Physics

Question 1

_______________
- measured in units (m, kg, s, K…)
- like numbers they can cancel out, be squared, & so on…

Answer 1

Quantities

Question 2

_______________ quantities
- have magnitude only

Answer 2

Scalar quantities

Question 3

_______________ quantities
- have both magnitude & direction

Answer 3

Vector quantities

Question 4

True or false:
Mass is a scalar. Weight is a vector because it is a force & has both magnitude & direction

Answer 4

True

Question 5

_______________
- (linear) motion is a net displacement of either a point mass or all parts of a body moving along parallel lines (or arcs)

Answer 5

Translational

Question 6

_______________
- occurs in response to forces acting through the object center of mass (even though the force may actually be off-center)

Answer 6

Linear acceleration

Question 7

_______________
- motion is circular about an axis with no net displacement

Answer 7

Rotational motion

Question 8

_______________
- a vector
- refers to net movement in 1 or more dimensions
- shortest distance between initial & final position (may be different from total distance traveled)

Answer 8

Displacement

Question 9

____________ measures displacement over time

Answer 9

Velocity

Question 10

____________ measures distance traveled over time

Answer 10

Speed

Question 11

Speed is ____________ because direction is unimportant

Answer 11

Scalar

Question 12

Velocity is a ____________ because direction is important

Answer 12

Velocity

Question 13

____________ velocity can be derived by calculus for very short time intervals

Answer 13

Instantaneous velocity

Question 14

_________________
- to add 2 vectors graphically, place the tail of 1 vector at the tip of the other, maintaining the original orientations.

Answer 14

Graphic addition

Question 15

__________ quantities can also be subtracted and multiplied to generate dot & cross products

Answer 15

Vector

Question 16

_______________
- change in velocity per unit time

Answer 16

Acceleration

Question 17

_______________
- A push or pull on a body
- It can act at a distance or through contact with the body

Answer 17

Force

Question 18

_______________
- exists when a body is at rest or moving at a constant velocity
- Net external forces are equal to zero

Answer 18

Equilibrium

Question 19

_______________
- objects continue to do what they have been doing, either being at rest, or moving in a straight line at constant velocity (unless acted on by external unbalanced forces)

Answer 19

Newtons first law

Question 20

_______________
- resistance to change
- Quantified mass

Answer 20

Inertia

Question 21

An object will not rotate or does so at constant angular velocity, unless acted on by ___________

Answer 21

Torque (also called a moment)

Question 22

True or false
Forces are always vector quantities

Answer 22

True

Question 23

_______________
- if a body is not in equilibrium, it must be accelerating due to the action of one or more unbalanced forces

Answer 23

Newtons second law

Question 24

_______________
- forces exist in pairs
- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
- If object A exerts a force on object B then object B exerts an equal & opposite force on object A

Answer 24

Newtons third law

Question 25

True or false To analyze motion, all forces and any related torques must be considered

Answer 25

True

Question 26

If force is applied at an angle other than 90 degrees then torque is ____________

Answer 26

Reduced

Question 27

Forces applied to a rigid body some distance from the axis of rotation causes rotation about the axis or the tendency to rotate called ____________

Answer 27

Torque

Question 28

If not rotating or velocity is constant then the net sum of all torques must be __________

Answer 28

Zero

Question 29

If a torque is applied on an unconstrained body then it rotates around the _______________

Answer 29

Center of mass

Question 30

True or false In some cases the center of mass is not found on the physical body

Answer 30

True

Question 31

When 2 bodies are in contact then the ____________ is the component perpendicular to the surfaces in contact

Answer 31

Normal force

Question 32

Molecular interactions between 2 surfaces results in ____________

Answer 32

Friction force

Question 33

The magnitude of ____________ depends on the normal force and a constant coefficient of friction “ų” unique to the 2 materials (“ų” varies between 0-1 in most cases but can be larger & size of the area of contact is not important)

Answer 33

Frictional force

Question 34

True or false Frictional forces always oppose motion

Answer 34

True

Question 35

_______________ - can be converted from 1 form to another & transferred from 1 object to another, but cannot be created or lost - A scalar quantity - many forms (chemical, nuclear, electromagnetic, elastic, gravitational)

Answer 35

Energy

Question 36

The total of ___________ & ____________ is mechanical energy

Answer 36

Kinetic energy Potential energy

Question 37

_______________ - The energy of motion 1/2mv^2

Answer 37

Kinetic energy

Question 38

_______________ - Energy associated with position - Maybe within a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field or from intermolecular forces

