Psych/Soc: AAMC FL1 Flashcards
Compared to a group who has to observe locations of objects all at one time, another group who is shown different locations of objects one by one might be more likely to cause:
A. a primacy effect.
B. a state dependency effect.
C. a misinformation effect.
D. a dual-coding effect.
A. a primacy effect. - better remember things at the beginning of the series
Dan drinks way too much at a party. At this party, you tell Dan that he’s the hottest. When Dan is sober, he doesn’t remember this piece of information but when he drinks alcohol he remembers it. What is this phenomena called?
A. a primacy effect.
B. a state dependency effect.
C. a misinformation effect.
D. a dual-coding effect.
B. a state dependency effect.
You recall information when youre in the same state of consciousness as you were when you learned the info
When both visual and verbal info is used to represent information
A. a primacy effect.
B. a state dependency effect.
C. a misinformation effect.
D. a dual-coding effect.
D. a dual-coding effect.
Verbal - language
visual - images/emotions/actions sensory based
The researchers change the procedure such that instead of placing the objects in a box, the participants have to recall all the objects that they have seen during training. According to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely?
A.Making source monitoring errors regarding the location of the training objects
B.Poorer memory for the training objects seen at the later points in the experiment
C.Selective forgetting of the training objects that were placed in the center of the box
D.Recalling objects that were not presented but are from the same category as the training objects
D.Recalling objects that were not presented but are from the same category as the training objects
The children participate in a study using Piaget’s water conservation task. They are shown two identical beakers, containing equal amounts of water. The water from one of the containers is poured into a thinner and taller beaker. Which prediction is most likely to be confirmed?
A.All three age groups will state that the water in the taller beaker is greater in quantity.
B.The majority of the 11-year-olds will state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is the same as in the original beaker.
C.The majority of the 9- and 11-year-olds will state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is greater in quantity.
D.The majority of the 7-year-olds will state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is the same as in the original beaker.
B.The majority of the 11-year-olds will state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is the same as in the original beaker.
Concrete operational: 7-11
- they dont understand conservation yet
Formal operational: 11 and up
Classical conditioning is most closely related to which approach to psychological disorders?
A.Psychodynamic
B.Behaviorist
C.Trait
D.Humanistic
B.Behaviorist
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
A.Psychodynamic
B.Behaviorist
C.Trait
D.Humanistic
A.Psychodynamic
stable characteristics that causes people to behave in certain ways
A.Psychodynamic
B.Behaviorist
C.Trait
D.Humanistic
C.Trait
Specifically, patients with high interoceptive awareness are likely to associate mild changes in bodily sensations (such as slightly heightened heartbeat) with the panic they experienced during panic attacks; this leads to conditioned fear in response to changes in bodily sensations (MaintenanceFactor 1).
According to Maintenance Factor 1, mild changes in bodily sensations act as:
A.unconditioned stimuli.
B.conditioned stimuli.
C.unconditioned responses.
D.conditioned responses.
B.conditioned stimuli.
mild changes in bodily sensations become cues that are associated with excessive panic. Thus, those mild changes in bodily sensations become conditioned stimuli, which elicit the conditioned fear response.
Patient 2: I am terrified of having a panic attack at a meeting. I dread the thought of others noticing how nervous I am. I’m worried that others will think I am weird. I don’t go to meetings anymore.
For Patient 2, panic attacks act as:
A.discriminatory stimuli.
B.signaling stimuli.
C.positive punishers
D.negative punishers.
C.positive punishers
Postive= add something
punish = diminishes behavior
Interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increases in the activity of the:
A.reticular activation system.
B.autonomic nervous system.
C.limbic system.
D.somatic nervous system.
B.autonomic nervous system.
Interoceptive awareness is described as increased sensitivity to internal bodily sensations, such as heartbeat and blood pressure, which are regulated by the ANS
Which term refers to the interpretation of bodily sensations
Cognitive appraisal
Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye?
A.Choroid
B.Cornea
C.Lens
D.Retina
B.Cornea
Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way?
A.Chemically
B.Mechanically
C.Electrically
D.Synaptically
B.Mechanically
Max attends a party and does not make eye contact with, or approach, his acquaintance, Sam. According to the actor–observer bias, what best represents how Max and Sam view this behavior?
