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MCAT 2 Study Review > Biochemistry Question Review > Flashcards

Biochemistry Question Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Where would you find hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids in cells?

A

You would find hydrophilic AA in the cytosol and hydrophilic in the phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

What Amino acids undergo phosphorylation by protein kinase enzymes?

A

Serine, Threonine and Tyrosine due to hydroxyl groups on side chains

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3
Q

Vmax is?

A

When an enzyme is working at maxium velocity

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4
Q

What is the Michaels-Menten Equations?

A

E+S⇔ES⇒E+P

V0=(Vmax [S])/(Km + [S])

Vmax=[K]Kcat

V=(Kcat[E][S])/(Km+[S])

V=((Kcat)/(Km))•[E][S} Only at low substrate concentrations

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5
Q

What are the units for Vmax?

A

Moles of enzyme per second

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6
Q

What is Kcat and what are the units?

A

Rate of Catalytic conversion of a substrate

Units: Number of substrate molecules turned over per enzyme/ second

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7
Q

What is Km?

A

Michael’s constant

The substrate concentration at which half of the enzyme’s active sites are full

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8
Q

At certain conditions, a High Km can indicate?

A

The high Km can indicate that the enzyme has a lower affinity for it’s substrate because it requires a higher substrate concentration

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9
Q

What is the one type of inhibition that does not bind to the allosteric site?

A

Competitive Inhibition-the inhibitor binds to the active site

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10
Q

Competitive Inhibition can be overcome by?

A

Adding more substrate

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11
Q

In Competitive inhibtion what are the differences in Vmax and Km?

A

In Competitive inhibition:

Vmax is not altered

Km is higher because substrate concentration has to be high to reach max velocity

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12
Q

In Non-competitive Inhibition, what is the difference to Vmax and Km?

A

In Non-competitive Inhibition:

Vmax is lower because less enzyme is available to react

Km remains the same

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13
Q

In mixed inhibition, what are the differences to Vmax and Km?

A

In mixed inhibition:

Vmax is lower

If inhibitor is bound to enzyme Km is higher

If inhibitor is bound to substrate Km is lower

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14
Q

In Uncompetitive Inhibition, what are the differences in Vmax and Km?

A

In Uncompetitive Inhibition:

Vmax is lower

Km is lower

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15
Q

A good way to remember if a passage is talking about an enzyme is to?

A

Look at the ending, if it ends in -ase it’s an enzyme

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16
Q

How do enzymes work in a reaction?

A

They increase reaction rates by facilitating the formation on a more stable transition state between reactants and products. This increased stability decreases the activation energy.

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17
Q

How is Delta G affected by enzymes?

A

Delta G is not affected by enzymes because they only stablize transition states

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18
Q

List the weight of the nucleotides from largest to smallest?

A

Largest

deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP)

deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP)

deoxythymine monophosphate (dTMP)

deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP)

Smallest

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19
Q

What Enzymes facilitate the dephosphorylation of ATP in Glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

PFK-1 (and if stimulated by insulin-PFK-2, because PFK-1 will be inactivated)

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20
Q

What Enzymes facilitate the phosphorylation of ADP in Glycolysis?

A

Phospholglycerate kinase

Pyruvate kinase

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21
Q

What Enzyme is involved in the reduction of NAD+ to NADH in Glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

It occurs during the step of Glyceraldehyde 3-P→1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

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22
Q

NADH is oxidized in what step of Glycolysis (assuming anerobic respiration)?

A

In the step of Pyruvate →Lactate by lactate dehydrogenase

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23
Q

What are the irreversable steps of glycolysis?

A

3 irreversible steps in glycolysis:

hexokinase (Glucose→Glucose 6-P);

phosphofructokinase (Fructose 6-P → Fructose 1,6-BisP);

pyruvate kinase (Phosphoenolpyruvate→Pyruvate)

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24
Q

What is alternitive splicing?

A

Rearrangement of introns and exon elements that are joined by splicing to alter mRNA coding sequences

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25
Q

A splice acceptor site is where?

A

The splicing site is at the end of intron 3’

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26
Q

What is the mneumonic for remembering nonpolar AA?

A

Grandma Always Visits London In May For Winston’s Party

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27
Q

What is the mneumonic for remembering Polar AA?

A

Santa’s Team Crafts New Quilts Yearly

28
Q

What is the mneumonic for remembering electrically charged AA?

A

Dragons Eat Knights Riding Horses

29
Q

What is a signal sequence?

A

A specific AA sequence that directs protiens in translation to the RER

30
Q

NADH is?

A

The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

31
Q

What is chemosmosis?

A

The movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane bound structure, down electrochemical gradient

Ex: The energy from H+ down the concentration gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase

32
Q

Where does NAD+/NADH appear in:

Glycolysis

Kreb’s Cycle

ETC

A

Glycolysis: Reduced during the reaction from Glyceraldehyde 3-P to 1,3 Bisphosphotglycerate

Kreb’s:

  1. Reduced in reaction from isocitrate to alpha ketoglycerate
  2. Reduced in reaction from alpha ketoglycerate to succinyl CoA
  3. Oxidized in reaction from malate to oxaloacetate

ETC: Oxidized by complex 1

33
Q

What is FAD+/FADH and where does it appear in:

Kreb’s Cycle

ETC

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Krebs: Reduced in reaction from succinate to fumerate

ETC: oxidized by complex 2

34
Q

Steriods are defined by what type of structure?

