Physics Flashcards
_______________
- measured in units (m, kg, s, K…)
- like numbers they can cancel out, be squared, & so on…
Quantities
_______________ quantities
- have magnitude only
Scalar quantities
_______________ quantities
- have both magnitude & direction
Vector quantities
True or false:
Mass is a scalar. Weight is a vector because it is a force & has both magnitude & direction
True
_______________
- (linear) motion is a net displacement of either a point mass or all parts of a body moving along parallel lines (or arcs)
Translational
_______________
- occurs in response to forces acting through the object center of mass (even though the force may actually be off-center)
Linear acceleration
_______________
- motion is circular about an axis with no net displacement
Rotational motion
_______________
- a vector
- refers to net movement in 1 or more dimensions
- shortest distance between initial & final position (may be different from total distance traveled)
Displacement
____________ measures displacement over time
Velocity
____________ measures distance traveled over time
Speed
Speed is ____________ because direction is unimportant
Scalar
Velocity is a ____________ because direction is important
Velocity
____________ velocity can be derived by calculus for very short time intervals
Instantaneous velocity
_________________
- to add 2 vectors graphically, place the tail of 1 vector at the tip of the other, maintaining the original orientations.
Graphic addition
__________ quantities can also be subtracted and multiplied to generate dot & cross products
Vector
_______________
- change in velocity per unit time
Acceleration
_______________
- A push or pull on a body
- It can act at a distance or through contact with the body
Force
_______________
- exists when a body is at rest or moving at a constant velocity
- Net external forces are equal to zero
Equilibrium
_______________
- objects continue to do what they have been doing, either being at rest, or moving in a straight line at constant velocity (unless acted on by external unbalanced forces)
Newtons first law
_______________
- resistance to change
- Quantified mass
Inertia
An object will not rotate or does so at constant angular velocity, unless acted on by ___________
Torque (also called a moment)
True or false
Forces are always vector quantities
True
_______________
- if a body is not in equilibrium, it must be accelerating due to the action of one or more unbalanced forces
Newtons second law
_______________
- forces exist in pairs
- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
- If object A exerts a force on object B then object B exerts an equal & opposite force on object A
Newtons third law
True or false
To analyze motion, all forces and any related torques must be considered
True
If force is applied at an angle other than 90 degrees then torque is ____________
Reduced
Forces applied to a rigid body some distance from the axis of rotation causes rotation about the axis or the tendency to rotate called ____________
Torque
If not rotating or velocity is constant then the net sum of all torques must be __________
Zero
If a torque is applied on an unconstrained body then it rotates around the _______________
Center of mass
True or false
In some cases the center of mass is not found on the physical body
True
When 2 bodies are in contact then the ____________ is the component perpendicular to the surfaces in contact
Normal force
Molecular interactions between 2 surfaces results in ____________
Friction force
The magnitude of ____________ depends on the normal force and a constant coefficient of friction “ų” unique to the 2 materials (“ų” varies between 0-1 in most cases but can be larger & size of the area of contact is not important)
Frictional force
True or false
Frictional forces always oppose motion
True
_______________
- can be converted from 1 form to another & transferred from 1 object to another, but cannot be created or lost
- A scalar quantity
- many forms (chemical, nuclear, electromagnetic, elastic, gravitational)
Energy
The total of ___________ & ____________ is mechanical energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
_______________
- The energy of motion
1/2mv^2
Kinetic energy
_______________
- Energy associated with position
- Maybe within a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field or from intermolecular forces
Potential energy
_______________
- The rate at which work is done
Power
_______________
- result of a force acting on a body such that there is a displacement in the direction of the force
- Measured in Joules
Work
When force is constant, ____________ equals force times displacement
- The product of the 2 vectors (force & displacement) count, only the displacement in the direction of the force & equals F•xcosθ (θ is the angle between the vectors)
Work
Simple machines either change the direction or magnitude of an applied __________
Force
True or false
If the magnitude of the force has changed, then the result is a mechanical advantage. The ratio of the output force to the input force equals the mechanical advantage.
