Cardiac Flashcards
State the pressures through the major vessels and chambers of the heart: Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta
Pulmonary artery: 25/9
Right atrium: 2/0
Right ventricle: 25/0
Left atrium: 8/5
Left ventricle: 120/5
Aorta: 120/80
Describe myocardial muscle cells
branched, striated, single nucleus, attached to each other by intercalated discs
What is the delay in seconds at the AV node?
Approx 0.13 seconds




What type of channels cause the steady incline (no resting potential) of the pacemaker action potential?
What are they permiable to?
What stimulates their opening?
Funny channels
Permiable to both K and Na
Stimulated by hyperpolarisation of the cell
In non-pacemaker cells, what channels sustain the depolarisation causing the plateau phase?
Calcium channels
A shorter plateau phase with less calcium does what to contraction force?
reduces the force
Regardless of channels open, what will effect the force of contraction?
The length of the muscle fibres
Upon arrival of an action potential voltage gated ____ type Ca channels open, causing an influc of about __% of calcium.
L type channels
10% of calcium required enters
The influx of calcium induces the opening of ___ Ca channels which release the remain 90% of calcium from the ______________.
RyR channels
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What two things binding causes the muscle cell to contract?
Ca and troponin
Ca and toponin unbinding causes relaxation.
Ca is pumped back into the SR (ATP dependant).
The ____ transporter exchanges 3 Na for 1 Ca.
Na gradient maintained by ______.
NCX antiporter
Na/K/ATPase

Describe Starlings Law
Independant of HR, the stretch of the myocytes increases the force of contraction.
Related to the overlap of the actin and myosin.
Longer muscle fibres are more _______ to Ca, causing a left shift in the dose - concentration curve
More sensitive to Ca causing increased tension/force at the same levels of calcium.
Parasympathetic action on the heart causes __ to bind to _______ receptors, causing a ______ in heart rate.
Parasympathetic action on the heart causes Ach to bind to muscarinic receptors, causing a decrease in heart rate.
Sympathetic increase causes ___ to bind to ___ receptors causing an _______ in heart rate by the SA node, and an increase in ______ by the cardiac muscles
Sympathetic increase causes NE to bind to Beta receptors causing an increase in heart rate by the SA node, and an increase in contractility by the cadiac muscles.
NE or E increases ______ causing the opening of ___ channels, increasing the speed of depolarisation.
cAMP
Funny channels
On parasympatheitic activation, Ach causes an increase in the opening of ___ channels and a decrease in the opening of ___ channels, hyperpolarising the cells, reducing the rate of depolarisation.
K
Calcium channels
Elastic arteries increase in diameter during systole. The following recoil enables what?
The maintainance of BP during diastole
BP =
CO x SVR (Ohms law)
CO =
HR x SV
Short term control of MAP is via what means?
Long term control is by?
Neural control
Blood vessels and kidneys
Neural cardiac control comprises of ______ feedback.
Negative
- detector
- afferent pathways
- coordinating centre
- efferent pathways
- effector








