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Mcat Review > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social cognitive theory based on?

A

Changing behavior or attitudes based on observations or expectations

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2
Q

Define social constructivism

A

Perception of ideas are constructed and then accepted as absolutes

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3
Q

Define parallel processing

A

Ability of brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of different quality

For example: vision can be separated into color, shape, depth and motion

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4
Q

Define fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics (personality) to explain someone else’s behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation’s external factors

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5
Q

Define belief perseverance

A

Tendency to cling to one’s initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts the basis of that belief

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6
Q

Define confirmation bias

A

Tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing belief

For example: reporter who is writing an article for important issue only interviews experts that support her view

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7
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

Having inconsistent thoughts or beliefs

Also known as mental gymnastics

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8
Q

What are the three components of attitude?

A

Affective = emotional component of attitude (anger towards welfare recipients)

Behavioral = causes one to behave in certain manners (wanting to prevent welfare recipients from living in own neighborhood)

Cognitive = Thoughts and beliefs

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9
Q

Piaget age ranges

A

Sensorimotor = 0-2

Preoperational = 2-6

Concrete operational = 6-12
(conservation)

Formal operational = 12+

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10
Q

What is the difference between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

A

Fluid intelligence = ability to solve new problems and use logic in new situations

Crystallized intelligence = ability to use learned knowledge and experience

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11
Q

Primary circular reaction vs secondary circular reaction

A

Primary circular reaction = repetitive nature which child finds soothing

Secondary circular reaction = repetitive behavior that involves and affects environment

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12
Q

What is the most common symptom of korsakoffs syndrome

A

Confabulaiton (production of distorted memory)

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13
Q

What is the difference between self-effacing bias and self-serving bias

A

Self-effacing bias occurs when attributing success to external factors and blaming failure on internal factors (the individual)

Self-serving bias occurs when one perceives themselves in an overly favorable manner

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14
Q

What is the difference between behaviorism and humanism?

A

Behaviorism is focused on ACTION

Humanism is focused on self-actualization and understanding one-self

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15
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

People will change their behavior when they know they are being watched

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16
Q

How can researchers make results statistically significant?

A

Increase the number of data points

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17
Q

What is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder?

A

Attention-seeking behavior

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18
Q

What is conflict theory based on?

A

Conflict - anger over inequality

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19
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Social loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone

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20
Q

What is the differences between a social more and a social folkway?

A

A social more is A set of moral norms or customs derived from generally accepted practices. Mores derive from the established practices of a society rather than its written laws

A social folkway is a custom or belief common to members of a society or culture

Social more = right vs wrong

Social folkway = right vs rude

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21
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

Sexual dimorphism refers to the degree to which males and females resemble each other. A species with low sexual dimorphism contains males and females that exhibit similar characteristics.

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22
Q

Is science generally inductive or deductive?

A

Inductive because deductive reasoning starts with a general theory, statement, or hypothesis and then works its way down to a conclusion based on evidence. Inductive reasoning starts with a small observation or question and works it’s way to a theory by examining the related issues

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23
Q

What is the difference between peripheral route processing and central route processing?

A

Peripheral route processing is dealing with processing information not based on content but instead on superficial parameters

Central route processing is the processing of information through analysis of content

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24
Q

Describe the general functions of the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

A

Hindbrain = responsible for balance and motor control

Midbrain = manages sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival

Forebrain= higher level thinking

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25
Q

Describe the three theories of emotion:

Cannon-bard

James-Lange

Schater-singer

A

Cannon-Bard = nervous system response and emotion occur simultaneously (cannon ball)

James-Lange = nervous system response then emotion (jump then laugh)

Schater-singer = response, then cognitive processing , then emotion (Nazis)

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26
Q

What is the midbrain, medulla and pons responsible for?

A

These structures make up the brainstem and are therefore responsible for controlling basic necessities for sustaining life - like breathing, hunger and adjusting heart rate

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27
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Organisms improve their own genetic success through altruistic social behavior

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28
Q

What portion of the ear is the pinna (auricle)

A

Outer ear

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29
Q

What portion of the ear is the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

Outer ear

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30
Q

What portion of the ear is the ossicles (malleus, stapes, incus)

A

Middle ear

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31
Q

What portion of the ear is the semicircular canals?

What do they do?

A

Inner ear

Detect rotational acceleratoin

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32
Q

What portion of the ear is the cochlea

A

Inner ear

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33
Q

What portion of the ear is the Eustachian tube?

A

Inner ear

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34
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Age: birth to 1 year

If basic needs are met, basic sense of trust develops.

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35
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

Age: 1 to 2 years

Learn and do things for themselves or doubt their abilities.