Answer 38

Potential energy

Question 39

_______________ - The rate at which work is done

Answer 39

Power

Question 40

_______________ - result of a force acting on a body such that there is a displacement in the direction of the force - Measured in Joules

Answer 40

Work

Question 41

When force is constant, ____________ equals force times displacement - The product of the 2 vectors (force & displacement) count, only the displacement in the direction of the force & equals F•xcosθ (θ is the angle between the vectors)

Answer 41

Work

Question 42

Simple machines either change the direction or magnitude of an applied __________

Answer 42

Force

Question 43

True or false If the magnitude of the force has changed, then the result is a mechanical advantage. The ratio of the output force to the input force equals the mechanical advantage. Mechanical advantage = F(out) / F(in)

Answer 43

True

Question 44

_______________ theorem - The amount of work done on an object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the object

Answer 44

Work Kinetic energy theorem

Question 45

_______________ - forces that conserve mechanical energy (KE & PE) - gravity, electrostatic force, & spring force (all store energy) - work done on an object depends only the initial & final positions (not on the path taken to get there) - loops —> no work done by the conservative force (net movement is 0)

Answer 45

Conservative forces

Question 46

_______________ - friction, viscous force like air resistance, & magnetic force - Result in some energy lost (heat, sound, or wakes) - Vary with velocity & result in energy loss by the object on which the force is acting

Answer 46

Nonconservative forces

Question 47

True or false When a body is acted on by both conservative & nonconservative forces, then the work done by the nonconservative force equals the change in kinetic energy plus change in potential energy

Answer 47

True

Question 48

_______________ - The kinetic energy of molecular motion - Measured in calories

Answer 48

Heat

Question 49

3 mechanisms of heat transfer ____________ ____________ ____________

Answer 49

Conduction Convection Radiation

Question 50

_______________ - A form of heat transfer that requires physical contact and resembles chemical diffusion - Greater thermal energy of motion in one body is conveyed to a second body via molecular collisions

Answer 50

Conduction

Question 51

_______________ - A form of heat transfer in which movement of a fluid can transport heat energy - Maybe forced or natural

Answer 51

Convection

Question 52

_______________ - form of heat transfer unique because no medium is necessary - Heat can travel vast distances through space in the form of electromagnetic waves

Answer 52

Radiation

Question 53

________ motion - Repeats a regular cycle (1 cycle = 360°) - Oscillations occur around an equilibrium position (rest) - Can be described by a sine function

Answer 53

Periodic motion

Question 54

_______________ - cycles per second - Reciprocal of a period

Answer 54

Frequency

Question 55

_______________ - maximum distance traveled from the rest position in periodic motion

Answer 55

Amplitude

Question 56

_______________ - distance between a point & corresponding point in next cycle

Answer 56

Wavelength

Question 57

_______________ - Location in the 360° cycle

Answer 57

Phase

Question 58

Colliding waves - when 2 peaks coincide the amplitudes sum causing ____________ interference - When a trough coincides with a peak the amplitude cancel causing __________ interference

Answer 58

Constructive interference Destructive interference

Question 59

_______________ - periodic motion that has transport energy

Answer 59

Waves

Question 60

_______________ - The speed at which the disturbance is transmitted

Answer 60

Propagation velocity

Question 61

True or false: Most waves require a physical medium. Light is unusual in that it does not. Properties of the medium, determined speed but not period, frequency, or amplitude

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Mechanical waves can be generated & propagated in deformable materials. 2 types of waves : _______________ & ______________

Answer 62

Transverse Longitudinal

Question 63

______________ waves - wavelike motion occurs in a direction at right angles to the direction of the wave - the disturbance is propagated along the length carrying energy & momentum horizontally

Answer 63

Transverse

Question 64

_______________ waves - aka compression waves - movement of the wave & the individual parts of the object is in the same or opposite direction

Answer 64

Longitudinal waves

Question 65

True or false in air, the sound wave is produced by the back-and-forth motion of individual air molecules moving in the direction of the wave

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Sound is a longitudinal wave where pressure variations called ____________ & ___________ are transmitted outward radially from the source

Answer 66

Compressions Rarefactions

Question 67

Longitudinal waves are often generated by ____________ vibrations of a solid body which impresses those vibrations on the air molecules

Answer 67

Mechanical

Question 68

_______________ - the perception of frequency

Answer 68

Pitch

Question 69

_______________ - beyond 20,000 Hz - used for medical imaging

Answer 69

Ultrasound

Question 70

True or false Sound requires a medium such as air & it cannot be transmitted in a vacuum

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Speed of sound is slowest in ________ (340m/s) , higher in ________ (1,500m/s) , & highest in ________ (5,000m/s)

Answer 71

Gases Liquids Solids

Question 72

Why does the sound travel faster in solids & liquids when compared to gases?