Maxs self judgement: not feeling well
Sams judgment of max: max is socially awkward
actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (not feeling well) whereas observers attribute actors behaviors to dispositional factors (awkwardness)
In a study, each trial involves administering a drop of lemon juice to the participant’s tongue and measuring the participant’s level of salivation. As more trials are conducted, the researcher finds that the magnitude of salivation declines. After a certain point, the researcher switches to administering lime juice. This researcher is most likely studying which process?
A.Sensory perception
B.Habituation and dishabituation
C.Stimulus generalization in classical conditioning
D.Conditioned responses in classical conditioning
B.Habituation and dishabituation
What is the optimal arousal theory
states that optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance
Which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in the degree of sympathetic arousal experienced?
A.A measure of electrical conductivity of the skin
B.A CT scan of the hindbrain
C.A PET scan of the parietal cortex
D.A measure of melatonin levels
A.A measure of electrical conductivity of the skin
Which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in focusing on activation (and thus brain function) using radioactive glucose?
A.A measure of electrical conductivity of the skin
B.A CT scan of the hindbrain
C.A PET scan of the parietal cortex
D.A measure of melatonin levels
C.A PET scan of the parietal cortex
radioactive glucose releases positrons via beta decay. As a result, the gamma rays biproduct can be visualized. Its usually used to detect tumors since they will have the highest consumption of radioactive glucose
Which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in structural information (very similar to an X ray)
A.A measure of electrical conductivity of the skin
B.A CT scan of the hindbrain
C.A PET scan of the parietal cortex
D.A measure of melatonin levels
B.A CT scan of the hindbrain
What does Selye’s general adaptation syndrome tell us
peoples response to various stressors is similar. Adding additional stressors is unneccessary because the human stress response is not specific to a type of stressor
It was found that in-sync activity makes participants more prone to comply when prompted to engage in aggression.
Which conclusion is best supported by the outcome of this?
A.Synchronous activity increases group polarization.
B.Synchronous activity increases conformity.
C.Asynchronous activity increases cognitive dissonance.
D.Asynchronous activity increases social loafing.
B.Synchronous activity increases conformity.
COMPLY = CONFORM
Which brain region is most likely involved in the execution of a coordinated motor task?
A.Hippocampus
B.Hypothalamus
C.Cochlea
D.Cerebellum
D.Cerebellum
Engaging in synchronous behaviors is most likely to lead to an increase in compliance. An increase in compliance will show an increase in:
A.egocentricism.
B.observational learning.
C.obedience.
D.social facilitation.
C.obedience.
What is the approach approach conflict
Confliction results from having to choose between 2 attractive alternatives
What is approach avoidance conflict
a single goal that has both pos and neg consequences, such as marriage or a new job
Which Piaget stage is involved with egocentrism
Preoperational phase (2-7)
What is social facilitation
a phenomenon in which we perform simple or well-learned tasks better when in the presence of others
Which type of design is LEAST appropriate for research on residential segregation?
A.Ethnographic methods
B.Experimental methods
C.Quantitative methods
D.Survey methods
B.Experimental methods
Participants in a weight-loss program agree to have their body mass index (BMI) measured to track their progress in the program. Among a sample of 72 participants, the mean BMI is 30 and the median BMI is 25. Which statement provides an accurate description of the sample?
A.More participants had a BMI over 25 than a BMI under 25.
B.The majority of participants had a BMI between 25 and 30.
C.Half of the participants had a BMI over 25 and half had a BMI under 25.
D.More outliers among the participants had a BMI under 25 than a BMI over 30.
C.Half of the participants had a BMI over 25 and half had a BMI under 25.
median - middle score distribution. half the scores are above it and half are below it
Often utilized when studying communicable diseases, which type of analysis maps the series of relationships among a set of individuals?
A.Social support analysis
B.Social network analysis
C.Social stratification analysis
D.Social reproduction analysis
B.Social network analysis
Which effect is LEAST likely to occur with the process of gentrification?
A.Development of affordable housing
B.Increased neighborhood stratification
C.Displacement of lower-income residents
D.Expanded tax base for local government
A.Development of affordable housing
Gentrification is the reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups - housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease of affordable housing for lower income residents.
If adults are less likely to take risks, based on group polarization, how likely are they to take risks in a group than if they were alone?
They would be even less likely to take risks in a group than if alone.