Mechanical advantage = F(out) / F(in)
True
_______________ theorem
- The amount of work done on an object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the object
Work Kinetic energy theorem
_______________
- forces that conserve mechanical energy (KE & PE)
- gravity, electrostatic force, & spring force (all store energy)
- work done on an object depends only the initial & final positions (not on the path taken to get there)
- loops —> no work done by the conservative force (net movement is 0)
Conservative forces
_______________
- friction, viscous force like air resistance, & magnetic force
- Result in some energy lost (heat, sound, or wakes)
- Vary with velocity & result in energy loss by the object on which the force is acting
Nonconservative forces
True or false
When a body is acted on by both conservative & nonconservative forces, then the work done by the nonconservative force equals the change in kinetic energy plus change in potential energy
True
_______________
- The kinetic energy of molecular motion
- Measured in calories
Heat
3 mechanisms of heat transfer
____________
____________
____________
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
_______________
- A form of heat transfer that requires physical contact and resembles chemical diffusion
- Greater thermal energy of motion in one body is conveyed to a second body via molecular collisions
Conduction
_______________
- A form of heat transfer in which movement of a fluid can transport heat energy
- Maybe forced or natural
Convection
_______________
- form of heat transfer unique because no medium is necessary
- Heat can travel vast distances through space in the form of electromagnetic waves
Radiation
________ motion
- Repeats a regular cycle (1 cycle = 360°)
- Oscillations occur around an equilibrium position (rest)
- Can be described by a sine function
Periodic motion
_______________
- cycles per second
- Reciprocal of a period
Frequency
_______________
- maximum distance traveled from the rest position in periodic motion
Amplitude
_______________
- distance between a point & corresponding point in next cycle
Wavelength
_______________
- Location in the 360° cycle
Phase
Colliding waves
- when 2 peaks coincide the amplitudes sum causing ____________ interference
- When a trough coincides with a peak the amplitude cancel causing __________ interference
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
_______________
- periodic motion that has transport energy
Waves
_______________
- The speed at which the disturbance is transmitted
Propagation velocity
True or false:
Most waves require a physical medium. Light is unusual in that it does not. Properties of the medium, determined speed but not period, frequency, or amplitude
True
Mechanical waves can be generated & propagated in deformable materials.
2 types of waves : _______________ & ______________
Transverse
Longitudinal
______________ waves
- wavelike motion occurs in a direction at right angles to the direction of the wave
- the disturbance is propagated along the length carrying energy & momentum horizontally
Transverse
_______________ waves
- aka compression waves
- movement of the wave & the individual parts of the object is in the same or opposite direction
Longitudinal waves
True or false
in air, the sound wave is produced by the back-and-forth motion of individual air molecules moving in the direction of the wave
True
Sound is a longitudinal wave where pressure variations called ____________ & ___________ are transmitted outward radially from the source
Compressions
Rarefactions
Longitudinal waves are often generated by ____________ vibrations of a solid body which impresses those vibrations on the air molecules
Mechanical
_______________
- the perception of frequency
Pitch
_______________
- beyond 20,000 Hz
- used for medical imaging
Ultrasound
True or false
Sound requires a medium such as air & it cannot be transmitted in a vacuum
True
Speed of sound is slowest in ________ (340m/s) , higher in ________ (1,500m/s) , & highest in ________ (5,000m/s)
Gases
Liquids
Solids
Why does the sound travel faster in solids & liquids when compared to gases?
