Psych/Soc Flashcards Flashcards by Dack Punke

_______________
- smallest magnitude of a stimulus identifiable 50% of the time

Sensory threshold

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- Smallest noticeable change in baseline stimulus

Just noticeable difference (jnd)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ law
- The just noticeable difference between a baseline stimulus level & a new level varies in proportion to the baseline stimulus
- Turning a low sound up 1 db is more noticeable than turning a loud sound up 1db

Webers law

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ theory
- competing stimuli interfere with the ability to identify the presence or absence of a target stimulus

Signal detection theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- under continued or extreme stimulation, sensory receptors undergo physiological changes that affect the degree of sensitivity

Sensory adaptation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ theory
- brain processes sense input in multiple ways at 1 time

Parallel processing theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ system
- complex system integrating many bodily sensations (temperature, touch, proprioception, pain)

Somatosensory system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- awareness of body position

Proprioception

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- identifies body positioning & movement

Kinesthetic sense

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- responsible for balance & orientation

Vestibular system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- registered through chemoreceptors & taste buds

Taste

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- registered through chemoreceptors & olfactory cells

Smell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- excreted chemical compounds that elicit a specific response (species specific)
-EX: mark territories, signal food trails, warn of danger, indicate sexual receptivity, & increase maternal bond

Pheromones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- interpretation of the information received from senses

Perception

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- allows perception of an object in a consistent way

Perceptual constancy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- ability to determine how far away an object is

Depth perception

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- allows perception of visual outlines as constituting an object regardless of changes in size, shape, & environment

Form constancy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- visual cues & vestibular senses determine if an object is moving

Motion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____________ principles
- The brain organizes small bits of information into larger patterns

Gestalt principles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ processing
- using small bits of information to develop a larger picture

Bottom-up processing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ processing
- incorporating experience, knowledge, & expectations to interpret lower-level bits of information

Top-down processing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________
- a state of focused awareness on a given set of stimuli

Attention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____________ attention
- The process of filtering out extraneous stimuli to direct attention onto the object of interest

Selective attention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____________ attention
- placing attention onto more than 1 objects simultaneously such that the attention to each object is diminished

Divided attention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ - the ability to take in, process, store, & retrieve information - development has predictable childhood & adolescent stages

Cognition

_______________ theory - stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational

Piaget’s theory

____________ vs. ____________ - both act on a child’s cognitive development

Environment Heredity

Cognitive changes in _______________ - diminished ability to process information (verbal meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, word fluency, short-term & long-term memory)

Late adulthood

_____________effects cognitive development - cognitive development occurs in a cultural context (influences development, problem-solving abilities, & values)

Culture

_______________ - The mental processes involved in identifying, analyzing, & resolving problems

Problem solving

_______________ - applies learned strategies & intuitive insights to a current problem

Trial & Error

_______________ - uses specific steps that consistently lead to success

Algorithm

_______________ - a highly simplified general rule of thumb - effective if used correctly - ineffective if overgeneralized

Heuristic

__________________ theory - problem solving encompasses current state of affairs, desired state of affairs, & all possible options in between

Problem space theory

_______________ - behaviors that were successful in the past are likely to be repeated even if unsuccessful in a current situation

Law of effect

__________ to effective problem solving - valid strategy applied incorrectly, ineffective strategy, inefficiency, false assumptions, irrelevant information, absence of rational thought, & functional fixedness

Barriers

_______________ - automatic preferences for a specific action - often unconscious - may block rational thoughts

Biases

__________ & ______ can override logic and rational thought processes

Intuition & Emotion

____________ & __________ can result in refusal to abandon a belief in the face of evidence against it

Overconfidence & belief perseverance

_______________ - measurable state of awareness of environment

Alertness

_______________ - reduced sensory perception & muscle tension - contains stages & cycles - dreaming

Sleep

Stages ________ are non-REM sleep Stages ________ is REM sleep

1-4 5

Sleep cycles are stages 1-5 with the 1st cycle being 70-100 mins while subsequent cycles become __________

Longer

True or false Dreaming occur most often during REM sleep while dreaming in non-REM is mostly forgotten