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36
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

Age: 3 to 5 years

Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

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37
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

Age: 6 years to puberty

Learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or feel inferior.

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38
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

Age: teen years into 20s

Refine sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity or become confused about who they are.

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39
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Age: 20s to early 40s

Form close relationships and gain capacity for intimate love or feel socially isolated.

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40
Q

Generatively vs. Stagnation

A

Age: 40s to 60s

Discover sense of contributing to world (family or work) or feel lack of purpose.

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41
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

Age: late 60s and older

Feel a sense of self-satisfaction or failure when reflecting back on life.

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42
Q

What is formal control/authority?

A

The government

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43
Q

What is an example of a subculture?

What is an example of a counterculture?

A

Subculture = hipster culture or skateboarding culture

Counterculture = cults

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44
Q

What is the “Me” in Mead’s I and Me?

What is the “I” in Mead’s I and Me?

A

The Me is our SOCIALIZED self, like our role as a brother, father, son

The I is our response to the attitude of our community. It is not socialized

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45
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

Social exchange theory states that all behavior is a result of a cost-benefit analysis

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46
Q

What is the propinquity effect?

A

The tendency of people to form platonic or romantic relationships with those they are around often

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47
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

Persistent depressive disorder (in mild form)

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48
Q

What is kinesthesis?

What is the vestibular system?

What is proprioception?

A

Kinesthesis is the sense of body movement

Vestibular system deals with balance (whether we are upright, laying down, balanced

Proprioception is the sense of body position

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49
Q

What is a mental set?

A

A framework for thinking about a problem

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50
Q

What is parasomnia?

A

Abnormal behavior during sleep, body is NOT paralyzed

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51
Q

What is the difference between habitutation and sensitization?

A

Habituation is a decreased response to a repeated stimulus (Becoming accustomed to cars honking while living in NYC)

Sensitization is an increased response to a repeated stimulus (Becoming more and more annoyed every time your professor says “okay?” after each sentence)

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52
Q

What is variable/fixed ratio based on?

What is variable/fixed interval based on?

A

Interval = time

Ratio = action

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53
Q

What is the difference between a mediating, confounding and moderating variable?

A

Mediating variable = explains relationship between two other variables (i.e education between social status and testicular cancer)

Confounding variable = variable that obscures the effects of another variable

Moderating variable = influences the strength of the relationship between two other variables (i.e age between social status and testicular cancer)

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54
Q

Drive reduction theory is associated with what?

A

Arousal

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55
Q

What is attrition?

A

When someone drops out

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56
Q

What is eustress?

What is distress?

A

Eustress is a positive type of stress that occurs when a situation is challenging but motivating

Distress is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for the body

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57
Q

What is neustress?

A

Neustress is a neutral types of stress, occurs when a person is exposed to stress but it doesn’t actively affect them

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58
Q

What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?

What is the difference between positive and negative?

A

Punishment = decreasing a behavior

Reinforcement = increasing a behavior

Positive = adding a stimulus

Negative = removing a stimulus

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59
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

Deindividuation = occurs when a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and ACTS in a way they normally wouldn’t

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60
Q

Which type of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

A

Variable-ratio (think casino slot machines)

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61
Q

What does construct validity deal with?

A

The degree to which a test measures what it claims

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62
Q

What does criterion validity deal with?

A

Refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome

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63
Q

How is discrimination different from stereotyping and prejudice?

A

Discrimination is ACTION

Stereotyping is a congitive action

Prejudice is an attidue

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64
Q

What is semantic memory?

Episodic?

Procedural?

Conditioned?

A

Semantic = A type of memory that is related to facts and information

Episodic = memory related to personal experiences

Procedural = memory related to procedures/actions

Conditioned = memory based on associations between two things

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65
Q

What is the difference between compliance, identification, and internalization?

A

Compliance = when people appear to agree with others, but actually keep their dissenting opinions private

Identification = when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity

Internalization = is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately

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66
Q

Define Approach-approach conflict, Avoidant-avoidant conflict, Approach-avoidant, Double approach-avoidant conflict

A

Approach-approach = two options are both appealing

Avoidant-avoidant conflicts = both options are unappealing

Approach-avoidant = one option has appealing and unappealing aspects

Double approach-avoidant conflicts = consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics

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67
Q

What is the difference between habituation and sensitization?

A

Habituation = decrease response to repeated stimulus (noticing traffic horns while living in the city)

Sensitization = increase response to repeated stimulus (getting pissed when your professor says ok after every sentence)

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68
Q

The language center is on which side of the brain?

A

The left side

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69
Q

What is shadowing?

A

Repeating a word/phrase immediately after it is heard

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70
Q

What is sensory memory?

What are the 3 types of sensory memory?