The particles are closer so energy is transmitted more quickly
When sound moves from 1 medium to another, some energy is reflected backward which can be used to visualize structures
- most significant when it’s between solid & liquid because almost all of the sound echoes off the boundary
- the difference in density between the 2 media determines the extent of reflection
_______________ imaging utilizes these concepts
Ultrasound
_______________
- When an object moves as fast or faster than sound then it causes an abrupt disturbance in the medium (sonic boom)
Shock wave
_______________
- When sound travels through a medium, the viscosity of the medium result in energy losses (friction)
- As more energy is lost, the sound becomes fainter
Attenuation
- different materials have different degrees of attenuation
- attenuation varies with frequency (longer wavelengths lose less energy)
- attenuation is a specific type of damping (when objects oscillate to & fro then frictional losses cause an exponential decay in amplitude with time)
_______________
- if a longitudinal wave is propagated down an air-filled pipe then the wave is reflected like waves on a stretched string —> standing waves in the pipe
Resonance
The lowest tone an instrument can make is the ____________ frequency
____________ have higher frequencies (integral multiples of the fundamental)
Fundamental
Harmonics
Sound has 2 different measures of power
____________
____________
Total power (radiating from the source)
Intensity (power per unit area at given distance that can be absolute or relative)
_______________
- quantify sound intensity
- a logarithmic scale comparing sounds to the faintest sound a human can detect
Decibels
- a 100x increase in intensity —> 20 dB increase
- the perception of intensity is not the same as the actual intensity & a 10x increase in intensity is perceived as being 2x as loud
_____________ effect
- the apparent increase or decrease in frequency when the source & observer are moving toward or away from each other
- observer & source move closer then the apparent frequency rises
- observer & source move apart then the apparent frequency drops
Doppler effect
_______________
- include both liquids & gases
- molecules are free to move with respect to one another (not constrained)
Fluids
_______________
- a measure of how much matter is packed into a given volume (mass/volume)
- indirectly proportional to the cube of the distance between molecules (more distance between molecules means less dense)
Density
_______________
- a ratio comparing density of a substance to that of water (1.000)
- no units
Specific gravity
- if denser than water then SG >1.000
- if less dense than water then SG <1.000
_______________
- force directed upward on a body due to displacement of fluid
Buoyancy
_______________ principle
- a body immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced
- net force in a body is the difference between gravity & buoyancy
Archimedes principle
If buoyancy force > weight then the object __________
If buoyancy force < weight then the object __________
If buoyancy force = weight then the object _________
Floats
Sinks
Suspends
_______________ pressure
- in a fluid at rest, the force exerted per unit area
- pressure increases only with depth (h)
- units of pressure are N/m^2 or cm H2O or mmHg
Hydrostatic pressure
_____________ law
- an increase in pressure in a confined fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that there is an equal increase everywhere
- Ex : car brakes apply a force over a small area that communicates via fluid to a much larger area
Pascals law
_______________
- movement of a fluid from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure
- measured in units of volume per units time
- analogous to electric current in a circuit or diffusion down a chemical gradient
Flow
_______________
- when flow occurs within a closed system & the fluid is incompressible, the flow is continuous and equal to the velocity times the surface area (A x v)
- A x v is constant at all points along the pipe
Continuity constant
Velocity of flow varies inversely with the square of the __________
Radius
Kinetic energy associated with such flow varies by increasing with the square of ________
Velocity
_______________
- A measure of the degree of internal friction in a fluid
- Stickiness
- Measured in units of force x time/area
- SI Unit : Poise
Viscosity
_______________ law
- The rate of laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube
Poiseuille’s law
Flow can be __________ or _________
Laminar or turbulent
_____________ flow
- moving in an orderly way such that the fluid moves in parallel streams without any mixing sideways
- The most efficient type of flow
Laminar flow
_____________ flow
- breakdown of orderly flow
- a chaotic situation in which some motion occurs sideways or backward relative to the main flow
- frictional resistance increases along with noise (sign of energy loss)
Turbulent flow
A (narrowing OR widening) of diameter causes an increase in velocity, which often leads to turbulence (bronchoconstriction leads to wheezing during asthma attack)
Narrowing
True or false
Flow, Pressure, & Resistance are related
True
For Laminar Flow in a pipe the _______________ is determined by length, radius, & viscosity
Resistance
Which is more efficient, laminar flow or turbulent flow?
