Chem/Phys Review Flashcards
1
Q
What are the requirements for intermolecular hydrogen bonds?
A
1)Hydrogen bond donor; a H bonded to a highly electronegative atom 2)Hydrogen bond acceptor; An electronegative atom with an available lone apir
2
Q
An ebullator and a boilding chip serve the same function. What is this function?
A
They both provide air bubbles to break the surface tension of a liquid being heated and serve to prevent superheating and bumping
3
Q
What is an entantomer?
A
Chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another (Think of your hands)
4
Q
What is a stereoisomer?
A
2 or more molecules that are made of the same atoms and groups but arranged differently
5
Q
A chiral center is?
A
tetrahedral atoms with 4 different substituents, and either have an R or S configuration
6
Q
How do you assign priority rules to a stereocenter?
A
1) Look up the atomic number of each atom bonded to the carbon of interest-the highest atomic number is top priority 2)If there is a tie between 2 or more atoms, we use atoms a 2 bond distance from the stereocenter 3)If there is still a tie, go three bond distance
7
Q
What is the boiling point of a liquid?
A
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surface tension
8
Q
Avogadro’s number, which is used to figure out how many ions are in a solution is?
A
6.02 x 10^23 ions/mol
9
Q
Carbonate CO3- will undergo what reaction in H2O?
A
CO32-+ H2O →HCO3- + OH
10
Q
What is the equation for finding the Keq?
A
If the reaction is
pA + qB ⇔ rC + sP
then
Keq=([Cr][Ps])/([AP][Bq])
11
Q
what is the formula for pKa?
A
pKa=-log(Ka)
Ka is equal to Keq
12
Q
How do you find the pH using pKa?
A
pH=pKa + log (Conjugate base/Conjugate acid)
13
Q
Which of the periodic table trend operates the opposite of the other trends?
A
Atomic Radius
- It decreases from left to right
- It increases from top to bottom
14
Q
In a neutral atom the number of __________ equals the number of __________.
A
In a neutral atom the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
15
Q
How can you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
A
You can find the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number by the atomic mass number
16
Q
An ionic bond is most likely to form between?
A
An element of very high and very low electronegativity.
17
Q
Name the two functional groups
- R-CHO
- R-CH2OH
A
- An Aldehyde
- A primary alchohol
18
Q
What are the 4 things to look for when looking for a good nucleophile?
A
- Charge: Conjugate bases are always good nucleophiles.
HO- > H2O
- Electronegativity: Nucleophilicity decreases with electronegativity
H3C- > H2N-
- Solvent: Hydrogen bonding solvents invert nucleophilicity
- Steric Bulk: Nucleophilicity decreases with steric bulk
19
Q
What is the formula for identifying the number of possible peptides that each on of nAmino Acids can form?
A
n!
Ex: n=3 →3!→ 3•2•1=6 Total
20
Q
What functional groups can undergo Tautomerization?
A
Ketones and Aldehydes
21
Q
What is a a key factor to look for when trying to figure out if a molecule has undergone tautomerization?
A
A Carbonyl group turns into an OH group and a double bond is formed on the alpha carbon
22
Q
What molecules experience mutarotation?
A
Carbohydrates with a aldehyde or keytone function group
23
Q
When converting a fisher diagram to a Hanworth diagram, how do you figure out which directions the substituents go?
A
“Down right up lefting”
- The right side of fisher diagrams point down and the left side points up
- All D-sugars point up on the Ch2OH group
24
Q
To tell whether a sugar is a alpha anomer or a ßanomer how do you tell?
A
If the OH group on the alpha carbon points up it is a ß anomer.
If the OH group on the alpha carbon points down it is an alpha anomer.
25
What is the numonic for oxidation/reduction reactions?
OIL RIG
Oxidation is loss of electrons and Reduction is gain of electrons
EX: H2O
Oxygen has been reduced by Hydrogen
Hydrogen has been oxidized by Oxygen
26
One mole of ideal gas will occupy a volume of?
One mole of idea gas will occupy a volume of 22.4L
27
In regards to Oxidation numbers,
H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2
All have an oxidation number of what?
Since H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2 are all diatomic molecules, they all have an oxidation state of 0
28
In an Exothermic reaction, the products will have?
