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MCAT 2 Study Review > Chem/Phys Review > Flashcards

Chem/Phys Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the requirements for intermolecular hydrogen bonds?

A

1)Hydrogen bond donor; a H bonded to a highly electronegative atom 2)Hydrogen bond acceptor; An electronegative atom with an available lone apir

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2
Q

An ebullator and a boilding chip serve the same function. What is this function?

A

They both provide air bubbles to break the surface tension of a liquid being heated and serve to prevent superheating and bumping

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3
Q

What is an entantomer?

A

Chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another (Think of your hands)

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4
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

2 or more molecules that are made of the same atoms and groups but arranged differently

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5
Q

A chiral center is?

A

tetrahedral atoms with 4 different substituents, and either have an R or S configuration

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6
Q

How do you assign priority rules to a stereocenter?

A

1) Look up the atomic number of each atom bonded to the carbon of interest-the highest atomic number is top priority 2)If there is a tie between 2 or more atoms, we use atoms a 2 bond distance from the stereocenter 3)If there is still a tie, go three bond distance

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7
Q

What is the boiling point of a liquid?

A

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surface tension

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8
Q

Avogadro’s number, which is used to figure out how many ions are in a solution is?

A

6.02 x 10^23 ions/mol

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9
Q

Carbonate CO3- will undergo what reaction in H2O?

A

CO32-+ H2O →HCO3- + OH

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10
Q

What is the equation for finding the Keq?

A

If the reaction is

pA + qB ⇔ rC + sP

then

Keq=([Cr][Ps])/([AP][Bq])

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11
Q

what is the formula for pKa?

A

pKa=-log(Ka)

Ka is equal to Keq

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12
Q

How do you find the pH using pKa?

A

pH=pKa + log (Conjugate base/Conjugate acid)

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13
Q

Which of the periodic table trend operates the opposite of the other trends?

A

Atomic Radius

  • It decreases from left to right
  • It increases from top to bottom
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14
Q

In a neutral atom the number of __________ equals the number of __________.

A

In a neutral atom the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

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15
Q

How can you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

You can find the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number by the atomic mass number

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16
Q

An ionic bond is most likely to form between?

A

An element of very high and very low electronegativity.

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17
Q

Name the two functional groups

  1. R-CHO
  2. R-CH2OH
A
  1. An Aldehyde
  2. A primary alchohol
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18
Q

What are the 4 things to look for when looking for a good nucleophile?

A
  1. Charge: Conjugate bases are always good nucleophiles.

HO- > H2O

  1. Electronegativity: Nucleophilicity decreases with electronegativity

H3C- > H2N-

  1. Solvent: Hydrogen bonding solvents invert nucleophilicity
  2. Steric Bulk: Nucleophilicity decreases with steric bulk
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19
Q

What is the formula for identifying the number of possible peptides that each on of nAmino Acids can form?

A

n!

Ex: n=3 →3!→ 3•2•1=6 Total

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20
Q

What functional groups can undergo Tautomerization?

A

Ketones and Aldehydes

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21
Q

What is a a key factor to look for when trying to figure out if a molecule has undergone tautomerization?

A

A Carbonyl group turns into an OH group and a double bond is formed on the alpha carbon

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22
Q

What molecules experience mutarotation?

A

Carbohydrates with a aldehyde or keytone function group

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23
Q

When converting a fisher diagram to a Hanworth diagram, how do you figure out which directions the substituents go?

A

“Down right up lefting”

  • The right side of fisher diagrams point down and the left side points up
  • All D-sugars point up on the Ch2OH group
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24
Q

To tell whether a sugar is a alpha anomer or a ßanomer how do you tell?

A

If the OH group on the alpha carbon points up it is a ß anomer.

If the OH group on the alpha carbon points down it is an alpha anomer.

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25
Q

What is the numonic for oxidation/reduction reactions?

A

OIL RIG

Oxidation is loss of electrons and Reduction is gain of electrons

EX: H2O

Oxygen has been reduced by Hydrogen

Hydrogen has been oxidized by Oxygen

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26
Q

One mole of ideal gas will occupy a volume of?

A

One mole of idea gas will occupy a volume of 22.4L

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27
Q

In regards to Oxidation numbers,

H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2

All have an oxidation number of what?

A

Since H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2 are all diatomic molecules, they all have an oxidation state of 0

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28
Q

In an Exothermic reaction, the products will have?

A

A lower potiential energy than the reaction since energy was released from the reaction

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29
Q

A triglycerol is formed when?