Laminar Flow
For Flow, the __________ is the most significant factor which varies inversely with the Fourth Power (so halving it will lead to a 16-fold increase in resistance)
Radius
______________
- a force existing at the interface of 2 static fluids (air & water)
- due to strong cohesive forces in the water
- forces near the surface are not symmetrically cancelled & they create an inward pull like a stretched rubber sheet that seeks to minimize surface area
Surface tension
_______________
- generalized law of surface tension
- applied in physiology when a thin-walled cylindrical or spherical structure with a radius is subjected to a distending pressure
- EX: an enlarged heart must either become stiffer by developing greater wall tension or become thicker to support the same pressure
Law of Laplace
_______________
- uses conservation of mass & energy in a flow to relate conversion from potential energy (static pressure) to kinetic energy (dynamic pressure)
- total energy conserved is the sum of potential energy (hydrostatic) & kinetic energy throughout the system
- assumes laminar nonviscous flow
Bernoullis equation
The pressure that moves a fluid is a form of __________ energy & as velocity of flow changes (KE) then the pressure changes (PE)
Potential energy
In (vertical OR horizontal) differences, Bernoullis law includes an additional hydrostatic pressure term (pgh) where h is the height of the column to a column reference
Vertical
_______________ effect
- as a fluid passes through a constriction then the pressure decreases & velocity increases
- this effect is exploited in a variety of devices (pitot tube, respiratory masks, flow meters, laboratory aspirator)
- explains lift of an airfoil
Venturi effect
_______________
- assumes gas molecules are ideal
- relates macroscopic properties (temp, volume, specific heat, viscosity) to microscopic scale (atoms colliding with one another & with walls of container)
- at a given temp then the velocities of individual gas molecules vary widely
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
The _______________ constant = R/n
- R = gas constant
- n = Avogadros number
Boltzmann constant
True or false
Kinetic molecular theory of gases assumes molecules are free to roam randomly in space and are monoatomic but more complex molecules have more ways to express KE (rotation or vibration)
True
Kinetic molecular theory predicts that an increase in temperature should __________ the heat energy of a gas
Increase
An increase in temperature leads to a (increase OR decrease) in pressure, in volume, or both
Increase
Keeping either pressure or volume constant results in (same OR different) heat capacities
Different
Heat capacities are indicated by the subscripts Cv for volume & Cp for pressure, so because work is done when we allow volume to expand then Cp (> or <) than Cv
Cp > Cv
The ratio of Cp to Cv is called the _______________ ratio symbolized by y
Heat capacity ratio
_______________
- solids expand with increasing heat
- increased kinetic energy (temp) allows bonds between atoms to be stretched more
Thermal expansion
The coefficient of _______________
- can be measured in one, two, or three dimensions
- denoted by α
- Materials with stronger intermolecular bonding resist the effects of heating & have smaller α
Coefficient of thermal expansion
A charged particle’s charge experiences a force in the presence of an ______________ field
Electromagnetic field
1 Coulomb = charge on _____ x 10^ __ electrons
6.25 x10^18 electrons
_______________
- material that allows electrons to move through it easily
Conductor
_______________
- material that does not allow electrons to move through it easily
Insulator
_______________ law
- relates to electrostatic force between charged objects
- Force acts on the line between 2 charges (q1 & q2)
Coulomb’s law
Coulomb constant (1/4πε0) = _____ x10^__ N•m^2/C^2
9.0x10^9
_______________
- region around a charged particle in which another charged particle experiences the force from the first
- depicted by lines with arrows showing the direction of the field
- Strength represented by the density of the lines of force
- Field lines never cross each other (start at positive charges & end at negative charges)
Electric field
True or false
Fields from individual charges can be added to calculate the overall charge
True
______________
- The energy associated with a charged particle at a given position within an electric field
- its scalar
- Unit is the volt (V) which is equal to joule per coulomb or work per unit of charge
Electric potential
_______________
- The work to move a unit positive charge between points
Potential difference
_______________
- A charge on one object influences charges on nearby conductive objects resulting in an attractive force due to charge redistribution)
- subsequent grounding can cause a permanent charge to be placed onto the object
- Even insulators are subject to it, leading to creation of induced dipoles
Induction
In contrast to electric charges that are static, the charges that move result in a _____________
Magnetic field
Magnetic unit is the __________
Tesla
Intensity of the magnetic field is the __________
Weber
A magnetic field exerts a force on other moving charges & this force is known as the ____________ force
- direction of the force is denoted by the right-hand rule for cross products
- force on a negative charge has the opposite direction
Lorentz force
_______________
- displays both wave & particle properties
- travels at the speed of light in a vacuum
- oscillating electric & magnetic fields (perpendicular to each other & direction of propagation)
Electromagnetic radiation
_______________
- The flow of charge
- denoted i
- measured in Amps (A)
- flow is opposite to direction of electron flow (conventional)
Current
_______________
- The ability of a battery to do work on a charge passing through
- measured in volts
- a 12-volt battery can perform 12 joules of work on each coulomb of charges passing through it
Electromotive Force (EMF)
_______________
- a measure of the work that can be performed in the charges paying through the load
- V = Joules/Coulomb
Voltage
_______________
- degree to which the movement of charge carriers is inhibited
- denoted by R
- unit is Ohm = 1 volt per ampere
Resistance
_______________
- V = IR
Ohm’s law
Resistors in ____________
R = R1 + R2 …..