A lower potiential energy than the reaction since energy was released from the reaction
29
A triglycerol is formed when?
A glycerol has a dehydration synthesis reaction with 3 fatty acid molecules
30
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A F.A with no double bonds; all carbons are bonded to hydrogen
31
What is the solubity of a fatty acid salt?
The long hydrocarbon chain is soluble in non-polar solvents, while the salt containing a charged group is soluble in polar solvents
32
The formula for pH is?
pH= -log{H3O+}
33
What is Kw (the auto-ionization of water?)
1 x 10-14
34
Aliphatic compounds are compounds with a ____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and are mostly nonpolar.
Aliphatic compounds are compounds with a **carbon backbone** and are mostly nonpolar.
35
An aromatic compound like Benzene is non-polar but can become polar if?
An electronegative atom is a substituent on the ring
36
What is the Henderson-Hasslebalch equation?
Ka=([H+][A-])/[HA])
if HA (*aq*) ⇔ H+ (*aq*) + A-
37
For a reaction to be stereospecific, what in the starting and ending materials will be seen?
The starting materials differ only in their configuration and the products will look the same except they will be stereoisomers of the starting materials.
\*if two completly different products are shown, the reaction is not stereospecfic
38
What is the function group that forms during peptide bond formation?
An amide is formed.
39
What kind of molecule will migrate fastest and have the first peak?
The molecule with the lowest molecular weight and lowest intermolecular forces.
40
What do the peaks on a gas chromatograph correlate with?
The time at which the components reach the detector
41
Name 1-10 the names for the parent chain.
1-Meth
2-Eth
3-Prop
4-But
5-Pent
6-Hex
7-Hept
8-Oct
9-Non
10-Dec
42
If you are labeling a molecule to determine the leaving group, where do you label?
You would lavel the one that does not interact with other groups prior to the reaction
43
The strength of the eye is __________ to focal length.
The strength of the eye is inverse to focal length
44
If adding a strong acid to a weak acidic solution, what occurs with ionization of the weak acid?
The percent ionization decreases since the strong acid completely disassociates.
45
What is Ohm's Law?
Ohm's Law
Current=Volatage/Resistance
46
What is the formula for the Index of Refraction?
Index of Refracation=Speed of Light in a Vacuum/Speed of light in a medium
47
What is the formula for the energy of a photon?
* E=hf*
* E*=Photon Energy
* h=*Constant
* f*=Wave Frequency
48
How many hetz is a Tetrahertz?
1 THz = 1012 Hz
49
What is the half life decay formula?
* N(t)=N0(1/2)t/(t1/2)*
* N(t)*=Quantity of substance remaning
* N0*=Initial quantity of substance
* t*=time elapsed
* t1/2*=Half life of substance
50
If you are given the time and the question asks for the fraction of decay, what formula do you use?
* (1/2)x*
* x*=How many half lives have taken place
51
What is the formula for work?
Work=Force x Distance
52
What is the formula for power?
* P=W/T*
* W*=Watt
* T*=Time
53
What is the formula for Potiential energy?
* P.E=mgh*
* m*=mass
* g*=gravity
* h*=Height
54
**Intra**molecular forces are the forces that?
**Inter**molecular forces are the forces that?
**Intra**molecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule.
**Inter**molecular forces are the forces that exist between molecules.
55
A wavelength of light absorbed by a molecule depends on it's?
Structure
EX: A variety of structurally related opsins function to detect different colors.
56
A lipade will hydrolize what type of molecule?
Fatty Acids
57
What are the 5 Amino Acids that have charged side chains? What are the charges?
Aspartic Acid pka=3.90
Glutamic Acid pka=4.07
Lysine pka=10.54
Arginine pka=12.48
Histidine pka=6.04
58
What does UDP stand for, where is it found, and what type of sugar does it contain?
Uridine Diphosphate, which is a nucleic acid used in RNA and it contains ribose
59
What type of ring/hexose is
Glucose
Frutose
Glucose= 6 membered ring that is an aldohexose
Fructose=5 Membered Ring that is an ketohexose
60
What is the phrase used to remember which side goes up and down on a Fisher Projection?
Down right up lefting
Everything of the right side of a fisher projection will go down on a Heyworth projection, and everthing on the left will go up.