Group polarization increases the behavior/attitude
Which statement would be from a behaviorist perspective?
A.have had more experiences in which they have been punished for risky behaviors.
B.are less prone to the effects of peer pressure.
C.have a more mature prefrontal cortex that inhibits impulsive behavior.
D.have a more developed superego that inhibits the impulses of the id.
A.have had more experiences in which they have been punished for risky behaviors.
What is validity
making sure that the test is measuring what it is intended to measure
According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which group of participants are most likely dealing with the challenges of generativity versus stagnation?
I Adolescents
II Young adults
III Adults
A.I only
B.III only
C.I and II only
D.II and III only
B.III only
Erikson stage as an infant
Trust vs mistrust
Erikson stage as a toddler
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Erikson stage as a preschooler
Initiative vs guilt
Erikson stage as a gradeschooler
Industry vs inferiority
Erikson stage as a teen
Identity vs role confusion
Erikson stage as a young adult
Intimacy vs isolation
Erikson stage as a middle aged adult
Generativity vs stagnation
Erikson stage as an older adult
Integrity vs despair
Which statement does NOT identify an aspect of the concept of assimilation?
A.Assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individual’s health.
B.Assimilation is the process of cultural adaptation that results from geographic mobility.
C.Assimilation occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture.
D.Assimilation occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood.
A.Assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individual’s health.
Assimilation is related to the process of social integration and generally refers to when new members adopt the main elements of a culture. The other response options each provide an aspect of the definition of assimilation (cultural adaptation, adopting new norms, and relinquishing old norms)
A researcher suggests that the benefits of bilingualism are related to the idea that the structure of language affects the perceptions of its speakers. This researcher is referring to which concept?
A.Weber’s Law
B.The nativist hypothesis
C.Schacter–Singer theory
D.Linguistic relativity
D.Linguistic relativity
Sapir whorf hypo
What is the Schacter–Singer theory
Stimulus: threatening bear approaches
Arousal: heart pounding
COGNITIVE LABEL: “thats one scary bear”
Emotion: FEAR
Suppose squares 1, 2, 3, and 4, moving from left to right at the top of the grid light up and some participants think “top row lights up first,” to remember the sequence. Which process is most likely being used to enhance working memory capacity?
A.Divided attention
B.Priming
C.Automatic processing
D.Chunking
D.Chunking
An immigrant teen stops participating in the ethnic customs of his family and instead identifies with the dominant culture of the new country by dressing, speaking, and acting like teens from that culture. In this scenario, the teens of the new country’s dominant culture become which type of group for the teen?
A.Assimilated group
B.Reference group
C.Majority group
D.Peer group
B.Reference group
After initially learning to ride a bike, riding a bike becomes easy for an individual. Each time the individual rides a bike thereafter, what type of memory is being used?
A.Semantic
B.Episodic
C.Explicit
D.Procedural
D.Procedural
Which memory is the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences, improving driving skill after a lesson?
A.Semantic
B.Episodic
C.Explicit
D.Procedural
C.Explicit
Which memory is general knowledge?
A.Semantic
B.Episodic
C.Explicit
D.Procedural
A.Semantic
What is the tension that results from competing demands within the contex of a single role
Role strain
If the tension existed between different roles that a single individual had, then it would be considered role ______
conflict
Research findings indicate higher levels of patient trust and physician attention in race-concordant physician–patient relationships because:
A.both the physician and patient belong to the same in-group.
B.the physician and patient share similar levels of status.
C.of racial hostility present in race-discordant relationships.
D.of the lack of role strain experienced by the physician.
A.both the physician and patient belong to the same in-group.
Which interpretation is consistent with the conflict theory perspective? Status hierarchies facilitate:
A.efficiency in the organization, whereas discrimination is a byproduct of these structures.
B.the preservation of structural power while being maintained by practices of discrimination.
C.effective social interactions, whereas discrimination is a subjective quality of those interactions.
D.the necessary operation of the workplace while removing ineffective members by practices of discrimination.
B.the preservation of structural power while being maintained by practices of discrimination.
Which research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment?
A.Comparative methods
B.Ethnographic methods
C.Experimental methods
D.Survey methods
B.Ethnographic methods
Which term refers to closed status positions that hinder social mobility?
A.Class systems
B.Caste systems
C.Economic systems
D.Financial systems
B.Caste systems