Answer 72

The particles are closer so energy is transmitted more quickly

Question 73

When sound moves from 1 medium to another, some energy is reflected backward which can be used to visualize structures - most significant when it’s between solid & liquid because almost all of the sound echoes off the boundary - the difference in density between the 2 media determines the extent of reflection _______________ imaging utilizes these concepts

Answer 73

Ultrasound

Question 74

_______________ - When an object moves as fast or faster than sound then it causes an abrupt disturbance in the medium (sonic boom)

Answer 74

Shock wave

Question 75

_______________ - When sound travels through a medium, the viscosity of the medium result in energy losses (friction) - As more energy is lost, the sound becomes fainter

Answer 75

Attenuation - different materials have different degrees of attenuation - attenuation varies with frequency (longer wavelengths lose less energy) - attenuation is a specific type of damping (when objects oscillate to & fro then frictional losses cause an exponential decay in amplitude with time)

Question 76

_______________ - if a longitudinal wave is propagated down an air-filled pipe then the wave is reflected like waves on a stretched string —> standing waves in the pipe

Answer 76

Resonance

Question 77

The lowest tone an instrument can make is the ____________ frequency ____________ have higher frequencies (integral multiples of the fundamental)

Answer 77

Fundamental Harmonics

Question 78

Sound has 2 different measures of power ____________ ____________

Answer 78

Total power (radiating from the source) Intensity (power per unit area at given distance that can be absolute or relative)

Question 79

_______________ - quantify sound intensity - a logarithmic scale comparing sounds to the faintest sound a human can detect

Answer 79

Decibels - a 100x increase in intensity —> 20 dB increase - the perception of intensity is not the same as the actual intensity & a 10x increase in intensity is perceived as being 2x as loud

Question 80

_____________ effect - the apparent increase or decrease in frequency when the source & observer are moving toward or away from each other - observer & source move closer then the apparent frequency rises - observer & source move apart then the apparent frequency drops

Answer 80

Doppler effect

Question 81

_______________ - include both liquids & gases - molecules are free to move with respect to one another (not constrained)

Answer 81

Fluids

Question 82

_______________ - a measure of how much matter is packed into a given volume (mass/volume) - indirectly proportional to the cube of the distance between molecules (more distance between molecules means less dense)

Answer 82

Density

Question 83

_______________ - a ratio comparing density of a substance to that of water (1.000) - no units

Answer 83

Specific gravity - if denser than water then SG >1.000 - if less dense than water then SG <1.000

Question 84

_______________ - force directed upward on a body due to displacement of fluid

Answer 84

Buoyancy

Question 85

_______________ principle - a body immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced - net force in a body is the difference between gravity & buoyancy

Answer 85

Archimedes principle

Question 86

If buoyancy force > weight then the object __________ If buoyancy force < weight then the object __________ If buoyancy force = weight then the object _________

Answer 86

Floats Sinks Suspends

Question 87

_______________ pressure - in a fluid at rest, the force exerted per unit area - pressure increases only with depth (h) - units of pressure are N/m^2 or cm H2O or mmHg

Answer 87

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 88

_____________ law - an increase in pressure in a confined fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that there is an equal increase everywhere - Ex : car brakes apply a force over a small area that communicates via fluid to a much larger area

Answer 88

Pascals law

Question 89

_______________ - movement of a fluid from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure - measured in units of volume per units time - analogous to electric current in a circuit or diffusion down a chemical gradient

Answer 89

Flow

Question 90

_______________ - when flow occurs within a closed system & the fluid is incompressible, the flow is continuous and equal to the velocity times the surface area (A x v) - A x v is constant at all points along the pipe

Answer 90

Continuity constant

Question 91

Velocity of flow varies inversely with the square of the __________

Answer 91

Radius

Question 92

Kinetic energy associated with such flow varies by increasing with the square of ________

