psych terms from PT's Flashcards
define autonomy
principle of self-rule and or self-determination
in cognitive screening how is attention tested
serial 7’s or spelling world backwards
in cognitive screening how is memory tested
repeating three words previously mentioned
in cognitive screening how is language tested
naming tasks (pencil, watch), repeat “no ifs ands of buts”, three stage commands
describe conversion disorder
one or more symptoms or altered voluntary motor or sensory function, not better explained by a medicial disorder, which causes significant distress. Can be identified when signs are inconsistent if tested differently.
describe body dysmorphia
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder are excessively
concerned about a perceived defect in their physical features but do not complain of
symptoms of sensory or motor functioning in the affected body part
what is the criteria for major depression
depressed for most of the day, every day with reduced pleasure in almost all daily activities, + significant weight loss, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and psychomotor agitation or retardation. Reduced concentration and recurrent thoughts of death.
what is projection
A process where a person defends themselves against their own unconscious thoughts/impulses/qualities by denying their existence in themselves but attributing them to others.
what is dissociation
A disruption in consciousness, identity, memory, physical actions or environment whereby a person detaches themselves.
define dessensitisation
A process whereby a person is repeatedly exposed to a fearful stimulus in order to reduce the level of response normally exhibited.
what is classical conditioning
think Pavlov and his dogs. Relies on an association between stimulus and response; involuntary response.
what is habituation
A learning process where there is a decrease in a response to a stimulus having been repeatedly exposed to it.
what is operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is reliant on reinforcement and voluntary behaviour. The stimulus occurs after the behaviour.
what is social learning
behaviours which are learnt by observing others
how would attention deficit disorder present
A child which finds it hard to sit still, has trouble concentrating, interupts others and acts impulsively. These behaviours are uncontrollable and persistent.
how would tourettes present
Multiple motor tics and one or more verbal tics, presenting many times a day for at least a year.
what is proportionality
Proportionalityis the motive for rewards and punishments to be proportionate to merit, benefits to be calibrated to contributions, and judgments to be based on a utilitarian calculus of costs and benefits.
what is confabulation
confabulation is a memory disturbance where a person confuses imagined scenarios with actual memories. Often linked to dementia, brain damage or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (thiamine def due to alcohol).
define delusional disorder
the precence of one or more delusions for 1 month or longer where functioning isn’t markedly impaired, and mania or depression if having occurred are only brief. May be erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, presecutory or somatic.
define schizoaffective disorder
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviour and negative symptoms (as per schizophrenia) for > 2 weeks, where a major mood episode is also present.
how does a hallucination differ from a delusion and illusion
hallucination: false sensory perception without an external stimulus. Illusion: misperception of a real external stimulus. Delusion: a fixed false belief inconsistent with religion or culture.
define delirium and what is required to make a diagnosis
an acute confusional state, of fluctuating course, where inattention, disorganised thinking, altered consciousness, global cognitive effects, illusions or delusions, altered sleep wake cycle plus either hyper or hypo psychomotor disturbances.
what is flooding
aka prolonged exposure therapy. Scared of snakes? Put them in a room full of snakes.
what is aversive conditioning
where a behaviour is abolished by associating it with something unpleasant. Eg electrocuting me whenever I reach for some chocolate
what is cognitive dissonance
a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours which produces feelings of discomfort resulting in an alteration to reduce the discomfort and restore balance.
what is cognitive restructuring
a process where you identify and dispute irrational thoughts known as cognitive distortions.
define repression
suppressng a thought so that it becomes unconscious
define a defence mechanism
a mental process initiated unconsciously to avoid experiencing conflict or anxiety
define obsessive thinking
thoughts and concerns cannot be controlled, are unrealistic and the concern is disproportionate, the thought causes distress disproportionate to the actual risk
define rumination
Constant preoccupation with thinking about a single idea or theme, as in OCD.
define phobic responses
Persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of an object or situation; the phobic person may realize that the fear is irrational which cannot be dispelled
define response conditioning
an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus
define stimulus discrimination
a term used in classical conditioning as part of operant conditioning. A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus used to consistently gain a specific response, which increases the possibility of the desired response occuring.
describe the stages of behaviour change
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance
define the ethical principle of doing good
can relate to benificence or preventing or removing harm
define the ethical principle of fairness
aka justice. Giving a person his or her due, relating to equality and impartiality
define the ethical principle of informed consent
recognises patients as autonomous, independent agents with the right to make decisions without coercion. Elements of informed consent include: copentency and capacity, disclosure of information regarding treatments and alternatives, knowledge of risks.
define the ethical principle of respect autonomy
autonomy means self-rule, respecting the decisions of others concering their own lives.
define graded exposure
a gradual exposure to a phobia to habituate yourself to it
what is alogia
an inability to speak due to mental illness or dementia
what is anhedonia
loss of interest and withdrawl in normally pleasurable activities
what is apathy
dulled emotional tone with indifference
define conversion disorder
a mental disorder where the person has blindness, paralysis or other nervous system symptom which cannot be explained by medical evaluation
define somatic symptom disorder
a physical symptom which causes significant distress and disruption to daily life, producing excessive thoughts or feelings of concern. Not faking, they believe they ar sick
define negative and positive transference
transference is when a patient projects feelings from a person in the past to a person in the present. Negative fore bad feelings…positive for good.
define countertransference
when the doctor experiences unconscous feelings in response to their patient.
define the characteristics of autism
persistent social deficits in communication, deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, non-verbal communication, repetative behaviour, inflexibility, fixed interests.
define the characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder
angry and irritable, loses temper, resentful. Argues with people of authority, defies or refuses to comply, blames others for their mistakes. Vindictive or spiteful.
what is an adaption disorder
when a normal process of adaption is disrupted causing an adjustment disorder where a persons response to stress is abnormal or excessive
define generalised panic disorder
excessive worry for at least 6 months, very difficult to control and is associated with at least 3 of the following: edginess, fatiguability, muscle aches, irritability, sleep changes, plus also sweating, nausea, diarrhoea.
define derealisation
sensation of changed reality, that ones surroundings have altered.
define depersonalisation
sensation of unreality concerning oneself, part of oneself or ones environment - seen in times of extreme fatigue or distress
define externalisation
the perception that elements of oneself can be found in the external environment or objects.
define projective identification
when in a close relationship, parts of the self may be uncounciously thought to be forced into another person
define sublimation
when unacceptable drives or impulses are directed into socially acceptable channels
what is the difference between descriptive, metaethics and normative ethics
normative ethics: intrinsic values, right and wrong and virtues. Descriptive ethics: what motivates prosocial behaviour, how people reason about ethics, how society regulates behavious. Metaethics: the nature of ethics and moral reasoning