A

A glycerol has a dehydration synthesis reaction with 3 fatty acid molecules

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30
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A F.A with no double bonds; all carbons are bonded to hydrogen

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31
Q

What is the solubity of a fatty acid salt?

A

The long hydrocarbon chain is soluble in non-polar solvents, while the salt containing a charged group is soluble in polar solvents

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32
Q

The formula for pH is?

A

pH= -log{H3O+}

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33
Q

What is Kw (the auto-ionization of water?)

A

1 x 10-14

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34
Q

Aliphatic compounds are compounds with a ____________ ___________ and are mostly nonpolar.

A

Aliphatic compounds are compounds with a carbon backbone and are mostly nonpolar.

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35
Q

An aromatic compound like Benzene is non-polar but can become polar if?

A

An electronegative atom is a substituent on the ring

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36
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasslebalch equation?

A

Ka=([H+][A-])/[HA])

if HA (aq) ⇔ H+ (aq) + A-

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37
Q

For a reaction to be stereospecific, what in the starting and ending materials will be seen?

A

The starting materials differ only in their configuration and the products will look the same except they will be stereoisomers of the starting materials.

*if two completly different products are shown, the reaction is not stereospecfic

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38
Q

What is the function group that forms during peptide bond formation?

A

An amide is formed.

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39
Q

What kind of molecule will migrate fastest and have the first peak?

A

The molecule with the lowest molecular weight and lowest intermolecular forces.

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40
Q

What do the peaks on a gas chromatograph correlate with?

A

The time at which the components reach the detector

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41
Q

Name 1-10 the names for the parent chain.

A

1-Meth

2-Eth

3-Prop

4-But

5-Pent

6-Hex

7-Hept

8-Oct

9-Non

10-Dec

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42
Q

If you are labeling a molecule to determine the leaving group, where do you label?

A

You would lavel the one that does not interact with other groups prior to the reaction

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43
Q

The strength of the eye is __________ to focal length.

A

The strength of the eye is inverse to focal length

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44
Q

If adding a strong acid to a weak acidic solution, what occurs with ionization of the weak acid?

A

The percent ionization decreases since the strong acid completely disassociates.

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45
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A

Ohm’s Law

Current=Volatage/Resistance

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46
Q

What is the formula for the Index of Refraction?

A

Index of Refracation=Speed of Light in a Vacuum/Speed of light in a medium

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47
Q

What is the formula for the energy of a photon?

A
  • E=hf*
  • E*=Photon Energy
  • h=*Constant
  • f*=Wave Frequency
48
Q

How many hetz is a Tetrahertz?

A

1 THz = 1012 Hz

49
Q

What is the half life decay formula?

A
  • N(t)=N0(1/2)t/(t1/2)*
  • N(t)*=Quantity of substance remaning
  • N0*=Initial quantity of substance
  • t*=time elapsed
  • t1/2*=Half life of substance
50
Q

If you are given the time and the question asks for the fraction of decay, what formula do you use?

A
  • (1/2)x*
  • x*=How many half lives have taken place
51
Q

What is the formula for work?

A

Work=Force x Distance

52
Q

What is the formula for power?

A
  • P=W/T*
  • W*=Watt
  • T*=Time
53
Q

What is the formula for Potiential energy?

A
  • P.E=mgh*
  • m*=mass
  • g*=gravity
  • h*=Height
54
Q

Intramolecular forces are the forces that?

Intermolecular forces are the forces that?

A

Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule.

Intermolecular forces are the forces that exist between molecules.

55
Q

A wavelength of light absorbed by a molecule depends on it’s?

A

Structure

EX: A variety of structurally related opsins function to detect different colors.

56
Q

A lipade will hydrolize what type of molecule?

A

Fatty Acids

57
Q

What are the 5 Amino Acids that have charged side chains? What are the charges?

A

Aspartic Acid pka=3.90

Glutamic Acid pka=4.07

Lysine pka=10.54

Arginine pka=12.48

Histidine pka=6.04

58
Q

What does UDP stand for, where is it found, and what type of sugar does it contain?

A

Uridine Diphosphate, which is a nucleic acid used in RNA and it contains ribose

59
Q

What type of ring/hexose is

Glucose

Frutose

A

Glucose= 6 membered ring that is an aldohexose

Fructose=5 Membered Ring that is an ketohexose

60
Q

What is the phrase used to remember which side goes up and down on a Fisher Projection?

A

Down right up lefting

Everything of the right side of a fisher projection will go down on a Heyworth projection, and everthing on the left will go up.

61
Q

Ribose and Xylose are both 5 carbon rings that differ by?