A

Sensory memory is memory of senses after stimulus has stopped

3 types: iconic (visual), echoic (audio) & haptic (touch)

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71
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Paying attention to specific input/stimuli

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72
Q

How does stress affect glucose metabolism?

A

Increased stress leads to increases glucose metabolism

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73
Q

What is the frontal lobe associated with?

A

Short-term planning, motivation, reward, attention

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74
Q

What is receptor internalization?

A

Bringing receptors that were on the cell surface to the inside of the cell (neurotransmitters would not be able to bond after receptor internalization)

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75
Q

Where do neurotransmitters bind to receptors?

A

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane

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76
Q

What are neurotransmitters created from?

A

Neurons

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77
Q

What type of reinforcement is best for acquisition for operant conditioning?

A

Continuous reinforcement, so the behavior is unambiguous

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78
Q

What is instinctual drift?

A

Instinctual drift is when established habits from operant conditioning are replaced by innate-food related behaviors

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79
Q

When does operant extinction occur?

A

When behavior is not reinforced

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80
Q

How does age affect memory?

A

Decrease = Episodic memory, Divided attention capacity, processing speed, Free recall

Stable = Implicit/procedural memory, Recognition

INCREASE = Semantic memory, Crystallized IQ, moral reasoning

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81
Q

What is the difference between implicit memory and explicit memory?

What is an example of implicit memory?

What are the two parts of explicit memory?

A

Implicit memory is unconscious, explicit memory is conscious

Implicit = procedural memory

Explicit = Episodic & semantic (facts) memory

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82
Q

What are agents of socialization?

A

Parts of society important for socialization

i.e pop culture, family, school, religion

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83
Q

What is culture transmission?

A

How people pass on culture

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84
Q

What is psychophysical testing?

A

Tests our perception of stimuli vs. their true physical properties (i.e size differences in optical illusions)

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85
Q

What is the difference between repression and suppression?

A

Repression = unconscious

Suppression = conscious

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86
Q

What is the most common example of intersectionality?

A

Race/ethnicity & social class

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87
Q

What is symbolic interactionism based on?

A

Small-scale social interactions

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88
Q

What is the principle idea of the looking glass self?

A

That our self image is shaped by society

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89
Q

What is demographic transition?

A

Changes in birth rate and death rate as a society becomes more industrialized

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90
Q

What are the differences between fMRI, MRI, CT & PET scans?

A

fMRI = functional MRI, shows activity of brain regions based on increases in blood flow. Most commonly used in psychology studies

MRI = uses magnetic field and radio waves to form 2D images, safer than CT & PET, but more expensive

CT = 3D X-ray used for structure

PET = injection of radio isotope to track activity of brain (blood flow), alternative to fMRI - but less safe

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91
Q

What are the EEG waves associated with the stages of the sleep cycle

A 
Awake = alpha & beta
1 = theta
2 = theta, sleep spindles, K complexes
3=delta
4=delta
REM = beta
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92
Q

What part of the brain is associated with the reward system?

A

The limbic system

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93
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

Amyglada, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cingluate gyrus

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94
Q

What are the 7 universal emotions?

A

fear, anger, surprise, sad, disgust, contempt, happiness

Frank ate Susy’s sad dirty cunt happily

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95
Q

When does stranger anxiety occurs?

A

At approx. 8-9 months old

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96
Q

What is interposition?

A

Depth perception

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97
Q

What is place theory?

A

Different frequencies of sound waves trigger different areas of the cochlear membrane

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98
Q

When are action potentials generated?

A

When depolarization exceeds threshold

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99
Q

What photoreceptors are located in the fovea, what about the periphery of the retina?

A

Fovea = cones

Retina = rods

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100
Q

What is the difference between negative symptoms and positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Negative symptoms = absence of normal behavior/emotion

Positive symptoms are things like hallucinations, delusions, racing thoughts

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101
Q

What part of memory does negative priming occur in?

A

Implicit memory

102
Q

What are neuroleptics?

A

1st antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia. Effectively treat positive symptoms, but dull cognitive functioning and can therefore worsen negative symptoms

103
Q

What does the general adaptation syndrome deal with?

A

Stress. 3 stages = alarm, resistance, exhaustion

104
Q

How do Alzheimer’s and Schizophrenia affect verbal fluency and negative priming?

A

Both negatively affect verbal fluency and negative priming

105
Q

What is activation-synthesis?

A

Model of dreaming where we dream because our brain is active while we sleep

106
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Strengthening of neurons through patterns of activity, leads to an increase in memory/learning

107
Q

How does cognitive dissonance affect people’s attitudes and behaviors?

A

People change their attitudes to match their behaviors

108
Q

What is the generalized other?