True

_______________ - alertness, physically still, & open to sensing stimuli - multiple benefits

Meditation

_______________ - reduced state of consciousness with increased focus is attention & increased susceptibility to suggestion - multiple therapeutic applications

Hypnosis

_______________ - biological regulation occurring in 24hr cycles - influenced by environments & behavior

Circadian rhythms

_______________ - ability to learn, be flexible in, & adapt to new situations - capacity for abstract thinking

Intelligence

__________ & __________ can both influence intelligence

Heredity & Environment

_______________ - genetic markers in 3 chromosomes - twin studies & adoption studies document influence of heredity

Heredity

_______________ - influences are family of origin, education, economics, race, gender, & academic enrichment - high-quality communication from 0-3yrs & early education programs also have an impact

Environment

IQ score of 70 or lower = ______________ IQ score of 130 or greater = _____________

Intellectual disability or intellectual development disorder Gifted

_______________ - encoding & storage of information to be retrieved later

Memory

_______________ - process by which sensory information is converted into stored memory

Encoding

_______________ - includes sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, & long-term memory - semantic network (web of interrelated facts) or spreading activation (retrieval enhanced with contextual information)

Storage

Retrieval can be from ____________ or ____________

Short term or Long term

Types of retrieval include __________, __________, & __________ (retrieval cues enhance ability to access a memory)

Recall Recognition Relearning

_______________ - pathological memory loss that disrupts functioning

Memory dysfunction

Aging & Memory - forgetfulness especially after age ______ - deficiencies in processing new memories, in binding information in memory, & in retrieval associations

65 years

True or false Procedural & emotionally imprinted memory & semantic knowledge are not affected with aging memory loss

True

_______________ - disruption in brain’s ability to transmit information - development of plaques & tangles - personality changes, cognitive losses, & communication losses - executive, short-term, & long-term memory affected

Alzheimer’s disease

_______________ - memory loss from Thiamine deficiency - primarily due to alcohol abuse - severe morning sickness, dialysis - difficulty learning (memory gaps)

Korsakoff’s syndrome

_______________ - brains flexibility for learning & relearning (throughout life)

Neural plasticity

__________ is the storage of memory __________ involves creation of new neural pathways

Learning Memory

____________________ - new neural pathways become stronger the more they are used which produces an increased potential for pathway to be activated again

Long term potentiation

_______________ - nonpathological memory loss over time

Decay

_______________ - old & new memories interfere with storage and/or retrieval

Interference

_______________ - mind fills in details of a memory (unconscious)

Memory construction

_______________ - the mind tries to identify the source of a memory

Source monitoring error (a source monitoring error occurs when the mind does so incorrectly)

__________ theory - language is learned through observation & imitation, direct instruction, and conditioning

Learning theory

_______________ theory - humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) that accounts for the order in which children learn structure, the mistakes they make, & the ability to generalize grammar rapidly from limited input

Nativist perspective theory

_______________ theory - language development is biological & social and influenced by desire to communicate - children are born with a brain that has the inherent ability to learn language - children learn language socially by conversation with older people

Interactionist theory

True or False Language structure influences world view & perceptions of interactions with others

True

Brain areas that control language & speech - __________ processes language information - __________ is located in the left temporal lobe & enables understanding of spoken words (produces written & spoken language) - __________ is located in the left frontal lobe & directs muscle movement necessary for producing speech - __________ processes written language

Left Hemisphere Wernicke's area Broca's area Angular gyrus

Drug type : ______________ - increase energy & alertness - affect release & reuptake of dopamine-amphetamines, cocaine, Ritalin, caffience, nicotine

Stimulants

Drug type : ______________ - relaxation, reduce anxiety, & sleep aid - memory & judgment impaired - increase GABA's ability to attach to receptor - Alcohol & Benzodiazepines

Depressants

Drug type : ______________ - activate endorphin synapses - morphine, heroin, & opiates

Narcotics

Drug type : ______________ - operate on nervous system - hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, & agitation - PCP, LSD, MDMA

Hallucinogens

Drug type : ______________ - negative feedback receptors of excitatory, inhibitory neurotransmitters