Series
Resistors in ____________
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 …..
Parallel
_______________
- similar to resistance but independent of dimensions
- unit is ohm•meter
- analogous to fluid flow in a pipe
Resistivity
_______________
- ability to store charge
- denoted by C
- amount of charge that can be stored per volt of potential difference between surfaces
- unit is farad (1F = 1 coulomb/volt)
Capacitance
_______________
- an arrangement of conducting surfaces on which charge can be stored
Capacitor
____________
- material between metallic sheets of capacitor that increases capacitance (has an effective permittivity greater than free space)
Dielectric
Capacitors in ________ add reciprocally
Series
Capacitors in ____________ add linearly
Parallel
In a resistor-capacitor circuit (RC) the capacitor (decreases OR increases) in charge exponentially
Decreases
- exponential decay so the rate of change is proportional to the quantity remaining
- EX: like a water tank with a hole near bottom, tank full causes flow to be strong and as level drops the flow rate decreases
_______________
- sensors used to measure voltage in circuits
- placed parallel in circuit
- has high resistance so it does not divert current from what is being measured
Voltmeter
_______________
- sensors used to measure amperage in circuits
- placed in series in circuit
- has very low resistance because high resistance would result in a decrease in current
Ammeter
_______________
- similar to conductance but independent of length & cross-sectional area
- the inverse of resistivity
- units are siemens per meter
Conductivity
2 types of conductors
_______________
_______________
Metallic
Electrolytic
__________ conductors
- electrons simply move through the substance
metallic conductors
_______________ conductors
- current flows as a result of anions & cations moving (as in biological materials)
Electrolytic
Ionic concentrations can be estimated by their ____________
conductivity
_______________
- 2 waves amplify each other or cancel each other
- constructive or destructive
Interference
_______________ experiment
- single-color light is directed onto 2 slits separated by distance
- intensity pattern displayed on a screen
- humps are constructive interference (bright fringes) & points on vertical axis are destructive interference (dark fringes)
Young’s double slit experiment
_______________ interference
- when incident light hits a think film then the light is reflected & refracted at the first surface
- the refracted part partially reflects at the next surface & emerges from the medium so 2 waves are reflected out of the film
Thin-film Interference
_______________
- occurs when a wave encounters an obstacle of dimensions comparable to its wavelength
- the wave emits secondary waves of the same frequency in a spherical pattern that interferes with other wave fronts
Diffraction
_______________
- similar to Young’s double-slit experiment
- includes a large array of small slits within a material
- peaks of constructive interference & crests of destructive interference
Diffraction grating
_______________
- light from a coherent monochromatic source is shinned through a single slit
- the slit must be 100 - 1,000 wavelengths wide
- result is a diffraction pattern
- the slit is analyzed as though divided in half
- when out of phase by half a wavelength then light near the top of the upper half & light near lower half produce a dark fringe
Single-slit diffraction
_______________ law
- diffraction occurs in crystal lattice structures
- 2 beams scattered off 2 atoms
Bragg’s law
_______________
- x-rays used as the incident light source with Bragg diffraction to study the composition of crystal structures, nucleic acids, & proteins
X-ray diffraction
_______________
- composed of sinusoidally electric & magnetic fields at right angles to each other
- each oscillating field perpendicular to direction of wave
- the electric vectors are randomly oriented in space
Light waves
_______________
- light with all the electric vectors aligned in the same direction
Polarized light
_______________ polarized light
- is 2 dimensional & has 1 plane wave
Linear polarized light
_______________ polarized light
- 3 dimensional & comprising 2 equal waves orthogonal to each other
Circularly polarized light
At an interface between distinct media, part of the incident light is ________ & the other part is _________
reflected & refracted
_______________
- angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection as measured from normal
Reflection
_____________ index
- when light enters matter from a vacuum, the velocity is reduced so then light bends
- this index indicates the extent to which light is bent
Refractive index
_______________
- the transmitted portion of the incident ray is the refracted ray
- follows Snell’s law
Refraction
_______________
- prism effect
- separation of wavelength of light through a prism
- results because the index of refraction for a medium varies with wavelength
- if light that includes multiple wavelengths enters a prism then the different wavelengths are refracted at different angles