Answer 92

Velocity

Question 93

_______________ - A measure of the degree of internal friction in a fluid - Stickiness - Measured in units of force x time/area - SI Unit : Poise

Answer 93

Viscosity

Question 94

_______________ law - The rate of laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube

Answer 94

Poiseuille’s law

Question 95

Flow can be __________ or _________

Answer 95

Laminar or turbulent

Question 96

_____________ flow - moving in an orderly way such that the fluid moves in parallel streams without any mixing sideways - The most efficient type of flow

Answer 96

Laminar flow

Question 97

_____________ flow - breakdown of orderly flow - a chaotic situation in which some motion occurs sideways or backward relative to the main flow - frictional resistance increases along with noise (sign of energy loss)

Answer 97

Turbulent flow

Question 98

A (narrowing OR widening) of diameter causes an increase in velocity, which often leads to turbulence (bronchoconstriction leads to wheezing during asthma attack)

Answer 98

Narrowing

Question 99

True or false Flow, Pressure, & Resistance are related

Answer 99

True

Question 100

For Laminar Flow in a pipe the _______________ is determined by length, radius, & viscosity

Answer 100

Resistance

Question 101

Which is more efficient, laminar flow or turbulent flow?

Answer 101

Laminar Flow

Question 102

For Flow, the __________ is the most significant factor which varies inversely with the Fourth Power (so halving it will lead to a 16-fold increase in resistance)

Answer 102

Radius

Question 103

______________ - a force existing at the interface of 2 static fluids (air & water) - due to strong cohesive forces in the water - forces near the surface are not symmetrically cancelled & they create an inward pull like a stretched rubber sheet that seeks to minimize surface area

Answer 103

Surface tension

Question 104

_______________ - generalized law of surface tension - applied in physiology when a thin-walled cylindrical or spherical structure with a radius is subjected to a distending pressure - EX: an enlarged heart must either become stiffer by developing greater wall tension or become thicker to support the same pressure

Answer 104

Law of Laplace

Question 105

_______________ - uses conservation of mass & energy in a flow to relate conversion from potential energy (static pressure) to kinetic energy (dynamic pressure) - total energy conserved is the sum of potential energy (hydrostatic) & kinetic energy throughout the system - assumes laminar nonviscous flow

Answer 105

Bernoullis equation

Question 106

The pressure that moves a fluid is a form of __________ energy & as velocity of flow changes (KE) then the pressure changes (PE)

Answer 106

Potential energy

Question 107

In (vertical OR horizontal) differences, Bernoullis law includes an additional hydrostatic pressure term (pgh) where h is the height of the column to a column reference

Answer 107

Vertical

Question 108

_______________ effect - as a fluid passes through a constriction then the pressure decreases & velocity increases - this effect is exploited in a variety of devices (pitot tube, respiratory masks, flow meters, laboratory aspirator) - explains lift of an airfoil

Answer 108

Venturi effect

Question 109

_______________ - assumes gas molecules are ideal - relates macroscopic properties (temp, volume, specific heat, viscosity) to microscopic scale (atoms colliding with one another & with walls of container) - at a given temp then the velocities of individual gas molecules vary widely

Answer 109

Kinetic molecular theory of gases

Question 110

The _______________ constant = R/n - R = gas constant - n = Avogadros number

Answer 110

Boltzmann constant

Question 111

True or false Kinetic molecular theory of gases assumes molecules are free to roam randomly in space and are monoatomic but more complex molecules have more ways to express KE (rotation or vibration)

Answer 111

True

Question 112

Kinetic molecular theory predicts that an increase in temperature should __________ the heat energy of a gas

Answer 112

Increase

Question 113

An increase in temperature leads to a (increase OR decrease) in pressure, in volume, or both

Answer 113

Increase

Question 114

Keeping either pressure or volume constant results in (same OR different) heat capacities

Answer 114

Different

Question 115

Heat capacities are indicated by the subscripts Cv for volume & Cp for pressure, so because work is done when we allow volume to expand then Cp (> or <) than Cv

Answer 115

Cp > Cv

Question 116

The ratio of Cp to Cv is called the _______________ ratio symbolized by y

Answer 116

Heat capacity ratio

Question 117

_______________ - solids expand with increasing heat - increased kinetic energy (temp) allows bonds between atoms to be stretched more