Cannabis

Prenatal physiological development: 3 trimesters - 1st trimester : ___________________________ - 2nd trimester : __________________________ - 3rd trimester : __________________________

1st trimester : cells differentiate & organs develop 2nd trimester : bones & skeleton form, sexual organs visible, hair grows, & fingerprints form 3rd trimester : fetal development toward becoming viable outside the womb

_______________ - Freud - personality determined by interactions between ID (primal drives), ego (moderates ID & superego), & superego (ethical values)

Psychoanalytic

_______________ - people have freedom of choice - subjective world view influences personality development & behavior Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

Humanistic

_______________ - personality features can be identified, measured, & placed on a continuum (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)

Trait

_______________ - we learn by observing the behavior of others - Bandura

Social cognitive

_______________ - impact of brain chemistry on personality - Eysenck, Gray, & Cloninger

Biological

_______________ - interactions between person & environment - a person's thoughts & feelings do not influence personality development - Skinner, Pavlov, & Watson

Behaviorist

_______________ - impairment in behavior, thinking, & mood caused by psychological symptoms - significantly impacts functioning areas of life

Psychological disorder

___________ model - psychological disorder is an illness to be cured - Treatment focuses on biology, physiology, & genetics of the illness

Biomedical model

_______________ model - biological, psychological, & social factors contribute to disorder - risk & resiliency factors incorporated into treatment - treats person in context of environment, psychological, social, biological factors - emphasizes change to entire system

Biopsychosocial model

Types of psychological disorders are categorized based on the ________

DSM-5 "diagnostic & statistical manual for mental disorders - 5th edition"

DSM-5 major categories __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

Anxiety Trauma Obsessive compulsive Somatic symptoms Depression Bipolar Schizophrenia Dissociative Personality disorders

_______________ bases - biology influences development of schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's disease, & Parkinson's disease

Biological bases

Emotions include __________, __________ & __________

physiological behavioral cognitive

Universal Emotions (7) :

Fear Anger Happiness Surprise Joy Disgust Sadness

Biological components of emotion: - __________ regulates emotion & is key role in long-term memory formation - _________ exerts higher-level emotional control & is responsible for delayed gratification and assessing consequences of behaviors - _________ triggers sympathetic nervous system flight-or-fight response

Limbic system Prefrontal cortex Amygdala

The adaptive role of emotion has evolved through ____________ & plays a role in mate selection and response to fearful situations

natural selection

_______________ theory - in response to a stimulus where physiological changes occur before emotional changes

James-Lange theory

_______________ theory - emotion primarily experienced in the thalamic region of the brain - physiologic response occurs either simultaneously or secondarily - emotion response is not a direct result of physical response

Canon-Bard theory

_______________ theory - 2 factor theory - physiological stimulation plays a crucial role in emotion - the emotional response is triggered by perception of & interpretation of physical reaction to an event

Schlatter-Singer theory

Factors that influence motivation are __________, __________, & __________

instinct arousal needs/drives

_______________ - unconscious innate biological behaviors that are genetically programmed

Instinct

_______________ - degree of physical & mental responsiveness to environment

arousal

_______________ - urge to reduce discomfort caused by unmet physiological need

needs/drive

_______________ theory - organism strive to maintain homeostasis - a type of theory of motivation

Drive reduction theory

_______________ theory - motivated by expectations of external reward - a type of theory of motivation

Incentive theory

_______________ theory - motivated to satisfy most-pressing needs - physiological (food or shelter), higher order needs (esteem or love) - a type of theory of motivation

Need-based theory

______________ theory - motivated by thoughts, beliefs, & values - a type of theory of motivation

Cognitive theory

True or false The application of the motivation theories are for treating compulsive behaviors (substance abuse, eating disorders, & sexual compulsions)

True

_______________ - favorable or unfavorable appraisal of another person, group, event, or object - expressed through behavior, emotions, & beliefs

