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PSYCH/SOC > PSYCH / SOC Class 2 > Flashcards

PSYCH / SOC Class 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is experimental designs?

A

Directly manipulates variable

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2
Q

What is non-experimental designs?

A

Variable not directly manipulated

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3
Q

What are the two variables present in th experimental designs?

A

Independent and dependent group

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4
Q

What is present in an experimental designs?

A

Random sampling and random assignment

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5
Q

What does experimental design include?

A

Control of extraneous variables

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6
Q

What are types of non-experimental designs?

A

Longitudinal, case, observational, ethnographic or even biographic studies

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7
Q

What is a confound?

A

A manipulation of treatment to make independent variable more significant

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8
Q

What are two reasons experiments can be challenging?

A
  1. Ethical problems

2. Difficult to give the treatment

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9
Q

What does the non-experimental design lacks?

A

Not select to prevent confounds, no control and no causation is allowed

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10
Q

What is causation?

A

One variable causes a change in the other

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11
Q

What is ethnographic studies?

A

The study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviewing.

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12
Q

What are phenomenological studies?

A

Lived experiences; gauge emotion during viewing

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13
Q

Which non-experimental design can be experimental sometimes?

A

Longitudinal Studies

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14
Q

What is correlation research?

A

Able to make a comparison between two types of group; determine relationship

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15
Q

What type of variable is confound?

A

Any variable that makes conclusion questionable

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16
Q

Case studies relate more to individuals rather than a sample. T/F

A

True (this I don’t know)

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17
Q

What is the between subjects design?

A

Compare different groups of subjects

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18
Q

What is the within subjects design?

A

Every participant experience entire experiment

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19
Q

In the within subjects design, where is the control group?

A

Each individual is a control group

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20
Q

In the within subjects design, where is the control group?

A

Each individual acts as their own control

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21
Q

What is quantitative research design?

A

Deals with numerical data

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22
Q

What is qualitative research design?

A

Deals with narrative data

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23
Q

What is mixed methods stud design?

A

They use several types of study design and implications

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24
Q

Which type of study is not reasonable for within subjects?

A

Drug studies

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25
Q

What is repeated measures design?

A

Continuous take measures throughout the experiment

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26
Q

What are examples of repeated measures?

A

Baseline measurement, mid measurement and conclusion measurement

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27
Q

What is the quasi-experimental known as?

A

A pseudo-experiment

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28
Q

What is a characteristic of the quasi experiment?

A

All but 1 variable is controlled (ex. gender)

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29
Q

What is a nuisance variable?

A

A variable that cannot be changed or controlled

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30
Q

What is quasi experiment used with?

A

Comparative method

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31
Q

What is quasi experiment used with?

A

Comparative method

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32
Q

Why is a survey or questionnaire flawed?

A

Because it’s a self-report; don’t know if participant are being honest

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33
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention

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34
Q

When thinking of internal validity, what should you think about?

A

Accuracy of findings/conclusions

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35
Q

What are the five common threats of internal validity?

A
  1. Impression Management
  2. Confounding variables
  3. Lack of reliability
  4. Sampling bias
  5. Attrition Effects
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36
Q

What is the impression management also known as?

A

Hawthrone Effect, social desirability bias

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37
Q

What is the impression management affect?

A

Participants adapt their responses based on social norms or perceived researcher expectations

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38
Q

What is the confounding variables?

A

Extraneous variables not accounted for in the study; lack of useful control

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39
Q

What is the lack of reliability?

A

Measurement tools do not measure what they purport to, lack consistency

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40
Q

Why can confounding variables be included in the study?

A

Because another variable offers an alternative explanation for results

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41
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

Selection criteria is not random

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42
Q

What is sampling bias based on a population?

A

Population used for sample does not meet conditions for statistical test

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43
Q

What is attrition effects?

A

Participants fatigue; participants drop out of study

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44
Q

Why is longitudinal research problematic?

A

Because of attrition effects

45
Q

What does longitudinal research require?

A

Thousands of participants and last a min of 10 years

46
Q

What is external validity?

A

Extent to which findings can be generalized to the real world d

47
Q

What are the four common threats of experimental generalizability?

A
  1. Experiment doesn’t reflect real world
  2. Selection Criteria
  3. Situational Effects
  4. Lack of Statistical Power
48
Q

What is a synonym of external validity?

A

Experimental generalizability?

49
Q

What does experiment doesn’t reflect real world lack?

A

Lack of generalizability, laboratory setups that don’t translate to the real world

50
Q

How does selection criteria affect external validity?

A

Too restrictive of inclusion/exclusion criteria for participants

51
Q

How does situational effects affect external validity?