Answer 117

Thermal expansion

Question 118

The coefficient of _______________ - can be measured in one, two, or three dimensions - denoted by α - Materials with stronger intermolecular bonding resist the effects of heating & have smaller α

Answer 118

Coefficient of thermal expansion

Question 119

A charged particle’s charge experiences a force in the presence of an ______________ field

Answer 119

Electromagnetic field

Question 120

1 Coulomb = charge on _____ x 10^ __ electrons

Answer 120

6.25 x10^18 electrons

Question 121

_______________ - material that allows electrons to move through it easily

Answer 121

Conductor

Question 122

_______________ - material that does not allow electrons to move through it easily

Answer 122

Insulator

Question 123

_______________ law - relates to electrostatic force between charged objects - Force acts on the line between 2 charges (q1 & q2)

Answer 123

Coulomb’s law

Question 124

Coulomb constant (1/4πε0) = _____ x10^__ N•m^2/C^2

Answer 124

9.0x10^9

Question 125

_______________ - region around a charged particle in which another charged particle experiences the force from the first - depicted by lines with arrows showing the direction of the field - Strength represented by the density of the lines of force - Field lines never cross each other (start at positive charges & end at negative charges)

Answer 125

Electric field

Question 126

True or false Fields from individual charges can be added to calculate the overall charge

Answer 126

True

Question 127

______________ - The energy associated with a charged particle at a given position within an electric field - its scalar - Unit is the volt (V) which is equal to joule per coulomb or work per unit of charge

Answer 127

Electric potential

Question 128

_______________ - The work to move a unit positive charge between points

Answer 128

Potential difference

Question 129

_______________ - A charge on one object influences charges on nearby conductive objects resulting in an attractive force due to charge redistribution) - subsequent grounding can cause a permanent charge to be placed onto the object - Even insulators are subject to it, leading to creation of induced dipoles

Answer 129

Induction

Question 130

In contrast to electric charges that are static, the charges that move result in a _____________

Answer 130

Magnetic field

Question 131

Magnetic unit is the __________

Answer 131

Tesla

Question 132

Intensity of the magnetic field is the __________

Answer 132

Weber

Question 133

A magnetic field exerts a force on other moving charges & this force is known as the ____________ force - direction of the force is denoted by the right-hand rule for cross products - force on a negative charge has the opposite direction

Answer 133

Lorentz force

Question 134

_______________ - displays both wave & particle properties - travels at the speed of light in a vacuum - oscillating electric & magnetic fields (perpendicular to each other & direction of propagation)

Answer 134

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 135

_______________ - The flow of charge - denoted i - measured in Amps (A) - flow is opposite to direction of electron flow (conventional)

Answer 135

Current

Question 136

_______________ - The ability of a battery to do work on a charge passing through - measured in volts - a 12-volt battery can perform 12 joules of work on each coulomb of charges passing through it

Answer 136

Electromotive Force (EMF)

Question 137

_______________ - a measure of the work that can be performed in the charges paying through the load - V = Joules/Coulomb

Answer 137

Voltage

Question 138

_______________ - degree to which the movement of charge carriers is inhibited - denoted by R - unit is Ohm = 1 volt per ampere

Answer 138

Resistance

Question 139

_______________ - V = IR

Answer 139

Ohm’s law

Question 140

Resistors in ____________ R = R1 + R2 …..

Answer 140

Series

Question 141

Resistors in ____________ 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 …..

Answer 141

Parallel

Question 142

_______________ - similar to resistance but independent of dimensions - unit is ohm•meter - analogous to fluid flow in a pipe

Answer 142

Resistivity

Question 143

_______________ - ability to store charge - denoted by C - amount of charge that can be stored per volt of potential difference between surfaces - unit is farad (1F = 1 coulomb/volt)

Answer 143

Capacitance

Question 144

_______________ - an arrangement of conducting surfaces on which charge can be stored

Answer 144

Capacitor

Question 145

____________ - material between metallic sheets of capacitor that increases capacitance (has an effective permittivity greater than free space)

Answer 145

Dielectric

Question 146

Capacitors in ________ add reciprocally

Answer 146

Series

Question 147

Capacitors in ____________ add linearly

Answer 147

Parallel

Question 148

In a resistor-capacitor circuit (RC) the capacitor (decreases OR increases) in charge exponentially