Attitude

The 3 components of attitude are __________, __________, & __________

cognitive (beliefs & ideas) affective (emotion) behavioral

There is a link between __________ & __________ because strong attitudes are more likely to lead to action & certain behaviors influence attitudes and lead to new behaviors (marketing techniques utilize)

attitude & behavior

_______________ - attitudes in conflict cause discomfort - discomfort is resolved by changing attitudes or behavior or by ignoring one of the conflicting attitudes

Cognitive dissonance

_______________ - state of physiological emotional tension due to life circumstances

Stress

_______________ - perspective on a given stressor - can be positive or negative

Appraisal

The outcomes of stress Positive are __________ Negatives are __________

Motivational Inhibit functioning

_______________ - is a response to negative stress - has 3 phases : alarm, resistance, & exhaustion

General adaption syndrome (GAS)

_______________ - groups may arrive at more extreme decisions than each individual member would choose

Group polarization

_______________ - being observed while attempting a task can improve or diminish performance depending on where task is simple, familiar, complex, or novel

Social facilitation

_______________ - people give up identity & norms of behavior when in a group - adopt identity of group, leaving them vulnerable to influence

Deindividuation

_______________ - people act less likely to help in emergency if other are present (thinking someone else will help)

Bystander effect

_______________ - people exert less effort when part of a group than when alone

Social loafing

_______________ - influence that peers exert on a person's behavior - positive or negative - influenced by individual's perceptions which may not be accurate

Peer pressure

_______________ - change in behavior as a result of internal or external conditions - takes place continually

Learning

2 types of learning are ____________ & ____________

Nonassociative & Associative Learning

_______________ Learning - nervous system response is more likely to occur the more it is used - Habituation & Dishabituation

Nonassociative Learning

_______________ Learning - behavior becomes more or less likely to occur if it takes place in proximity to a stimulus that is pleasant or unpleasant - based on conditioning (association of stimuli & behaviors) - Classical & Operant

Associative Learning

Learning can be done through __________ or ____________

Observation or Direct instruction

_______________ - when exposed to a stimulus over time, the response to the stimulus decreases if no reinforcement (Nonassociative learning)

Habituation

_______________ - a response that has been diminished through habituation returns when the stimulus is removed for a period of time & then reintroduced (Nonassociative learning)

Dishabituation

_______________ - repeated exposure to a stimulus makes the response more likely

Sensitization

_______________ - associates neutral stimulus with a response by applying the neutral stimulus 'before' an involuntary reflex (Associative learning)

Classical

_______________ - increases or decreases likelihood of a voluntary behavior by applying reward or punishment 'after' the behavior

Operant

_______________ learning - people learn specific behaviors by observing behaviors of others & practicing - can be positive or negative behaviors

Observational learning

_______________ - brain cells that are activated when an individual sees someone perform an action & reactivated when the individual performs the action - allow people to feel the emotional states of others vicariously (vicarious emotion)

Mirror neurons

_______________ model - attitude change occurs by central route or peripheral route

Elaboration likelihood model

Elaboration likelihood model : _________ route - person is eager to hear message & is capable of interpreting it - allows person to appraise message critically & make a more informed decision

Central route

Elaboration likelihood model : _________ route - little motivation to learn or the topic exceeds cognitive abilities - person focuses on peripheral information & make a more impulsive decision

Peripheral route

____________ theory - motivation is driven by internal factors & external factors, such as observation of others and the expectation of reward

Social cognitive theory

Social cognitive theory ; ________ factors - observes behavior of others & consequences of the behavior ________ factors - uses evaluations to determine whether to imitate behavior

External factors Internal factors

____________ - perception of oneself as an individual & as a member of various social groups based upon self-evaluation and self-schema

Self-Concept

____________ - the aspect of a person's identity that includes the groups with which the person associates with such as family, school, clubs, or political party

Social identity

____________ - expression & conception of self-concept - encompasses values, beliefs, strengths, & weaknesses (which are heavily influenced by interactions with other people & social systems)

Identity

____________ - perception of one's overall value, purpose, ability, & emotional response to self-appraisal - influenced by relationships (ex: primary childhood caregiver)

Self-esteem

____________ - one's sense of having tools & ability to cope with life

Self-efficacy

____________ of control - a perception of whether one controls one's life through inner resources (internal locus) or one is controlled by others (external locus)