61
Ribose and Xylose are both 5 carbon rings that differ by?
A chiral center
62
Describe Alpha Decay
Alpha decay is when an atomic nucleus emits and alpha particle, and decays into a different atomic nucleus.
An alpha particle is just a helium nucleus composed of two protons and two neutrons therefore a mass number of 4 and an atomic number of 2.
So when an atom emits an alpha particle the mass number is reduced by 4 and the atomic number is reduced by two.
EX: Uranium 238 underwent alpha decay would be Thorium 234.
63
Describe Beta Decay
In Beta Decay a beta particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom (term beta particle can refer to an electron or a positron).
Beta - decay: A neutron in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a proton, and an electron is emitted
Ex: C14 it becomes N14
Atom number increases by 1, and mass number remains the same.
Beta + decay: A proton in the nucleus is converted to neutron and a positron is emitted from the atom
Ex: C14 is converted to B 14
Atom number decreases by 1 and mass number remains the same
\*\*\*\* If it only says Beta decay, think B-, unless B+ is specified.
64
What is electron capture?
The atom is taking an electron causes a proton to be converted into a neutron.
This proces decreased Atomic Number by 1 and does not change the mass number
\*Same outcome as Beta + decay
65
What is Gamma Decay?
Gamma decay occurs when an electron in the nucleus moves from an unstable outer energy level to a lower more stable energy level. This atom then emits energy in the form of gamma radiation, called a photon.
66
The branching in glycogen is created by what type of bond?
The lengthening in glycogenesis is formed by what type of bond?
Branching is formed by alpha 1,6 Glycosidic Bonds
Lengthening is formed by alpha 1,4 Glycosidic Bonds
67
What type of charged molecule is least likely to dissacioate in water?
A highly negatively charged molecule
68
What is the thin lens equation?
(1/*f*)=(1/*u*)+(1/*v*)
* f*=Focal length
* u*=Object distance
* v*=Image distance
69
Creating more surface area on a cataylist can?
Increase the rate of reaction
70
°E\>0 means the reaction is?
°E\<0 means the reaction is?
°E\>0 =Spontaneous
°E\<0 = Nonspontaneous
71
What are the units that can express power?
J/s
ft•lb/s
Kg•M2/s3
72
What are the two formulas for energy emitted by a photon?
* E=hf E=hc(wavelength)*
* h=(6.62x10-34)*
* c=constant*
73
Give the scientific notation for:
centimeters (cm)
milimeters (mm)
micrometer (µm)
nanometers (nm)
centimeters (cm)=10-2
milimeters (mm)=10-3
micrometer (µm)=10-6
nanometers (nm)=10-9
74
The Rf in Chromotography is the?
distance traveled by solute/distance travelled by the solvent
75
What is the definition for half life?
Half life is defined as the time it takes for half of all radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei, which may or may not be radioactive.
76
On charts what does a sigmoidal curve indicate?
What does a linear curve indicate?
sigmoidal curve indicates a cooperative process
a linear curve indicates a noncooperative process
77
If a variant is the same as a wild type on a graph, what would this indicate in terms of functionality of a variant?
The variant portion most likely does not alter the fuction
78
What is the venturi effect?
a reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section (or choke) of pipe
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs in anode (+ side)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs at cathode (- side).
**Oxidation** occurs in anode (+ side)
**Reduction** occurs at cathode (- side).
80
What are the definitions for:
Lewis Base
Lewis Acid
Bronstead Base
Bronstead Acid
Lewis Base: Substance that donates an electron pair in forming a covalent interaction
Lewis Acid: Substance that accepts an electron pair in forming a covalent interaction
Bronstead Base:Substance that accepts a H+
Bronstead Acid: Substance that donates an H+
81
What is the definition of a catalyst?
A catalyst increases the total amount of product produced per time
82
What is the formula for mass percent?
Mass percent=(Mass of element in 1 mol of compound)/(Mass of one mol of compound)
83
What is the formula for work with the elastic constant?
W=(1/2)Kx
84
Hydrogen bonds between backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygen atoms represents?
Protien secondary structure
85
What is the formula for Ohm's Law?
R=V/I
86
What is ubquitnation?
The "kiss of death" for a protein.