A

A chiral center

62
Q

Describe Alpha Decay

A

Alpha decay is when an atomic nucleus emits and alpha particle, and decays into a different atomic nucleus.

An alpha particle is just a helium nucleus composed of two protons and two neutrons therefore a mass number of 4 and an atomic number of 2.

So when an atom emits an alpha particle the mass number is reduced by 4 and the atomic number is reduced by two.

EX: Uranium 238 underwent alpha decay would be Thorium 234.

63
Q

Describe Beta Decay

A

In Beta Decay a beta particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom (term beta particle can refer to an electron or a positron).

Beta - decay: A neutron in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a proton, and an electron is emitted

Ex: C14 it becomes N14

Atom number increases by 1, and mass number remains the same.

Beta + decay: A proton in the nucleus is converted to neutron and a positron is emitted from the atom

Ex: C14 is converted to B 14

Atom number decreases by 1 and mass number remains the same

**** If it only says Beta decay, think B-, unless B+ is specified.

64
Q

What is electron capture?

A

The atom is taking an electron causes a proton to be converted into a neutron.

This proces decreased Atomic Number by 1 and does not change the mass number

*Same outcome as Beta + decay

65
Q

What is Gamma Decay?

A

Gamma decay occurs when an electron in the nucleus moves from an unstable outer energy level to a lower more stable energy level. This atom then emits energy in the form of gamma radiation, called a photon.

66
Q

The branching in glycogen is created by what type of bond?

The lengthening in glycogenesis is formed by what type of bond?

A

Branching is formed by alpha 1,6 Glycosidic Bonds

Lengthening is formed by alpha 1,4 Glycosidic Bonds

67
Q

What type of charged molecule is least likely to dissacioate in water?

A

A highly negatively charged molecule

68
Q

What is the thin lens equation?

A

(1/f)=(1/u)+(1/v)

  • f*=Focal length
  • u*=Object distance
  • v*=Image distance
69
Q

Creating more surface area on a cataylist can?

A

Increase the rate of reaction

70
Q

°E>0 means the reaction is?

°E<0 means the reaction is?

A

°E>0 =Spontaneous

°E<0 = Nonspontaneous

71
Q

What are the units that can express power?

A

J/s

ft•lb/s

Kg•M2/s3

72
Q

What are the two formulas for energy emitted by a photon?

A
  • E=hf E=hc(wavelength)*
  • h=(6.62x10-34)*
  • c=constant*
73
Q

Give the scientific notation for:

centimeters (cm)

milimeters (mm)

micrometer (µm)

nanometers (nm)

A

centimeters (cm)=10-2

milimeters (mm)=10-3

micrometer (µm)=10-6

nanometers (nm)=10-9

74
Q

The Rf in Chromotography is the?

A

distance traveled by solute/distance travelled by the solvent

75
Q

What is the definition for half life?

A

Half life is defined as the time it takes for half of all radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei, which may or may not be radioactive.

76
Q

On charts what does a sigmoidal curve indicate?

What does a linear curve indicate?

A

sigmoidal curve indicates a cooperative process

a linear curve indicates a noncooperative process

77
Q

If a variant is the same as a wild type on a graph, what would this indicate in terms of functionality of a variant?

A

The variant portion most likely does not alter the fuction

78
Q

What is the venturi effect?

A

a reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section (or choke) of pipe

79
Q

_________ occurs in anode (+ side)

______________ occurs at cathode (- side).

A

Oxidation occurs in anode (+ side)

Reduction occurs at cathode (- side).

80
Q

What are the definitions for:

Lewis Base

Lewis Acid

Bronstead Base

Bronstead Acid

A

Lewis Base: Substance that donates an electron pair in forming a covalent interaction

Lewis Acid: Substance that accepts an electron pair in forming a covalent interaction

Bronstead Base:Substance that accepts a H+

Bronstead Acid: Substance that donates an H+

81
Q

What is the definition of a catalyst?

A

A catalyst increases the total amount of product produced per time

82
Q

What is the formula for mass percent?

A

Mass percent=(Mass of element in 1 mol of compound)/(Mass of one mol of compound)

83
Q

What is the formula for work with the elastic constant?

A

W=(1/2)Kx

84
Q

Hydrogen bonds between backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygen atoms represents?

A

Protien secondary structure

85
Q

What is the formula for Ohm’s Law?

A

R=V/I

86
Q

What is ubquitnation?

A

The “kiss of death” for a protein.