Locus of control

____________ - categories of personal & social identity used to describe oneself and connections with others

Identities

Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development (based on primary pleasure zone) : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Oral (0- 18 months) Anal (18 months - 3 years) Phallic (3 - 6 years) Latency (6 years - puberty) Genital (puberty & above)

________________ is a psychoanalytic theory that describes a child's feelings of desire for their opposite-sex parent & jealousy and anger toward their same-sex parent

Oedipus complex (found in phallic stage in psychosexual development)

Erickson's 8 stages of psychosocial development (individual must resolve certain development tasks in a specific order) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Trust vs. Mistrust (0 - 18 months) Autonomy vs. Shame (18 months - 3yrs) Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 5 years) Industry vs. Inferiority (5 - 12 years) Identity vs. Role confusion (13 - 19 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 - 39 years) Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 - 64 years) Ego integrity vs. Despair (65 - death)

____________ - cognitive framework for organizing & interpreting information

Schema

Adaptation - learning of skills necessary to adjust to the world - __________ : processing of new info through existing schema - __________ : adjustment to schema in dace of new info that cannot be assimilated by old schema

Assimilation Accommodation

____________ - desired internal state when schema is successful

Equilibrium

Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development 1. 2. 3. 4.

Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Pre-operational thought (2-7 years) Concrete Operational (7-12 years) Formal Operational (12-16 years)

True or False Piaget's stages end at Adolescence unlike Erickson's which continue through life

True

Piaget's Cognitive Development stage: __________ - awareness of use of senses to understand world - object permanence (object continues to exist when unseen) - goal-directed behavior

Sensorimotor

Piaget's Cognitive Development stage: __________ - thinking symbolically about objects/people not present - Skills include classification (similarities/differences), seriation (organize in order), & conservation (size unchanged but shape changes) - Obstacles include egocentrism (inability to understand perspective of others) & centration (focus on single aspect of a situation due to inability to see multiple aspects)

Pre-operational thought

Piaget's Cognitive Development stage: __________ - logical thinking - concrete thought but not abstract thought

Concrete Operational

Piaget's Cognitive Development stage: __________ - abstract thought - higher order reasoning

Formal Operational

____________ of identity development - identity formation influenced by social environment, culture, biology, motivation, parental attachment, & judgment

Social Factors

____________ theory of sociocultural development - sociocultural factors determine the direction of personality development & knowledge acquisition

Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development

The most significant influence in sociocultural development is social interaction with __________, _________, & other adults

Parents & Teachers

True of False The use of language is important in the developmental process in sociocultural development

True

__________ theory - assigning explanations for behavior to contextualize

Attribution theory

__________________ - ascribing internal characteristics to explain behavior of others rather than considering external explanations - internal explanations like "stupid" or "inept"

Fundamental attribution error

Perceptions & beliefs about ourselves influence ____________ we make about others

Attributions

If we believe a person's behavior is caused by environmental factors rather than by a personality trait then we tend to believe the person is (less OR more) likely to repeat the behavior

Less

_________________ - can lead to misassumptions about reasons for actions of people from other cultures - due to stereotypes or misunderstanding cultural expressions

Cultural differences

____________ - negative opinion about a group based solely on discernable characteristics including race, gender, age, sexuality, or religious beliefs

Prejudice

____________ - preference for a certain standpoint (as opposed to deeply help belief) - bias inclines an individual toward certain behaviors or attitudes

Bias

____________ - a commonly held generalization about a group of people

Stereotype

____________ - sociologist Robert Merton defined this as a "false definition of the situation evoking a new behavior which makes the original false conception come true"

Self-fulfilling prophecy

_________________ - apprehension experienced by individuals who fear that their behavior or performance will confirm a negative stereotype about their social group

Stereotype threat

Culture & gender determine who can express specific _________ and when & which are acceptable

Feelings (emotions)

____________ - social interactions guided by innate desire to leave a positive impression on other people - individuals & social groups continually try to influence other people's perceptions by choosing what info to share with others