Answer 148

Decreases - exponential decay so the rate of change is proportional to the quantity remaining - EX: like a water tank with a hole near bottom, tank full causes flow to be strong and as level drops the flow rate decreases

Question 149

_______________ - sensors used to measure voltage in circuits - placed parallel in circuit - has high resistance so it does not divert current from what is being measured

Answer 149

Voltmeter

Question 150

_______________ - sensors used to measure amperage in circuits - placed in series in circuit - has very low resistance because high resistance would result in a decrease in current

Answer 150

Ammeter

Question 151

_______________ - similar to conductance but independent of length & cross-sectional area - the inverse of resistivity - units are siemens per meter

Answer 151

Conductivity

Question 152

2 types of conductors _______________ _______________

Answer 152

Metallic Electrolytic

Question 153

__________ conductors - electrons simply move through the substance

Answer 153

metallic conductors

Question 154

_______________ conductors - current flows as a result of anions & cations moving (as in biological materials)

Answer 154

Electrolytic

Question 155

Ionic concentrations can be estimated by their ____________

Answer 155

conductivity

Question 156

_______________ - 2 waves amplify each other or cancel each other - constructive or destructive

Answer 156

Interference

Question 157

_______________ experiment - single-color light is directed onto 2 slits separated by distance - intensity pattern displayed on a screen - humps are constructive interference (bright fringes) & points on vertical axis are destructive interference (dark fringes)

Answer 157

Young's double slit experiment

Question 158

_______________ interference - when incident light hits a think film then the light is reflected & refracted at the first surface - the refracted part partially reflects at the next surface & emerges from the medium so 2 waves are reflected out of the film

Answer 158

Thin-film Interference

Question 159

_______________ - occurs when a wave encounters an obstacle of dimensions comparable to its wavelength - the wave emits secondary waves of the same frequency in a spherical pattern that interferes with other wave fronts

Answer 159

Diffraction

Question 160

_______________ - similar to Young's double-slit experiment - includes a large array of small slits within a material - peaks of constructive interference & crests of destructive interference

Answer 160

Diffraction grating

Question 161

_______________ - light from a coherent monochromatic source is shinned through a single slit - the slit must be 100 - 1,000 wavelengths wide - result is a diffraction pattern - the slit is analyzed as though divided in half - when out of phase by half a wavelength then light near the top of the upper half & light near lower half produce a dark fringe

Answer 161

Single-slit diffraction

Question 162

_______________ law - diffraction occurs in crystal lattice structures - 2 beams scattered off 2 atoms

Answer 162

Bragg's law

Question 163

_______________ - x-rays used as the incident light source with Bragg diffraction to study the composition of crystal structures, nucleic acids, & proteins

Answer 163

X-ray diffraction

Question 164

_______________ - composed of sinusoidally electric & magnetic fields at right angles to each other - each oscillating field perpendicular to direction of wave - the electric vectors are randomly oriented in space

Answer 164

Light waves

Question 165

_______________ - light with all the electric vectors aligned in the same direction

Answer 165

Polarized light

Question 166

_______________ polarized light - is 2 dimensional & has 1 plane wave

Answer 166

Linear polarized light

Question 167

_______________ polarized light - 3 dimensional & comprising 2 equal waves orthogonal to each other

Answer 167

Circularly polarized light

Question 168

At an interface between distinct media, part of the incident light is ________ & the other part is _________

Answer 168

reflected & refracted

Question 169

_______________ - angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection as measured from normal

Answer 169

Reflection

Question 170

_____________ index - when light enters matter from a vacuum, the velocity is reduced so then light bends - this index indicates the extent to which light is bent

Answer 170

Refractive index

Question 171

_______________ - the transmitted portion of the incident ray is the refracted ray - follows Snell's law

Answer 171

Refraction

Question 172

_______________ - prism effect - separation of wavelength of light through a prism - results because the index of refraction for a medium varies with wavelength - if light that includes multiple wavelengths enters a prism then the different wavelengths are refracted at different angles

Answer 172

Dispersion

Question 173

_______________ - a light ray hitting an interface between 1 medium & another medium and being bent at such an angle that the light ray reenters the first medium at a new angle - makes fiber optics possible

