Psych/Soc Review (Content Review) Flashcards
1
Q
What is functionalism?
A
A theory that states that every structure has a function that meets the needs of a society and all the structures work together to maintain social equilibrium
2
Q
What is a manifest function in functionalism?
A
A recognized and intended consequence of institutions
3
Q
What is a latent function in functionalism?
A
An unintended and indirect effect of institutions
4
Q
What is a problem with functionalism?
A
It focuses completely on institutions with little regard to the importance of the individual
5
Q
What is conflict theory?
A
A theory that focuses on the inequalities of society, mainly between the bourgeoise (upper class in control) and the proletarat (lower class majority). It involves a thesis and an antithesis
6
Q
In concerns to conflict theory:
Class conciousness means?
A
Solidarity with one’s own class (normally for lower class). When they struggle they can together to gain the means of production
7
Q
In concerns to conflict theory:
False conciousness means?
A
Workers cannot see their own oppression. This is normally promoted by upper class because they promote the idea that if the workers work hard enough that maybe one or two break through.
*Think America
8
Q
In concerns to conflict theory:
What is a Thesis vs. Antithesis?
A
A thesis is a class (normally upper class) is happy however, the working class is not (Anti-thesis). These normally synthesize (for example a middle class is formed). However over time, another thesis and anti-thesis is formed and the cycle repeats
9
Q
What are the problems with conflict theory?
A
It doesn’t explain how a society is functional
10
Q
What is social constructionism?
A
The theory that knowledge and the things around us are not ‘real’ in and of themselves but instead only exist because we give them reality based on social agreements
11
Q
What are the two threads of social constructionism?
A
Weak thread that relies on brute facts
Strong thread that states the whole of reality is dependent on language and social habit and there are no brute facts
12
Q
What is a problem with social constructionism?
A
It doesn’t consider the effects of natural phenomenon on society
13
Q
What is symbolic interactionism?
A
A theory that explains the individual and their interactions with others
14
Q
What are the 3 tenents of symbolic interactionism?
A
1-We act based off the meaning we have given something
2-We give meaning to things based off our social interactions
3-THe meaning we give something is not permanent and can change with everyday life
15
Q
What is the problem with symbolic interactionism?
A
It is restricted to small interactions and cannot describe large scale society
16
Q
What is the rational-choice theory?
A
A theory that everything we do is fundamentally rational.
Rational meaning the weighing of the cost benefits of actions
17
Q
What are the 3 assumptions of rational-choice theory?
A
1) Every choice can be ranked
2) Transivity; If A>B and B>C then A>C
3) Independence of irrelavent alternitives-If X is incorporated into A>B>C it will not change the ranking of the first 3 options
18
Q
What is Exchange theory?
A
The theory that looks at society as a series of interactions between indivduals
19
Q
What are the 3 assumptions of exchange theory?
A
1) People want to maximize profits
2) Rewarding behavior is repeated
3) All behavior is operating within social norms
20
Q
What are the issues with rational-choice exchange theory?
A
Both assume that people make rational choices and it cannot explain altruism
21
Q
What is life course theory?
A
Aging is a social, psychological and biological process that begins from birth until death
22
Q
What is age stratification?
A
A theory that looks at age as a way of regulating behavior of a generation
23
Q
What is activity theory?
A
A theory that looks at how the older generation looks at themselves
24
Q
What is disengagement theory?
A
That older adult and society separate; Ex: someone retiring
-It assumes that people become more self absorbed as they age so separation allows for self reflection
25
What is continuity theory?
A theory that suggest that people try to maintain the same basic structure for their lives over time
26
What defines an ethnicity?
Groups with shared language, culture, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor
27
What is a minority?
Consists of a group that makes up less than 1/2 total population and is treated differently because of it
28
What is cultural relavitism?
It refers to not judging a culture to one's own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal.
29
What is the primacy effect?
A tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on
ex: if presented objects one at a time, a person would be more likely to remember objects at the beginning rather than the end
30
What is the State Dependency Effect?
a phenomenon through which memory retrival is most efficent when an individual is in the same state of conciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
31
What is the Misinformation Effect?
When a person's recall of episodic memories become less accurate because of post-event information.
ex: "How fast were the cars going when they slammed into each other?" vs. "How fast were the cars going when they bumped into each other?"