Impression management

____________ communication - based on a language system (grammatical rules) - includes spoken, written, & signed language

Verbal communication (linguistic)

____________ communication - not based on grammatical rules & conveys meaning through gestures, face, eye contact, posture, tone of voice, and touch

Nonverbal communication

____________ communication - less able to convey complexities - primates & other animals able to understand some abstract vocabulary - maintains social connections

Animal communication

____________ - positive feelings held toward another & desire to be with another

Attraction

____________ - behavior that threatens or causes physical and emotional harm - verbal, physical, & psychological - instrumental (achieve goal) & hostile (response to provocation)

Aggression

____________ - extended long term bond between individuals - feel need for being with each other - separation results in anxiety

Attachment

____________ - acting to benefit another regardless of consequences to self

Alturism

____________ - network of family, friends, health care providers, & community resources that are essential to one's physical and emotional health

Social support

3 types of support : __________, __________, & __________

Emotional, Material, & Appraisal

____________ - conservative theoretical approach - sees society as a harmoniously functioning whole with constituent parts working together to maintain societal equilibrium - compares society to a living organism with its various parts functioning like biological systems to maintain society's existence

Functionalism

____________ theory - views society as composed of 2 competing categories of people (those with power & those without power) - postulates that conflict in society is generated by the powerful working to maintain their societal advantage while the powerless strive to acquire power - unique among sociological paradigms in that it advocates for a sociologist's active role in bringing about social equality

Conflict theory

____________ - microlevel perspective focusing on interactions among individuals - believes that the interactions among individuals shape society - focuses on the symbols people use to interact with others & how these symbols are interpreted - people are considered active participants in interactions

symbolic interactionalism

____________ - believes that social reality is defined by the way individuals relate to that reality rather than by objective criteria (social construction of reality) - EX: a coins meaning is defined by individuals agreeing that the coin has worth rather than by the coins metallic value

Social constructionism

____________ - learned behaviors shared by a people

Culture

____________ Culture - physical objects created by society's members

Material Culture

____________ Culture - nonmaterial elements of culture - symbols, language, values, beliefs, norms, & rituals

Symbolic Culture

____________ - objects, images, sounds, or actions that are associated with a meaning

Symbols

____________ - a system of symbols that convey highly complex meanings

Language

____________ - broad standards that define qualities important to a society

Values

____________ - specific shared notions about what is true or false

Beliefs

____________ - rules & regulations that guide the behaviors of society's members

Norms

____________ - deal with moral issues & have strong societal support

____________ - have weaker support & carry less severe punishments for violators

Folkways

____________ - established patterns of formal behavior conducted on special occasions

Rituals

____________ - segments of society that share a set of value different from those of the wider society - the most significant are based on factors like ethnicity, national origin, religion, or language - others are based on interests or hobbies

Subcultures

____________ - the process by which members of a subculture take on the characteristics of the dominant culture - can help members of a subculture avoid prejudice & discrimination but at the cost of losing their cultural heritage & self-esteem

Assimilation

____________ - an appreciation of cultural diversity - reduces the pressure for members of subcultures to assimilate

Multiculturalism

____________ - the life long process through which cultural values, beliefs, & norms are transmitted across generations

Socialization

Agents of ____________ - Family, School, Peer group, Mass media, & Workplace

Agents of socialization

____________ - performing actions that depart from & violate cultural norms - labeling behavior or person as deviant affirms society's values & norms

Deviance

Punishments for violating cultural norms are mechanisms for ____________ (the way in which society attempts to regulate the behaviors of its members)

social control

____________ - a strongly negative label that society associates with an individual - acquired when deviant behavior is persistent - changes the individuals self-concept & social identity - stigmatized people may internalize negative label & become socially isolated

Stigma

____________ - the process by which individuals modify their behavior in direct response to the influence of another person or group

Conformity

____________ social influence - individual's behavior, appearance, beliefs, and/or values are influenced by the desire to act like others & be accepted - most pronounced when group is important to individual (strength), when group is close in space & time (immediacy), or when there is a large number of people in the group (number)

Normative social influence

____________ social influence - individual is unsure how to act in a particular situation - relies on info gained by observing others in similar situations

