PSYCH / SOC Class 2 Flashcards
What is experimental designs?
Directly manipulates variable
What is non-experimental designs?
Variable not directly manipulated
What are the two variables present in th experimental designs?
Independent and dependent group
What is present in an experimental designs?
Random sampling and random assignment
What does experimental design include?
Control of extraneous variables
What are types of non-experimental designs?
Longitudinal, case, observational, ethnographic or even biographic studies
What is a confound?
A manipulation of treatment to make independent variable more significant
What are two reasons experiments can be challenging?
- Ethical problems
2. Difficult to give the treatment
What does the non-experimental design lacks?
Not select to prevent confounds, no control and no causation is allowed
What is causation?
One variable causes a change in the other
What is ethnographic studies?
The study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviewing.
What are phenomenological studies?
Lived experiences; gauge emotion during viewing
Which non-experimental design can be experimental sometimes?
Longitudinal Studies
What is correlation research?
Able to make a comparison between two types of group; determine relationship
What type of variable is confound?
Any variable that makes conclusion questionable
Case studies relate more to individuals rather than a sample. T/F
True (this I don’t know)
What is the between subjects design?
Compare different groups of subjects
What is the within subjects design?
Every participant experience entire experiment
In the within subjects design, where is the control group?
Each individual is a control group
In the within subjects design, where is the control group?
Each individual acts as their own control
What is quantitative research design?
Deals with numerical data
What is qualitative research design?
Deals with narrative data
What is mixed methods stud design?
They use several types of study design and implications
Which type of study is not reasonable for within subjects?
Drug studies
What is repeated measures design?
Continuous take measures throughout the experiment
What are examples of repeated measures?
Baseline measurement, mid measurement and conclusion measurement
What is the quasi-experimental known as?
A pseudo-experiment
What is a characteristic of the quasi experiment?
All but 1 variable is controlled (ex. gender)
What is a nuisance variable?
A variable that cannot be changed or controlled
What is quasi experiment used with?
Comparative method
What is quasi experiment used with?
Comparative method
Why is a survey or questionnaire flawed?
Because it’s a self-report; don’t know if participant are being honest
What is internal validity?
Extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention
When thinking of internal validity, what should you think about?
Accuracy of findings/conclusions
What are the five common threats of internal validity?
- Impression Management
- Confounding variables
- Lack of reliability
- Sampling bias
- Attrition Effects
What is the impression management also known as?
Hawthrone Effect, social desirability bias
What is the impression management affect?
Participants adapt their responses based on social norms or perceived researcher expectations
What is the confounding variables?
Extraneous variables not accounted for in the study; lack of useful control
What is the lack of reliability?
Measurement tools do not measure what they purport to, lack consistency
Why can confounding variables be included in the study?
Because another variable offers an alternative explanation for results
What is sampling bias?
Selection criteria is not random
What is sampling bias based on a population?
Population used for sample does not meet conditions for statistical test
What is attrition effects?
Participants fatigue; participants drop out of study
Why is longitudinal research problematic?
Because of attrition effects
What does longitudinal research require?
Thousands of participants and last a min of 10 years
What is external validity?
Extent to which findings can be generalized to the real world d
What are the four common threats of experimental generalizability?
- Experiment doesn’t reflect real world
- Selection Criteria
- Situational Effects
- Lack of Statistical Power
What is a synonym of external validity?
Experimental generalizability?
What does experiment doesn’t reflect real world lack?
Lack of generalizability, laboratory setups that don’t translate to the real world
How does selection criteria affect external validity?
Too restrictive of inclusion/exclusion criteria for participants
How does situational effects affect external validity?
Situational effects: presence of laboratory conditions changes outcome
How does lack of statistical power affect external validity?
Sample groups have high variability; sample size is too small
What is reliability?
Refers to an instrument; it is the consistency
What is validity?
Does it measure what it claims
What is an example of validity?
Construct validity
GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE
GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE
GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE
GO THROUGH RESEARCH METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY SLIDE
What is social institutions?
Standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve a societal value
What is social institutions education referred to?
The great equalizer
What is social institution education?
Formal process whereby knowledge, skills and values are systematically transmitted from one individual or group to another
How does education promote equality?
More education is associate with less inequality on average
How does education promote inequality?
- Hidden curriculum
What is hidden curriculum?
Unintentional lessons about norms, values and beliefs
How does education promote inequality?
- Hidden curriculum
- Teacher expectancy
- Educational segregation
What is hidden curriculum?
Unintentional lessons about norms, values and beliefs
What is teacher expectancy?
Students tend to match teacher expectations
What is education segregation?
Widening disparity between children from high income neighborhoods and those from low income neighborhoods
What is family based on social institutions?
Family relates individuals by a socially-defined set of relationships like birth, marriage or adoption
What is religion based on social institutions?
Involves beliefs and practices related to the sacred
What is religion based on social institutions?
Involves beliefs and practices related to the sacred
What is government based on social institutions?
Government makes and enforces the rules of a society and regulates relations with other societies
How does the economy affect government?
The economy arranges the production, distribution and consumptions of goods, services and resources
What is the iron law of oligarchy?
Some power is concentrated and establishing a new ruling class
What happens when a population has oligarchy?
All forms of organization develop oligarchic tendencires
What is McDonaldization?
Refers to principles of the fast-food industry dominating other sectors of society
What is medicalization?
Process through which human conditions are defined and treated as medical conditions
What is the sick role?
An ill individual cannot fulfill the same duties that a person in good health can; society allows reasonable amount of deviant behavior
What do sick person get exempt from?
Normal social roles
Who created sick role?
Talcott Parsons
What is institutional discrimination?
When a social structure engages in discriminatory practices against an individual group
What are the two important facts on how healthcare can be provided?
- Availability
2. Accessibility`
What is healthcare availability?
Resource in your vicinity
What is social epidemiology?
Study of social determinants of health
What does social epidemiology use?
The use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population
What does social epidemiology use?
The use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population
What is social condition?
Social determinants of health
What are types of social determinants of health?
Food supplies, drug use, access to quality education etc…
Favorable conditional factors will…?
Improve the overall quality of life
What are social problems?
Social conditions with negative impact
What are social isolation?
The complete or near-complete lack of contact with others in society
What is socioeconomic gradient in health?
Theory that there exists a proportional increase in health and health outcomes
What are major demographic factors in society?
- Age
- Imitation statues
- Sex and gender
- Race and ethnicity
What is residential segregation?
Physical separation of groups into different areas
What is environmental injustice?
Low socioeconomic status and minority groups tend to live in areas
What is food desert?
An area, typically in
What is prejudice?
Preconceived judgements towards people based on their group membership - belief
What is discimination?
Biased treatment of an individual based on group membership
What is social segregation?
Tendency of people for the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals for other social groups
What is socioeconomic status?
The social standing or call of an individual or group; combination of education, income and occupation
What are the three P’s that define socioeconomic status?
Property, power and prestige
What is absolute poverty?
Inability to secure the basic necessities of life
What is relative poverty?
The inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a given society
What is property based on socioeconomic status?
Possessions, income and other wealth
What is social stratification?
Caste system, class system and meritocracy
What is the caste system?
Lower social mobility, social status defined by birth
What is class system?
Social status determined by birth and individual merit
What is the meritocracy?
More dependent on effort; individual merit
What is social reproduction?
Occurs when social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next