A

Their 3 ring structure

35
Q

Increasing neuron-firing threshhold would have what impact on action potiential?

A

Increasing neuron-firing threshold would make it harder to generate an A.P

36
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

Bind to DNA and recruit RNA polymerase

37
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

It is a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA during transcription

38
Q

If an inhibitory protien is degraded, leading to constant activiation on the pathway what does this tell us about the pathway?

A

That there is a promoter in the pathway, since the inhibitory protien degraded and cannot bind to the promoter, the pathway will be continuously activated.

39
Q

What are oligosaccarides?

A

Carbohydrates

40
Q

What is the initial filtration step in the glomerulous?

A

The initial filatration step occurs primarily through passive flow due to pressure difference created by blood pressure.

41
Q

Nucelotides are linked to each other by phospodiester bonds. Phosphodiester bonds link?

A

The 3’ sugar base of one nucleotide and the 5’phosphate of another nucleotide

42
Q

Aldoserone is responsible for the __________ of K+ ions.

A

Aldoserone is responsible for the excretion of K+ ions.

43
Q

___________ decreases cellular concentrations of glucose.

A

Insulin decreases cellular concentrations of glucose.

44
Q

Screated proteins such as insulin are cleaved into mature form where?

A

In the endomembrane system →all protein modification occurs in the E.R or the golgi

45
Q

What are the chances of disease with:

Autosomal Dominate

Autosomal Recessive

X-linked Dominate

X-linked recessive

A

What are the chances of disease with:

Autosomal Dominate: 50/50 Chance of disease

Autosomal Recessive: Have to have two copies of gene for disease.

25% chance of being unaffected

50% chance of being a carrier

25% chance of being affected

X-linked Dominate: All affected fathers will have affected daughters

If son is affected, mother will always be affected

X-linked recessive: Affected father will not have affected sons, and tends to skip a generation

46
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adeneine and Guanine

47
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

48
Q

Proteases do what?

A

catalyze the hydrolysis of protiens to peptides, oligopeptides and AA

49
Q

What are the steps of apoptosis?

A
  1. Cell Shrinks
  2. Cell Fragments
  3. Cytoskeleton collapses
  4. Nuclear envelope dissasembles
  5. cells release apotitic bodies
50
Q

Only ____________ perform alternitive splicing.

A

Only Eukaryotes perform alternitive splicing.

51
Q

Bacterial genes are often found in operons and these genes?

A

These genes have a single promoter and are transcribed as a group

52
Q

What is alternitive splicing?

A

Alternitive splicing allows a single gene to code for multiple protiens via creating new mRNA to code for these proteins.

53
Q

An inotropic agent or Inotrop is?

A

A medicine that changes the force of your hearts contractions

Positive inotropes strengthen the force of a heartbeat, while negative inotropes weaken it

54
Q

What is the Cori Cycle?

A

Otherwise known as the Lactic Acid cycle, it produces lactic acid in anaerobic conditions in muscle and then lactate is transportaed to the liver. In the liver it is converted to glucose and then glucose is transported back to the muscle

55
Q

Osmotic pressure is directly _________ to solute concentrations.

A

Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to solute concentrations.

56
Q

What is a Palindromic DNA sequence?

A

Nucleic Acid sequences where the one strand matches it’s complementary strand when read in the same direction.

Important for enzymes such as restriction enzymes because they have to recognize specific sequences and these palindromic sequences higher the chance that both strands of DNA are cut

57
Q

What is the final reaction of the ETC?

A

2 e- + H+ + 1/2O2 → H2O

58
Q

ETC:

Complex I is named and catalyzes the oxidation of?

A

Complex I is the NADH Dehydrogenase Synthase that oxidizes NADH to NAD+

59
Q

ETC:

Complex II is named and catalyzes the oxidation of?

A

Complex II is the Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex.

It participates in the catalyzation of succinate to fumerate in the Krebs cycle producing FADH, and it oxidizes FADH to FAD+

60
Q

ETC:

Complex III is named what and contains?

A

Complex III is named Cytochrome Reductase Q and contains Fe 2+ ⇔Fe 3+

61
Q

ETC:

Complex 4 is named what and contains?

A

Complex 4 is named Cytochrome C oxidase and contains both heme and copper complexs.

62
Q

What is the total amount of ATP produced through Glycolysis, Krebs and ETC?

A

32 Atp

63
Q

What are imprinted genes?

A

Genes whose expression is determined by the parent who contributed them

Violates rule of inheritance because both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed

64
Q

The optimum temperature for an enzyme is?

A

37º C

65
Q

Osmotic pressure is defined as?

A

The pressue that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Osmotic pressure causes water to move into a solution with the highest concentration of solutes

66
Q

Osmosis is?

A

The movement of water molecules from an area of low concentration of solute to an area of high concentration of solute

67
Q
A

MCAT 2 Study Review (6 decks)

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