Informational social influence

____________ - compliance with other people's demands - driven by a need to please others - most people have been socialized to defer to authorities, experts, or other people in power positions to avoid punishment, embarrassment, or rejection

Obedience

____________ - major areas of social life that meet or attempt to meet the needs of society's members

Social institutions

____________ - a social institution that transfers society's knowledge to its members - the quality received by a person is affected by factors such as class, race, ethnicity, & gender

Education

_______ & _______ institutions - serve to maintain the health & well-being of the members of a society - different societies set different standard for acceptable health

Health & medical institutions

The primary focus of _________ is meeting spiritual needs of society's members

religion

___________ separates the sacred from the profane (ordinary or mundane)

Religion

The __________ is considered the basic unit of society

Family

The __________ family plays a greater role in pre-industrialized societies than in industrialized ones "includes parents, children, & kin"

extended family

The __________ family plays a greater role in industrialized societies - functionalists see the family as the backbone of society because of the family's socialization & supportive functions - conflict theory sees the family as the agent for perpetuating class, race, ethnic, & gender inequality "1 or 2 parents & the children"

Nuclear Family

____________ - functions to assign authority & guide society as a whole

Government

The __________ serves to regulate the production, distribution, & consumption of society's goods/services

economy

True or False Government & economy are closely related and particular forms of government ten to coexist with specific economic systems (monarchy with feudalism, democracy with capitalism, & communism with socialism)

True

____________ - the exchange of actions among people in a society

Social interaction

____________ - the social position that a person holds in a society

Status

____________ - includes all of the status positions held by a particular person (professor bing middle aged being a parent & a coach)

Status set

____________ - includes status that is given to a person at birth or later in life through little or no effort by that person

Ascribed status

____________ - is voluntarily acquired through a person's effort or lack of effort - also a person's occupation

Achieved status

____________ - the expected behavior that is attached to a status

Role

____________ - the various roles of a single status

role set

____________ - the conflict between roles of a single status

role strain

____________ - tension between roles of different statuses

role conflict

____________ - 2 or more people who interact with & feel connected to each other

Social group

____________ group - characterized by close personal relationships - interactions are ends in themselves & not means to another end (ex: family or peer group)

Primary group

____________ group - large group composed of impersonal relationships - centered around a focused activity - interactions are guided toward specific goals (ex: students in the same school & coworkers at a company)

Secondary group

____________ - loose associations of people that often comprise many people over great distances

Network

____________ - large secondary groups characterized by bureaucracy

Organizations

____________ - model of organizations emphasizing rationality, hierarchy, specialization of skills, & impersonal rules and regulations

Bureaucracy

____________ - statistical study of the characteristics of human populations - ex: age, sex, race, immigrants, & ethnicity

Demography

_________________ theory - links societal transitions to technological changes - pre-industrialization, industrialization, & post-industrialization

Demographic transition theory

____________ - populations remain constant - high birth rates (need for labor) & high death rates (low living standards)

Pre-industrialization

____________ - population explosion - decreased death rates (higher living standards) & birth rates remain high - as it matures the birth & death rates fall due to medical advancements so only a steady growth in population

Industrialization

____________ - slow population growth - birth rates fall & death rates constant

Post-industrialization

____________ - the number of births in a given population

Fertility

____________ - the number of deaths in a given population

Mortality

____________ - the movement of people 'into' a society's land

Immigration

____________ - the movement of people 'out' of a society's land

Emigration

____________ - collective push for social change or to maintain the status quo - can culminate in war which lowers population due to fatalities & emigration

Social movement

____________ - overall tendency for social processes to become increasingly more global & less territorial - expected to expand in the foreseeable future

Globalization

____________ - movement of people from rural areas to urban areas - most advanced in developed countries but a strong trend in developing countries - economics is affected by the excess of labor in the cities - environment is affected by large paved land areas, lack of vegetation, & concentrated pollution from industry and transportation