A person is more likely to recall the cars going faster if the first question was asked.
32
What is the Dual-coding Effect?
Theory that memory consolidation is much better when a picture is combined with words
33
What is the Spreading of Activation Theory?
Theory where people organize their knowledge of the world from their personal experience
34
What are the Stages of Piagat's Theory of Development?
Sensorimotor- birth through 2 years
Preoperational-2 to 7 years
Concrete Observational-7 to 11 years
Formal Operational-12 and up
35
Piagat's Theory of Development:
Describe the Sensorimotor stage
Birth-2 years
- Children learn about the world through sucking, grasping, looking and listening
- Object Permanence is established
- Learn that they are separate beings from others or objects
- Realize their actions cause things to happen
36
Piagat's Theory of Development
Describe the Preoperational Stage
2 to 7 years
- Learn to think symbolically
- tend to be egocentric and struggle to see the perspective of others
- think of things in concrete terms
- will pick an object that looks larger even if it is the same
37
Piagat's Theory of Development
Describe the Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years
- Begin to to think logically about concrete events
- Begin to understand conservation
- thinking more logically and more organized
- Begin use of inductive logic
38
Piagat's Theory of Development
Describe the Formal Operational Stage
12 and up
- Abstract thought begins
- Reasoning about hypothetical problems
- Teens begin to think about moral, philisophical, ethical, social and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
- Begin to use deductive logic or reasoning from a general principle
39
What is a schema?
mental and physical actions involved in understanding
| "Cateogories of knowledge to help us understand the world"
40
What is assimilation in concern of schemas?
the process of taking in new info into our already existing schemas
41
What is accommodation in concern of schemas?
Part of adaptation that involves changing or altering existing schemas in light of new information
42
What is equlibrium in concern of schemas?
Mechanism to strike balance between assimilation and accommodation.
43
What type of specialized receptor are hair cells in the cochlea?
Mechanoreceptors
44
What is group polarization?
Phenomenon when members of a deliberating group move towards and a more extreme point in whatever direction is indicated by member's pre-dileberation tendency
45
Which part of the brain is involved in the execution of a coordinated motor task, such as tapping?
Cerebellum
46
What is the behavorist theory?
focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior
47
What are the stages of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development?
```
1-Trust vs. Mistrust
2-Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3-Initiative vs. Guilt
4-Industry vs. Inferiority
5-Identity vs. Confusion
6-Intimacy vs. Isolation
7-Generativity vs. Stagnation
8-Integrity vs. Despair
```
48
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage one?
Trust vs. Mistrust-Birth to 18 months
Trust-Believing in caregivers, trusting that the world is safe, knowing that needs will be met
Mistrust: Distrusting caregivers, fearing the world, unsure if needs will be met
Important Event: Feeding
49
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage two?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt-18 months to 2/3 years
Question: Can I do things for myself or am I reliant on others?
Virtue: Will
Events: Toilet Training
50
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage three?
Initiative vs. Guilt- 3 to 5 years
Question: Am I good or am I bad?
Virtue: Purpose
Events: Exploration, play
51
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage four?
Industry vs. Inferiority-6 to 11
Question: How can I be good?
Virtue: Competence
Event: School
* vital for self confidence
52
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage 5?
Identity vs. Confusion-12 to 19
Question: Who am I
Virtue: Fidelity (ability to relate to others and form genuine relationships)
Events: Social Relationships
53
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage 6?
Intimacy vs. Isolation-19 to 40 years
Question: Will I be loved or will I be alone?
Virtue: Love
Event: Romantic relationships
54
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage 7?
Generativity vs Stagnation-40 to 65 years
Question: How can I contribute to the world?
Virtue: Care
Event: Parenthood and Work
55
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development:
| What is stage 8?
Integrity vs. Despair-65 to death
Question: Did I live a good life?
Virtue: Wisdom
Event: Reflection
56
What is Weber's Law?
Law stating that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticable is a constant ratio of original stimulus.
Ex: The absolute threshhold for sound is the lowest volume level that a person could detect. The just noticable difference would be the smallest change in volume
57
What is the nativist theory?
Language is an innate fundamental part of the human genetic makeup and language aquisition occurs as a natural part of the human experience
58
What is Linguistic Relativity?
