled, are unrealistic and the concern is disproportionate, the thought causes distress disproportionate to the actual risk

Question 30

define rumination

Answer 30

Constant preoccupation with thinking about a single idea or theme, as in OCD.

Question 31

define phobic responses

Answer 31

Persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of an object or situation; the phobic person may realize that the fear is irrational which cannot be dispelled

Question 32

define response conditioning

Answer 32

an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus

Question 33

define stimulus discrimination

Answer 33

a term used in classical conditioning as part of operant conditioning. A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus used to consistently gain a specific response, which increases the possibility of the desired response occuring.

Question 34

describe the stages of behaviour change

Answer 34

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance

Question 35

define the ethical principle of doing good

Answer 35

can relate to benificence or preventing or removing harm

Question 36

define the ethical principle of fairness

Answer 36

aka justice. Giving a person his or her due, relating to equality and impartiality

Question 37

define the ethical principle of informed consent

Answer 37

recognises patients as autonomous, independent agents with the right to make decisions without coercion. Elements of informed consent include: copentency and capacity, disclosure of information regarding treatments and alternatives, knowledge of risks.

Question 38

define the ethical principle of respect autonomy

Answer 38

autonomy means self-rule, respecting the decisions of others concering their own lives.

Question 39

define graded exposure

Answer 39

a gradual exposure to a phobia to habituate yourself to it

Question 40

what is alogia

Answer 40

an inability to speak due to mental illness or dementia

Question 41

what is anhedonia

Answer 41

loss of interest and withdrawl in normally pleasurable activities

Question 42

what is apathy

Answer 42

dulled emotional tone with indifference

Question 43

define conversion disorder

Answer 43

a mental disorder where the person has blindness, paralysis or other nervous system symptom which cannot be explained by medical evaluation

Question 44

define somatic symptom disorder

Answer 44

a physical symptom which causes significant distress and disruption to daily life, producing excessive thoughts or feelings of concern. Not faking, they believe they ar sick

Question 45

define negative and positive transference

Answer 45

transference is when a patient projects feelings from a person in the past to a person in the present. Negative fore bad feelings…positive for good.

Question 46

define countertransference

Answer 46

when the doctor experiences unconscous feelings in response to their patient.

Question 47

define the characteristics of autism

Answer 47

persistent social deficits in communication, deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, non-verbal communication, repetative behaviour, inflexibility, fixed interests.

Question 48

define the characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 48

angry and irritable, loses temper, resentful. Argues with people of authority, defies or refuses to comply, blames others for their mistakes. Vindictive or spiteful.

Question 49

what is an adaption disorder

Answer 49

when a normal process of adaption is disrupted causing an adjustment disorder where a persons response to stress is abnormal or excessive

Question 50

define generalised panic disorder

Answer 50

excessive worry for at least 6 months, very difficult to control and is associated with at least 3 of the following: edginess, fatiguability, muscle aches, irritability, sleep changes, plus also sweating, nausea, diarrhoea.

Question 51

define derealisation

Answer 51

sensation of changed reality, that ones surroundings have altered.

Question 52

define depersonalisation

Answer 52

sensation of unreality concerning oneself, part of oneself or ones environment - seen in times of extreme fatigue or distress

Question 53

define externalisation

Answer 53

the perception that elements of oneself can be found in the external environment or objects.

Question 54

define projective identification

Answer 54

when in a close relationship, parts of the self may be uncounciously thought to be forced into another person

Question 55

define sublimation

Answer 55

when unacceptable drives or impulses are directed into socially acceptable channels

Question 56

what is the difference between descriptive, metaethics and normative ethics

Answer 56

normative ethics: intrinsic values, right and wrong and virtues. Descriptive ethics: what motivates prosocial behaviour, how people reason about ethics, how society regulates behavious. Metaethics: the nature of ethics and moral reasoning