A

Situational effects: presence of laboratory conditions changes outcome

52
Q

How does lack of statistical power affect external validity?

A

Sample groups have high variability; sample size is too small

53
Q

What is reliability?

A

Refers to an instrument; it is the consistency

54
Q

What is validity?

A

Does it measure what it claims

55
Q

What is an example of validity?

A

Construct validity

56
Q

GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE

A

GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE

57
Q

GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE

A

GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE

58
Q

What is social institutions?

A

Standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve a societal value

59
Q

What is social institutions education referred to?

A

The great equalizer

60
Q

What is social institution education?

A

Formal process whereby knowledge, skills and values are systematically transmitted from one individual or group to another

61
Q

How does education promote equality?

A

More education is associate with less inequality on average

62
Q

How does education promote inequality?

A
  1. Hidden curriculum
63
Q

What is hidden curriculum?

A

Unintentional lessons about norms, values and beliefs

64
Q

How does education promote inequality?

A
  1. Hidden curriculum
  2. Teacher expectancy
  3. Educational segregation
65
Q

What is hidden curriculum?

A

Unintentional lessons about norms, values and beliefs

66
Q

What is teacher expectancy?

A

Students tend to match teacher expectations

67
Q

What is education segregation?

A

Widening disparity between children from high income neighborhoods and those from low income neighborhoods

68
Q

What is family based on social institutions?

A

Family relates individuals by a socially-defined set of relationships like birth, marriage or adoption

69
Q

What is religion based on social institutions?

A

Involves beliefs and practices related to the sacred

70
Q

What is religion based on social institutions?

A

Involves beliefs and practices related to the sacred

71
Q

What is government based on social institutions?

A

Government makes and enforces the rules of a society and regulates relations with other societies

72
Q

How does the economy affect government?

A

The economy arranges the production, distribution and consumptions of goods, services and resources

73
Q

What is the iron law of oligarchy?

A

Some power is concentrated and establishing a new ruling class

74
Q

What happens when a population has oligarchy?

A

All forms of organization develop oligarchic tendencires

75
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

Refers to principles of the fast-food industry dominating other sectors of society

76
Q

What is medicalization?

A

Process through which human conditions are defined and treated as medical conditions

77
Q

What is the sick role?

A

An ill individual cannot fulfill the same duties that a person in good health can; society allows reasonable amount of deviant behavior

78
Q

What do sick person get exempt from?

A

Normal social roles

79
Q

Who created sick role?

A

Talcott Parsons

80
Q

What is institutional discrimination?

A

When a social structure engages in discriminatory practices against an individual group

81
Q

What are the two important facts on how healthcare can be provided?

A
  1. Availability

2. Accessibility`

82
Q

What is healthcare availability?

A

Resource in your vicinity

83
Q

What is social epidemiology?

A

Study of social determinants of health

84
Q

What does social epidemiology use?

A

The use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population

85
Q

What does social epidemiology use?

A

The use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population

86
Q

What is social condition?

A

Social determinants of health

87
Q

What are types of social determinants of health?

A

Food supplies, drug use, access to quality education etc…

88
Q

Favorable conditional factors will…?

A

Improve the overall quality of life

89
Q

What are social problems?

A

Social conditions with negative impact

90
Q

What are social isolation?

A

The complete or near-complete lack of contact with others in society

91
Q

What is socioeconomic gradient in health?

A

Theory that there exists a proportional increase in health and health outcomes

92
Q

What are major demographic factors in society?

A
  1. Age
  2. Imitation statues
  3. Sex and gender
  4. Race and ethnicity
93
Q

What is residential segregation?

A

Physical separation of groups into different areas

94
Q

What is environmental injustice?

A

Low socioeconomic status and minority groups tend to live in areas

95
Q

What is food desert?

A

An area, typically in

96
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Preconceived judgements towards people based on their group membership - belief

97
Q

What is discimination?

A

Biased treatment of an individual based on group membership

98
Q

What is social segregation?

A

Tendency of people for the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals for other social groups

99
Q

What is socioeconomic status?

A

The social standing or call of an individual or group; combination of education, income and occupation

100
Q

What are the three P’s that define socioeconomic status?

A

Property, power and prestige

101
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

Inability to secure the basic necessities of life

102
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

The inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a given society

103
Q

What is property based on socioeconomic status?

A

Possessions, income and other wealth

104
Q

What is social stratification?

A

Caste system, class system and meritocracy

105
Q

What is the caste system?

A

Lower social mobility, social status defined by birth

106
Q

What is class system?

A

Social status determined by birth and individual merit

107
Q

What is the meritocracy?

A

More dependent on effort; individual merit

108
Q

What is social reproduction?

A

Occurs when social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next

PSYCH/SOC (4 decks)

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