(Also known as Whorf Hypothesis)
A principle suggesting that the structure of a language affect's it's speakers world view or cognition. Thus people's perceptions are relative to their spoken language
59
What is the "Magic Number" coined by George Miller in regards to the capacity of working memory?
7 +/- 2
60
What is Extrinsic motivation?
behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, grades, praise or fame
61
What is divided attention?
Ability of the brain to attend to two different stimuli at the same time
62
What is Selective Attention?
Focusing on one thing when there are alot of other things going on
63
What is priming?
Previous experiences influence current interpretation of events
-Priming with correct information can reduce the misinformation effect
64
What is automatic processing?
Cognitive processes that occur without concious awareness of expenditure
65
What is controlled processing?
Cognitive processes that require us to pay attention and deliberately put in effort
66
What is Implicit memory and what brain structures are involved?
Unconscious or automatic memory-refers to perceptional and emotional unconscious memories which influence behavior
-Cerebellum and basal Ganglia
67
What are the types of Implicit Memory?
```
Procedural
Priming
Cateogorical
Perceptual Learning
Emotional Learning
```
68
What is procedural memory?
Responsible for knowing how to do a task
69
What is Cateogorical Learning?
Attainment of concept in order to clarify and organize various entities via grouping
70
What is Perceptual Learning?
Foundation for cognitive processes and cooperates with neutral basis to produce priming effect
71
What is emotional learning?
Involves autobiographical memory entangled with emotions (impact of emotions on an indivudal)
72
What is Explicit memory and what brain structures does it involve?
(Also known as declaritive memory) refers to memories involving personal experiences as well as factual into which we can consciously retrieve and intentionally articulate
Prefrontal Cortex and Amyglala and Hippocampus
73
What are the types of Explicit memory?
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
Spatial Memory
74
What is semantic memory?
Long term memory responsible for storing information about the world
ex: meaning of words, general knowledge
75
What is episodic memory?
Autobiographical involves various episodes from the past gathered from our personal history based on certain time, space, object or person
76
What is Spatial Memory?
Crucial for formation of cognitive maps
77
What is Sensory Memory and what are the types?
Allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information for a brief time after original stimulus has ceased
Echoic-memory of sound
Iconic-Memory of image
78
What is working memory?
(Short term memory) ability to hold information for a short duration of time (on order of seconds)
79
What is a qualitative study?
Subjective information
ex.pain rating, mood
80
What is a quanitative study?
Tangible "hard data", objective information
| ex: Age, weight, height
81
What is an Experimental study?
Control that allows you to measure the change in on variable in relationship to another. Set independent variable.
82
What is a Longitudinal Study?
Study that follows the same subject over a long period of time
83
What is a cohort study?
Subset of longitudinal studies where subjects are picked because they share a common characteristic or experience within the defined period
84
What is a cross sectional study?
A "Snapshot" study of a population at a given time
| ex: Observational and cannot draw a relationship
85
What is a case study?
Study in which subjects are handpicked (not random) for a detailed analysis
ex: A man with epilepsy and had his hippocampus removed .
86
What are the Occipital lobes of the brain responsible for?
vision, including color and motion
87
What is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?
It is part of the forebrain and is responsible for initiation of important movements that are required to deal with a particular situation
-receives touch, pain and vibration from the body
88
What are the temporal lobes responsible for in the brain?
They are associated with processing auditory information and encoding memory
89
What is the definition of operant conditioning?
method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior-an association is made between a behavior and a consequence
90
What is the fundamental attribution error?
tendency of people to underemphasize situational explanations for an individuals observed behavior while over emphazing dispositional and personality based explanations
91
The affective component of attitude?
Component that relates to a person's feelings or emotions in their shaping of attitudes to a person or object
92
What is the behavioral component of attitude?
component involving our actions towards a person or situation
93
What is the cognitive component of attitude?
related to our beliefs and knowledge about someone or a situation that shapes our attitude-think beliefs and ideals
94
What is impression management?
concious or subconcious process in which people attempt to influence the perception of other people about a person, object, or event by regulating and controlling information about the social interaction
95
What is racialization?
(also called ethinicization) is a political process of ascribing ethnic or racial identities to a relationship, social practice or group that did not identify as such
96
What is social loafing?
phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group vs. working alone
97
What are Frued's stages of Psychosexual development?