The protein is inactivated by the addition of ubiquitin and this acts as a tag for a protease to degrade
87
Name the which each test identifies:
Western Blot
Eastern Blot
Northern Blot
Southern Blot
Western Blot: Analyzes post translational modifications such as histone aceytlation
Eastern Blot: Analyzes post translational modifications sich as lipids, phosphates, and glycoconjugates
Northern Blot: Used to detect specific RNA molescules among a mixture of RNA
Southern Blot: Used to detect a specific DNA sequences in DNA samples
88
What is the purpose of vasopressin?
Vaspressin regulates the fusion of aquaporings with the apical membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells
89
What are endosomes?
membrane bound vessicles found in the cytoplasm of every cell
90
Microfilaments are also known as?
Actin filaments
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are microscopic hollow tubes made of alpha and beta tubulin that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton that originate from the centrosomes.
Microtubules
92
For thermodynamic mixtures of isomeric products, the relative mole rations of the products are?
Directly related to the relative stability of the products. For example if a reaction yeilds 60% stereoisomer #1, and 40% stereoisomer 2-stereoisomer 1 is going to be the more stable one.
93
What is an adol condensation?
A addition reaction between two aldehydes or two ketones or an aldehyde and a ketone-\>
Results in a Beta Hydroxy aldehyde or Beta hydroxy ketone
A subsequent dehydration reaction produces a alpha beta unsaturated aldehyde or ketone
94
What is the formula for Electric charge?
* Q=It*
* Q=*Charge in coulombs
* I*=Current in Amperes
* t*=time in seconds
95
What is the formula for friction?
* F=µN*
* F=*Friction
* µ=*coefficent of friction
* N=*normal force
96
If dealing with power, friction and work-what must be the case?
Power required must match the work done by the frictional force.
EX: Is there is a decelerating force of 1000N and a constant speek of 40m/s what is the power?
Power=Force x constant speed
Power=1000 x 40
Power =40kW
97
Where should you label with a radioactive label if the molecule is in a water solvent?
You would want to label a site that has no lone pairs, because a titruim label (3H) would e exchanged for water due to lone pair-facilitating protination
98
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy that must be provided to compounds to result in a chemical reaction measured in J/mol, KJ/mol or KC/mol
Activation Energy=the activated complex minue the energy of reactants
99
What is chelation?
Type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions. Involves the formation or prescense of 2 or more separate cooordinate bonds between a polydentate ligand and single central atom.
Normally forms a 5 membered ring
100
What type of reaction is peptide bond synthesis and what is the byproduct of the reaction?
A condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis where a H2O molecule is released as the byproduct
101
What are the requirments to calculate Vo, Km,and Vmax?
1) An initial velocity that is measured under steady state conditions
2) A solution pH that remains constant at all substrate concentrations
3) the concentration of the enzyme is lower than the substrate
102
What is acetylation?
Organic esterification reaction with acetic acid
103
A Kfad is similar to what?
Kcat , essentially stating how fast the reaction is going
A Higher Kfad = faster reaction rate
104
What is a porphyrin?
A large ring consisting of 4 pyroles which are smaller rings made from 4 carbons and 1 nitrogen.
Heme is an example of one of these rings
105
What is the formula for resistance?
R=(I/A)P
R=resistance
I=distance
A=Area
P=specific resistance
106
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is inverse to conductivity.
**Resistance** is inverse to conductivity.
107
What is the Equilibrium constant for DNA Unfolding?
Keq=(Unfolded)/(Folded)
108
What is the Formula for Delta G?
Delta G=-RTlnKeq
109
The _____________ of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propogates.
The **frequency** of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propogates.
110
What is the formula for Volume flow rate?
Q=VA
Q=Volumetric flow rate
V=Flow velocity
A=Cross sectional area
111
How do Wavelength, frequency and velocity interact?
Gamma=Velocity/Frequency
112
What is the law of mass action?
Propsition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentration of the reaction
113
Delta G \< 0 means?
The reaction is spontaneous
114
If Keq is greater than one, how does this affect delta G?
Keq \> 1 means Delta G\<0 which means the reaction is spontaneous
115
When doing a Ksp for solubility, what do you not include?
Any solids in the reaction
116