The protein is inactivated by the addition of ubiquitin and this acts as a tag for a protease to degrade

87
Q

Name the which each test identifies:

Western Blot

Eastern Blot

Northern Blot

Southern Blot

A

Western Blot: Analyzes post translational modifications such as histone aceytlation

Eastern Blot: Analyzes post translational modifications sich as lipids, phosphates, and glycoconjugates

Northern Blot: Used to detect specific RNA molescules among a mixture of RNA

Southern Blot: Used to detect a specific DNA sequences in DNA samples

88
Q

What is the purpose of vasopressin?

A

Vaspressin regulates the fusion of aquaporings with the apical membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells

89
Q

What are endosomes?

A

membrane bound vessicles found in the cytoplasm of every cell

90
Q

Microfilaments are also known as?

A

Actin filaments

91
Q

_______________ are microscopic hollow tubes made of alpha and beta tubulin that are part of a cell’s cytoskeleton that originate from the centrosomes.

A

Microtubules

92
Q

For thermodynamic mixtures of isomeric products, the relative mole rations of the products are?

A

Directly related to the relative stability of the products. For example if a reaction yeilds 60% stereoisomer #1, and 40% stereoisomer 2-stereoisomer 1 is going to be the more stable one.

93
Q

What is an adol condensation?

A

A addition reaction between two aldehydes or two ketones or an aldehyde and a ketone->

Results in a Beta Hydroxy aldehyde or Beta hydroxy ketone

A subsequent dehydration reaction produces a alpha beta unsaturated aldehyde or ketone

94
Q

What is the formula for Electric charge?

A
  • Q=It*
  • Q=*Charge in coulombs
  • I*=Current in Amperes
  • t*=time in seconds
95
Q

What is the formula for friction?

A
  • F=µN*
  • F=*Friction
  • µ=*coefficent of friction
  • N=*normal force
96
Q

If dealing with power, friction and work-what must be the case?

A

Power required must match the work done by the frictional force.

EX: Is there is a decelerating force of 1000N and a constant speek of 40m/s what is the power?

Power=Force x constant speed

Power=1000 x 40

Power =40kW

97
Q

Where should you label with a radioactive label if the molecule is in a water solvent?

A

You would want to label a site that has no lone pairs, because a titruim label (3H) would e exchanged for water due to lone pair-facilitating protination

98
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy that must be provided to compounds to result in a chemical reaction measured in J/mol, KJ/mol or KC/mol

Activation Energy=the activated complex minue the energy of reactants

99
Q

What is chelation?

A

Type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions. Involves the formation or prescense of 2 or more separate cooordinate bonds between a polydentate ligand and single central atom.

Normally forms a 5 membered ring

100
Q

What type of reaction is peptide bond synthesis and what is the byproduct of the reaction?

A

A condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis where a H2O molecule is released as the byproduct

101
Q

What are the requirments to calculate Vo, Km,and Vmax?

A

1) An initial velocity that is measured under steady state conditions
2) A solution pH that remains constant at all substrate concentrations
3) the concentration of the enzyme is lower than the substrate

102
Q

What is acetylation?

A

Organic esterification reaction with acetic acid

103
Q

A Kfad is similar to what?

A

Kcat , essentially stating how fast the reaction is going

A Higher Kfad = faster reaction rate

104
Q

What is a porphyrin?

A

A large ring consisting of 4 pyroles which are smaller rings made from 4 carbons and 1 nitrogen.

Heme is an example of one of these rings

105
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

R=(I/A)P

R=resistance

I=distance

A=Area

P=specific resistance

106
Q

_______________ is inverse to conductivity.

A

Resistance is inverse to conductivity.

107
Q

What is the Equilibrium constant for DNA Unfolding?

A

Keq=(Unfolded)/(Folded)

108
Q

What is the Formula for Delta G?

A

Delta G=-RTlnKeq

109
Q

The _____________ of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propogates.

A

The frequency of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propogates.

110
Q

What is the formula for Volume flow rate?

A

Q=VA

Q=Volumetric flow rate

V=Flow velocity

A=Cross sectional area

111
Q

How do Wavelength, frequency and velocity interact?

A

Gamma=Velocity/Frequency

112
Q

What is the law of mass action?

A

Propsition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentration of the reaction

113
Q

Delta G < 0 means?

A

The reaction is spontaneous

114
Q

If Keq is greater than one, how does this affect delta G?

A

Keq > 1 means Delta G<0 which means the reaction is spontaneous

115
Q

When doing a Ksp for solubility, what do you not include?

A

Any solids in the reaction

116
Q
A

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