Dispersion
_______________
- a light ray hitting an interface between 1 medium & another medium and being bent at such an angle that the light ray reenters the first medium at a new angle
- makes fiber optics possible
Total internal reflection
_______________
- angle beyond which the light ray is reflected back into the higher-index material
Critical angle
_______________
- virtual images versus real images
Mirrors
_______________ image
- light does not physically come from the image itself
- image cannot be projected onto a screen
Virtual image
_______________ image
- light comes from or passes through the image
- image can be projected onto a screen
Real image
The image seen in a plane mirror is __________
virtual
_______________ mirrors
- 4 parameters (object distance, image distance, radius of curvature, & focus)
- relationship between parameters is given by the Lens marker’s formula
Curved mirrors
Sign conventions for mirrors
- o is _____ if the object is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the mirror
- i is _____ if the object is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the mirror
- f is _____ if the center of curvature is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the mirror
postive & negative
positive & negative
positive & negative
_______________ mirror
- the radius of curvature has a magnitude twice the focal length
Spherical mirror
Lenses are either __________ or ________
converging or diverging
_______________ lenses
- rays from infinity are refracted on entrance & exit from the lens in such a way they are focused at 1 spot called the focus of the lens
Converging lenses
_______________ lenses
- rays from infinity are refracted on entrance & exit from the lens so they appear as if they came from a focus
- act like 2 prisms placed point to point
Diverging lenses
In the human eye, light is first __________ at the cornea & then passes through a variable converging lens (the muscles of the eye allow the lens to change shape to adjust the focus)
refracted
Sign conventions for lenses
- o is _____ if the object is in front of the lens & _____ if behind the lens
- i is _____ if the object is in front of the mirror & _____ if behind the lens
- f is _____ for a converging lens & _____ for a diverging lens
postive & negative
postive & negative
postive & negative
For lenses, ______ images are formed on the side opposite the object & ______ images are formed on the same side of the object
real
virtual
Lens strength is measured in __________
diopters
As the focal length________ then the power of the lens ________
decreases
increases
_______________
- imperfections in the glass that result in some light rays not converging at the focal point such that the image is degraded
Lens aberrations
_______________
- large lens aggregates light & makes the image proportional to a smaller lens
Telescope
_______________
- compound lens arrangement makes first object into large virtual image
Microscope
If multiple lenses are in contact then _____ focal lengths reciprocally
add
(1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 …)
True or false:
When lenses are not in contact then calculate one step at a time by using the image of the first lens as the object of the next lens (repeat process for more lenses)
True
_______________
- when light hits certain metals then the photons can collide with the electrons causing them to eject from the material
Photoelectric effect
_______________
- it is not possible to know both the exact position & exact momentum of a particle at a given instant
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Electrons occupy orbitals which have space for _____ electrons of different spin
2
Electrons can be diamagnetic or paramagnetic
- __________ : electron shares an orbital with another electron
- __________ : electron does not share an orbital with another electron
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
;True or False
Atoms can be diamagnetic or paramagnetic as well
True
If all the electrons are diamagnetic the the atom is __________ (the atoms repel magnetic fields)
Diamagnetic
- even number of total electrons in atom
If just one electron in an atom is paramagnetic then the atom is __________ paramagnetic (the atoms are attracted to magnetic fields because the unpaired electrons)
Paramagnetic
- odd number of total electrons in atom
2 nuclear forces
________
________
- act over very short distances
strong
weak
__________ nuclear force
- a powerful attraction between nucleons that overcomes the repulsive electrostatic forces between protons
- allows protons & neutrons to be packed closely in the nucleus
- neutrons add stability to atomic nuclei by spreading out the positive charge of the protons as well as interacting with protons in an attractive fashion
Strong nuclear force
___________ nuclear force
- results in beta & other types of nuclear decay
- mechanism by which neutrons & protons convert into each other
Weak nuclear force
_____________ energy
- the amount of energy required to disassemble a particular nucleus into its component parts
- calculated from the mass deficit & e = mc^2
Binding energy