Urbanization

____________ - differences between layers of society distinguished by status, economics, power, & politics

Social stratification

__________, __________, & __________ determine the extent to which people can maintain or improve their situation

Class, status, & power

____________ - economic division between upper, middle, & lower income people

Class

____________ - not necessarily based on wealth but on how others view one - can be achieved by actions or through reputation - in some societies it is primarily inherited

Status

____________ - the ability to manipulate elements of society to one's benefit - some may achieve this without class standing or status, through their own actions

Power

____________ - the cultural qualities that are valuable in improving social standing - ex : education, intelligence, manner of dress, & manner of speech

Cultural Capital

____________ - the social connections established by a person on which the person can draw to improve social standing

Social Capital

____________ - the phenomenon in which social standing is preserved from one generation to the next - both high & low standing are preserved through social reproduction - responsible for the perpetuation of social inequality

Social reproduction

____________ - the phenomenon in which some people have access to certain societal benefits through ascribed characteristics such as gender, race, & age - granted through the values of others rather than earned - people who benefit through their own actions & may not understand why others without it have not

Privilege

____________ - the respect granted to someone because of their status, class, or power - may or may not correlate with a person's actions or attributes

Prestige

True or False Analyses of intersections with race, gender, & age reveal that the dynamics that result in class, power, & status in a society do not apply in the same way to all people

True

____________ - the ability to move from 1 class or status to another - can be downward or upward - may or may not reflect a particular person's abilities & skills

Social mobility

____________ - changes in status that take place from 1 generation to the next - can be improved by programs that support young children of lower-class families

Intergenerational mobility

____________ - changes in status that occur within 1 generation - correlated with an individual's efforts & support programs aimed at adults - legislation can support it by removing discriminatory laws

Intragenerational mobility

____________ - improved status

Upward mobility

____________ - decreased status - a pervasive pattern of downward mobility for a group of people indicates that significant negative societal forces are acting on that group

Downward mobility

____________ - the belief that people should benefit in proportion to their merits (abilities, skills, productivity, intelligence, & talent) - stands in opposition to the belief that certain people are entitled to power or status by virtue of belonging to certain groups or heredity) - favors upward mobility of oppressed groups (although members of those groups may need support to develop merits) - discrimination prevents people from access to developing merits

Meritocracy

True or False Few if any societies can avoid having an impoverished class (affects the quality of life of middle & upper-class people)

True

____________ - lack of basic necessities of life (food, clothing, shelter, & health care)

Absolute poverty

____________ - lack of material wealth in relation to the average material wealth in a given society - people may have basic necessities but cannot live as well as other in the society

Relative poverty

____________ - the process by which certain groups are excluded from access to goods or services available to others - keeps certain groups separate from mainstream society (segregation) - simultaneously forces those groups into their own closed society (isolation)

Social exclusion

____________ discrimination - acts of discrimination committed by individuals

individual discrimination

____________ discrimination - discrimination built into the structure of many institutions including governmental, economic, religious, & educational institutional - difficult to exchange because of inflexibility of institutional structures

Institutional discrimination

____________ - discriminatory access to products/services based on location - groups kept physically isolated by social exclusion may not have access to resources that people living in mainstream communities have

Spatial inequality

____________ - certain groups are restricted in the areas in which they may live - in the US, this occurs primarily because of discriminatory housing practices on the part of property owners

Residential segregation

Segregated neighborhoods may not have the power to protect themselves from __________

pollution (environmental inequality)

____________ - entire regions of the world lack adequate access to education, employment, health care, & basic necessities

Global inequalities

____________ - primarily due to effects of discrimination & resulting lower socioeconomic status - not due to racial characteristics - significant differences among different racial groups in incidence of obesity, diabetes, stroke, heart disease, & cancer

Racial health disparities

____________ - women tend to live longer than men - women have less access to health care - men are more likely to suffer from accidents & violence

Gender health disparities

____________ - are related to socioeconomic status - upper class has more & faster access to health care and better heath education

Class health disparities

True or false The same forces that create health disparities also affect access to health care

True

True or False A woman's access to health care correlates to some extent with the attitudes of her family & community (more restrictive views of women's roles may reduce access to health care & women may be less able to afford health care because of unequal income)

True