Answer 173

Total internal reflection

Question 174

_______________ - angle beyond which the light ray is reflected back into the higher-index material

Answer 174

Critical angle

Question 175

_______________ - virtual images versus real images

Answer 175

Mirrors

Question 176

_______________ image - light does not physically come from the image itself - image cannot be projected onto a screen

Answer 176

Virtual image

Question 177

_______________ image - light comes from or passes through the image - image can be projected onto a screen

Answer 177

Real image

Question 178

The image seen in a plane mirror is __________

Answer 178

virtual

Question 179

_______________ mirrors - 4 parameters (object distance, image distance, radius of curvature, & focus) - relationship between parameters is given by the Lens marker's formula

Answer 179

Curved mirrors

Question 180

Sign conventions for mirrors - o is _____ if the object is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the mirror - i is _____ if the object is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the mirror - f is _____ if the center of curvature is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the mirror

Answer 180

postive & negative positive & negative positive & negative

Question 181

_______________ mirror - the radius of curvature has a magnitude twice the focal length

Answer 181

Spherical mirror

Question 182

Lenses are either __________ or ________

Answer 182

converging or diverging

Question 183

_______________ lenses - rays from infinity are refracted on entrance & exit from the lens in such a way they are focused at 1 spot called the focus of the lens

Answer 183

Converging lenses

Question 184

_______________ lenses - rays from infinity are refracted on entrance & exit from the lens so they appear as if they came from a focus - act like 2 prisms placed point to point

Answer 184

Diverging lenses

Question 185

In the human eye, light is first __________ at the cornea & then passes through a variable converging lens (the muscles of the eye allow the lens to change shape to adjust the focus)

Answer 185

refracted

Question 186

Sign conventions for lenses - o is _____ if the object is in front of the lens & _____ if behind the lens - i is _____ if the object is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the lens - f is _____ for a converging lens & _____ for a diverging lens

Answer 186

postive & negative postive & negative postive & negative

Question 187

For lenses, ______ images are formed on the side opposite the object & ______ images are formed on the same side of the object

Answer 187

real virtual

Question 188

Lens strength is measured in __________

Answer 188

diopters

Question 189

As the focal length________ then the power of the lens ________

Answer 189

decreases increases

Question 190

_______________ - imperfections in the glass that result in some light rays not converging at the focal point such that the image is degraded

Answer 190

Lens aberrations

Question 191

_______________ - large lens aggregates light & makes the image proportional to a smaller lens

Answer 191

Telescope

Question 192

_______________ - compound lens arrangement makes first object into large virtual image

Answer 192

Microscope

Question 193

If multiple lenses are in contact then _____ focal lengths reciprocally

Answer 193

add (1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 ...)

Question 194

True or false: When lenses are not in contact then calculate one step at a time by using the image of the first lens as the object of the next lens (repeat process for more lenses)

Answer 194

True

Question 195

_______________ - when light hits certain metals then the photons can collide with the electrons causing them to eject from the material

Answer 195

Photoelectric effect

Question 196

_______________ - it is not possible to know both the exact position & exact momentum of a particle at a given instant

Answer 196

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Question 197

Electrons occupy orbitals which have space for _____ electrons of different spin

Answer 197

2

Question 198

Electrons can be diamagnetic or paramagnetic - __________ : electron shares an orbital with another electron - __________ : electron does not share an orbital with another electron

Answer 198

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic

Question 199

;True or False Atoms can be diamagnetic or paramagnetic as well

Answer 199

True

Question 200

If all the electrons are diamagnetic the the atom is __________ (the atoms repel magnetic fields)

Answer 200

Diamagnetic - even number of total electrons in atom

Question 201

If just one electron in an atom is paramagnetic then the atom is __________ paramagnetic (the atoms are attracted to magnetic fields because the unpaired electrons)

Answer 201

Paramagnetic - odd number of total electrons in atom

Question 202

2 nuclear forces ________ ________ - act over very short distances

Answer 202

strong weak

Question 203

__________ nuclear force - a powerful attraction between nucleons that overcomes the repulsive electrostatic forces between protons - allows protons & neutrons to be packed closely in the nucleus - neutrons add stability to atomic nuclei by spreading out the positive charge of the protons as well as interacting with protons in an attractive fashion

Answer 203

Strong nuclear force

Question 204

___________ nuclear force - results in beta & other types of nuclear decay - mechanism by which neutrons & protons convert into each other

Answer 204

Weak nuclear force

Question 205

_____________ energy - the amount of energy required to disassemble a particular nucleus into its component parts - calculated from the mass deficit & e = mc^2

Answer 205

Binding energy