The Oral Stage
The Anal Stage
The Phallic Stage
The Latent period
98
What is confirmation bias?
tendency to interpret new evidence as a confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories
99
What is hindsight bias?
tendency for people to perceive past events as ahving been more predictable than they already were
100
What is response bias?
General term for the wide rang of cognitive biases that influence the responses of participants away from accurate or truthful response
101
What is Self-serving bias?
common habit of a person taking credit for positive events and outcomes but blaming outside factors for negative events
102
What is escape learning?
subject acquires response that allows it to terminate an undesirable stimulus
103
What is the Thomas Theorem?
"If mean define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences"
-An interpretation of a situation causes the action
104
What is dissociation?
Disconnection from a person's thoughts, memories or feelings
105
What is reconstructive memory?
The act of remembering is influenced by various other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory, and beliefs among others.
-People view their memories as being concrete and truthful accounts of episodic memories and believe that their perspective is free from an error during recal
106
What is Generalizability?
refers to external validity, which is te extent to which the results of a scientific investigation would generalize to other settings and populations
107
What is REM rebound?
Lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that occurs after periods of sleep deprivation
108
When people have been prevented from REM sleep, what happens?
They take less time that usual to go to REM sleep
109
What is the purpose of a PET scan?
useful in revealing or evaluating brain disorders, cancers, and heart disease.
Used for studies focusing on activation of certain areas o the brain
110
What is the purpose of a EEG?
Normally used to diagnose and monitor seizure disorders, sleep disorders and changes in behavior
111
What is the difference between an MRI and a CT?
MRI is used to produce detailed imaged of organs and tissues in body, and a CT scan produces cross sectional images of bones, blood vessels and soft tissues
112
What is social facilitation?
Defined as the improvement or decrease in an indivuals performance when working with others rather than alone
113
What is groupthink?
Practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility
114
What is Assimilation?
The process of taking in and fully understanding new ideas or information
115
What is the function of Glutamate within the brain?
Prevalent in neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
| Plays a role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory consolidation
116
What is the difference between INTERgenerational mobility and INTRAgenerational mobility?
Intergenerational mobility: Change in status of family members between generations
Intragenerational mobility: refers to a person's social movements throughout their own lifespan
117
What is structural mobility?
When a societal change enables a whole group of people to move up and down the social ladder
118
What is self verification?
tendency to seek out and agree with information that is consistent with one's own self concept
119
What is self efficay?
person's beliefs in his or her's ability to succeed in a particular situation
120
What is the 5 Factor Model of Personality?
A grouping of personality traits that are:
1) Extraversion
2) Agreeableness
3) Openness to experience
4) Conscientiousness
5) Neuroticism
121
5 Factor Model of Personality:
| Describe Extraversion
Outgoing/energetic vs. Solitary/reserved
122
5 Factor Model of Personality:
| Describe Agreeableness
friendly/compassionate vs. critical/rational
123
5 Factor Model of Personality:
| Describe Openness of Experience
inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious
124
5 Factor Model of Personality:
| Describe Concientiousness
efficent/organized vs. extravagent/careless
Involves responsibility and planning
125
5 Factor Model of Personality:
| Describe Neuroticism
sensitive/nervous vs. resilent/confident
Involves insecurity and anxiety
126
What is the Myers-Briggs Inventory?
Introspective self report questionare indicating different psychological preferences on how people perceive the world and make decisions based off 4 cateogories
1) Introversion vs. Extroversion
2) Sensing or intuition
3) Thinking or feeling
4) judging or perceiving
127
What is the Psychodynamic approach?
emphasizes unconcious thought, conflict between biological drives and societies demands and early childhood experiences
*Derives from Frued
128
What is the Biopsychosocial model?
Interdisiplined model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socioeconomic factors
129
What is the function of serotonin?
Involved in regulation of both mood (specifically agression) and appetite (used to regulate intestinal movements)
130
What is the function of GABA?
Chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS that functions to reduce the activity of the neurons to which it binds. It alos inhibits nerve transmission to the brain which produces a calming effect
131
What is the function of Acetylcholine in regards to psychology?
A neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that plays a role in motivation, arousal, attention, learning, and REM sleep
132
What is incentive theory?
Behavioral theory that suggests people are motivated by a drive for incentives or reinforcement
-people behave in a way that they believe will result in reward and avoid actions that may cause punishment
133
What is Drive theory?
Based on the principle that organisms are born with a certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs aren't met. When need is satisfied, drive is reduced and organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation
134
What is Expectancy-value theory?
Motivation for a given behavior or action is determined by 2 factors:
1) Expectancy-How probable wanted outcome is achieved through behavior
2) Value-How much individual desires outcome
135
What is self-determination theory?
Suggests that people are motivated to grow and change by 3 innate and universal psychological needs. People can become self-determined by fufilling needs for:
1) Competence
2) Connection
3) Autonomy
136
What is learned helplessness?
A condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness arising from a traumatic even or persistant failure to suceed
137
What is the motion parallax?
A depth cue where a difference in the apparent rate of movement of different objects provides information about the relative distance of objects
138
What is sensory interaction?
When our senses interact with each other an influenece each other
Ex: having to keep your eyes open to stand on one foot
139
What is vesibular sense?
Known as movement/gravity/balance sense that allows us to move smoothly
140
What is Perceptual adaption?
referred to as body's ability to adapt to an enviroment by filtering out distractions
ex: living by an airport
141
What are the Gesalt's principles of perceptual grouping?
1) Proximity
2) Similarity
3) Closure
4) Good Continuation
5) Common Fate
6) Good Form
142
Gesalt's principles of perceptual grouping:
| What is proximity?
objects and shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups
143
Gesalt's principles of perceptual grouping:
| What is similarity?
when things seem similar, we group them together
144
Gesalt's principles of perceptual grouping:
| What is closure?
mind's tendency to complete figures or forms even if a picture is not complete
145
Gesalt's principles of perceptual grouping:
| What is good continuation?
When there is an intersection between 2 or more objects people tend to perceive each object as a single, uninterupted object
146
Gesalt's principles of perceptual grouping:
| What is Common fate?
Objects functioning or moving in the same direction appear to belong together
Ex: flock of birds
147
Gesalt's principles of perceptual grouping:
| What is good form?
refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern and color.
148
What is a discriminating stimulus?
A stimulus that signals the availibility of a reinforcer or punisher
149
What is incongruence (Based off Rodger's concept of incongruence?
Incongruence is a concept that suggests that unpleasant feelings come from a discrepency between our perceived and ideal self
150
What is autonomous motivation?
"Drive" individuals are motivated to initiate behaviors that are consistant with their values
151
What is the Base rate fallacy?
refers to the error people make when they ignore base rates (like prior probabilities) when evaluating probabilities or or frequencies of events
152
What is observer bias?
Any bias on the part of the observer's recording of data that could have contaminated the original results
153
Public Verifiability is?
That the work/findings can be reproduced by others
154
What is the availablity heuristic?
When people make judgements about the likelyhood of an even based on how easily an example, or instance comes to mind
EX: if someone reads a article about how people are loosing their jobs, they might begin to worry they are going to loose their own job
155
What is functional fixedness?
a cognitive bias that involves a tendency to see objects only working in a particular way
156
What is reaction formation?
the tendency of a repressed wish or feeling to be expressed at a concious level in a contrasting form
ex: Treating someone you hate excessively friendly to hide your true feelings
157
A reference group is?
Any group that is used by an individual as a standard for evaluating themselves or others
158
What is a status group?
Defined as noneconomic characteristics such as prestige or honor
159
What is the phenomenon called Naming explosion?
Usually occuring during a child's second year, it is the sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary
*Also known as word spurt
160
What is Overextention in concerns to language aquisition?
When a cateogorical term is used in language to represent more cateogories than it actually does.
*When a little kid refers to all animals as "Doggie!"
161
What is cateogorical perception?
Phenomenon of perception of distinct cateogories when their is a gradual change in a variable along a continum
ex: If 2 sounds fall on either side of a phonetic boundry, you perceive them as two different sounds
162
What is "bootstrapping" in concern to language aquisition?
Children utilize conceptual knowledge to create grammatical cateogories when aquiring their first language
163
What is systematic desensitization?
A classical conditioning technique in which the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus is gradually increased until it no longer elicits the conditioned response
164
What is a monocular depth cue?
Information in the retinal image that gives us information about depth and distance but can be inferred with just a single retina
165
What are the 7 monocular depth cues?
```
relative size
interposition
linear perspective
aerial perspective
light and shade
monocular movement paradox
```
166
What is culture lag?
when norms and values have yet to catch up with technological advances
167
What is role conflict?
balancing the demands of one role with other roles, and tension stems from these multiple roles
168
What is social cohesion?
Strength or relationships and the sense of solidarity among members of a community
169
What is signal detection theory?
studies the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectation on the perception of stimuli
170
What is the difference in sensation vs. perception?
Sensation: conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals
Perception:Processing of sensory information to make sense of it's signficance
171
What is Associative learning?
pairing together of stimuli and responses or behaviors and consequences
172
What is deductive reasoning?
deriving conclusions from from general rules
173
What is inductive reasoning?
Deriving generalizations from evidence
174
Wernicke's Area is involved with what?
What occurs is there is an injury here?
Language comprehension and is located on the left side of the brain
Wernicke's Aphasia: the person being able to speak in phrases that sound fluent yet lack meaning
175
What is Broca's Area?
What occurs if there is an injury here?
Responsible for the motor function of speech. Located in the left frontal lobe.
Individuals with this form of aphasia are able to comprehend speech but have great difficulty expressing their thoughts. People with Broca aphasia speak in short phrases that include only nouns and verbs
176
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
It connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas, and damage here results in conduction aphasia
177
What is Arousal theory (also known as Yerkes-Dodson law)?
The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli-aim for optimal level of arousal for a given task
178
What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs from highest priority to lowest priority?
```
Highest priority:
Physiological needs
Safety and security
Love and belonging
Self esteem
self actualization
```
179
What are the first and second responses of:
James-Lange Theory
First Response is: Nervous System Arousal
Second response is: Conscious Emotion
Physiological arousal precedes the experiencing of emotions
"I am afraid because my heart is pounding"
180
What are the first and second responses of:
| Cannon-Bard Theory
First Response is: Nervous System arousal and conscious emotion
Second response is: Action
Physiological arousal and emotional are experienced simultaneously
"My heart is pounding and the wolf makes me afraid"
181
What are the first and second responses of:
Schacter-Singer
First Response is: Nervous System arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response is: Conscious emotion
"My heart is pounding signifying fear because I have decided this situation is dangerous"
182
What is the sick role theory?
A functionalist approach describing how disruption to typical social activity due to illness is minimized through the sick role
-legitimizes illness as a socially acceptable deviance
183
What is the illness experience?
A social interactionist approach to understanding how people incorperate and make sense of an illness as part of their self identity
184
A subculture is?
a group of individuals who are characteristically distinct from the dominate culture, but whose values and norms still generally align with the dominate culture
185
A counter culture is?
a group that the values and norms oppose the dominate culture
186
What is a utilitarian organization?
Members are compensated for their involvement
187
What is an aggregate?
a collection of individuals who share a common location but do not identify as a group
188
What is avoidance learning?
Individuals figure out how to prevent experiencing the unpleasant stimulus in the future
*Different from escape learning in that in escape learning individual figures out how to terminate unpleasant stimulus
189
What is contralateral control?
The left hemisphere of the brain controls touch and movement on the right side of the body and vice versa
190
Top down processing is?
Moves from general to more specific and is heavily influenced by our expectations and prior knowledge
191
Bottoms up processing is?
Begins with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds
192
What is serial processing?
refers to processing one piece of informationn at a time such as memorizing a list by item
193
What are the 3 stages of General adaptation syndrome?
Alarm stage
Resisitant Stage
Exhaustion stage
194
General Adaptation Syndrome:
| What is alarm stage?
Occurs during the first few moments of a stress response when the sympathetic nervous system decides to act
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General Adaptation Syndrome:
| What is resistant stage?
Can last for hours (excercize) or days (final exam) or months (preparing for the MCAT)
During this stage body attempts to resist stressor and establish new equilibrium
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General Adaptation Syndrome:
| What is exhaustion stage?
Occurs when prolonged stressor produces arousal with depleted energy, making the body more vunerable to negative health effects
(decreased resistance to additional stress)
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Humanistic psychology is?
A tenant of psychology that emphasizes higher aspects of human nature, such as the drive for self actualization and personal growth
-believes people have an innate drive for personal growth
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is?
A tenant of psychology that replaces negative thoughts and behaviors with healthier thoughts and behaviors
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What is Appraisal Theory?
One's appraisal (evaluation) of a stimulus determines one's emotional response
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What are the two subsets of Appraisal Theory?
Primary appraisal: individual classifies a stimulus as threatening, positive or irrelavent
Secondary appraisal: occurs when an individual evaluates whether their resource or ability are suffiencent to cope with stressor
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What is a null hypothesis?
the inverse of a regular hypothesis, stating their is no significant difference or relationship between the variables measured.
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The interactionist theory of language acquisition is?
a theory stating that language acquisition is both innate and environmental/social
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What is the learning theory of language acquisition?
proposes that language is acquired through conditioning and modeling
ex: Praise for a child speaking a new word
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What is cognitive dissonance?
Results from belief's, attitudes or behaviors that are contradicting or impossible
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Bipolar 1 disorder is diagnosed from?
It will contain at least one manic episode
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Bipolar 2 disorder is diagnosed from?
It will contain at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning development?
Describes the approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas
3 main phases: Preconventional, conventional, and posrt conventional
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning:
What is the preconventional phase?
Preconventional morality is the first stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9. At the preconventional level children don’t have a personal code of morality, and instead moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules.
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning:
What is the conventional phase?
Characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong.
(most adolescents and adults)
we begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models.
Authority is internalized but not questioned, and reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs.
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning:
What is the postconventional phase?
Characterized by an individuals’ understanding of universal ethical principles. These are abstract and ill-defined, but might include: the preservation of life at all costs, and the importance of human dignity.
Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. According to Kohlberg this level of moral reasoning is as far as most people get
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What is a somatic symptom disorder?
It has at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
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What is conversion disorder?
unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function
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What is a Cluster A personality disorder?
(odd or eccentric): paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
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What is a Cluster B personality disorder?
(dramatic, emotional, erratic "wild"):
| antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
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What is a Cluster C personality disorder?
(anxious, fearful, "worried"): avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
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What is deindividualization?
loss of self awareness in large groups
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What is the dramaturgical approach when it comes to self-presentation?
Individuals create images of themselves in the same way actors perform a role infront of an audience
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What is correspondent inference theory?
describes attritubutions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person
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What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
Morbidity: the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease
Mortality: deaths caused by a given disease
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What are the basal ganglia responsible for?
smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability
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What is proactive interference?
tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent learning
Ex: having trouble remembering a friend's new phone number after having learned their old number
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An organization is?
a group with identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose
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What is anomie?
lack of social norms which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community
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Spearman's General intelligence theory is?
It proposes that their is only one intelligence measured by a single g factor that underlies performance in all domains
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Gardener's idea of 8 intelligence's is?
A theory stating that regardless of what subject you teach->you should present learning materials mutiple ways because of the 8 intelligences
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Gardener's idea of 8 intelligence's:
What are the 8 intelligences
Linguistic, Logical/mathmatical, spatial, bodily/kinesetic, musical, interpersonal, and naturalist
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What is Galton's idea of Heriditary genious?
A proposal in 1869 that a system of arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would eventually produce a gifted race
*he believed intelligence was biologically based
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What is Binet's idea of mental age?
A measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group
*his test serves as the basis for modern day intelligence tests
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What is Mead's theory of identity, and what are the two sides?
The self is not there from birth, but is developed over time from social experiences and activities
me: socialized aspects of an individual (learned behaviors, attitudes and expectations)
I: the spontaneous and autonomous part of self
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What is second-order conditioning?
(also called higher order conditioning)
form of learning where a stimulus is first made meaningful/consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning.
Then that stimulus is used to learn about some new stimulus
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Variable ratio enforcement is?
reinforcement given after an unpredictable #of responses
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Variable interval enforcement is?
schedule of reinforcement where the response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
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What are the function of rods and where are they located?
they are located in the peripheral vision and the help us to see in low light conditions
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What are the functins of cones?
They allow us to see in color, but need light to function
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What is enthnocentrism?
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture
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What is sublimation?
mature type of defense mechanism in which socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behaviors
*can result in long term conversion of the initial impulse