A

common expectations

109
Q

What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study

A

They are the same except for the fact that a cross-sectional study is an analysis of a population at a SPECIFIC point in time (instead of over a long period of time)

110
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

What are some examples of secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary = biological

Secondary = money, tokens, grades

111
Q

What does the Thomas Theorem state?

A

If men define situations as real, then their consequences are real (think stock market)

112
Q

What is the Asch line experiment measuring?

A

Conformity. Demonstrated the degree by which people conformed to an answer they know is incorrect (relative length of lines)

113
Q

What do Harlow’s monkey experiments measure?

A

Attachment and love of monkeys. There is a critical period for both. Furthermore, attachment is not solely based on psychological needs

114
Q

What does the frontal lobe deal with?

Parietal?

Occipital?

Temporal?

A

Frontal = executive function

Parietal = touch, temp, pain

Occipital = vision

Temporal = hearing

115
Q

What is the difference between dyssomnias and parasomnias?

A

Dyssomnia = amount or time of sleep (insomnia)

Parasomnia = odd behavior during sleep (night terror or sleepwalking)

116
Q

What is the difference between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal in regards to stress?

A

Primary = determining is something is stressful

Secondary = determining if one can overcome the stress or not

117
Q

What is parallel play?

What age does it occur?

A

When children play by themselves, but observe others playing around them

Parallel play occurs around age 4

118
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

Reliable = consistency

Validity = accuracy

119
Q

Besides balance what does the cerebellum influence?

A

Muscle memory

120
Q

What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?

A

Role strain = problem fitting into a role

Role conflict = two roles conflicting (student vs. worker)

121
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

A person influences their own behavior (by personal factors) and also is influenced by the environment

122
Q

What is social cognitive theory?

A

People learn by watching others

123
Q

What is a cohort?

A

A group

124
Q

What is negative bias?

A

Focusing on negative aspects of a stiutation

125
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

When individuals make interpretations about stimuli (negative or positive)

126
Q

What is operant thinning?

A

When the frequency of rewards is reduced

127
Q

What is operant fading?

A

When prompting of a behavior is reduced

128
Q

What kind of stimuli do not go through the thalamus?

A

Olfactory and gustatory stimuli

129
Q

Ambivalence

A

Mixed feelings of emotion

130
Q

What does the gestalt law of pragnanz deal with?

A

Simplicity

More specifically, reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form

131
Q

What is kin selection?

A

When people help their relatives even when it is costly to themselves

132
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

Reciprocal altruism is a situation in which you help a person based on the expectation that they will in turn help you in the future

133
Q

The iron cage is associated with which psychologist?

A

Max Weber

134
Q

What does a paired sample t-test do?

Independent samples t-test?

Pearson correlation coefficient?

Linear regression?

A

Paired sample t-test =used when results come from same participants

Independent sample t-test = compare mean values of two groups

Pearson correlation coefficient = compare association between two variables

Linear regression = used to predict scores from independent variables

135
Q

What does Chomsky believe about language?

A

That people have an innate language acquisition device

136
Q

Peeing the bed is associated with which phase of sleep?

A

3 - because it consists of delta waves, which cause deep sleep

137
Q

What is anchoring?

A

Act of relying too much on first info encountered

138
Q

What is affect heuristic?

A

Process of making judgment based on emotions that are evoked

139
Q

What kind of relationships do animals with low sexual dimorphism form?

A

Monogamous relationships

140
Q

What is a stimulus motive?

What is an example?

Is it necessary for survival?

A

A stimulus motive = motive that appears to be unlearned, but causes increase in stimulation

i.e Curiosity

It is NOT necessary for survival

141
Q

What are the two subtypes of conformity pressure?

A

Normative pressure & Informative pressure

142
Q

What is the difference between normative pressure and informative pressure?

A

Informative pressure = conforming because one believes other know more than them

Normative pressure = conforms even when one knows that the other are incorrect, but does not want to dissent from the group

143
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Protects neurons

Increases speed of impulse propagation

Provides electrical insulation

144
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

Refers to the extent which a study is able to mimic rela life

145
Q

What is differential association theory?

A

Differential association theory states that individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to them

146
Q

What is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?

A

Proactive interference = Earlier learning/memories hinder new learning

Retroactive interference = New memories/learning hinder old learning/memory

147
Q

What is referent power?

A

Ability of a leader to influence followers because of loyalty, respect, friendship

Think: reverence (deep respect)

148
Q

What is paranoid schizophrenia?

Disorganized schizophrenia?

Catatonic schizophrenia?

A

Paranoid = paranoid thought, but no cognitive impairment

Disorganized = hallucinations, disorganized thinking, cognitive impairment

Catatonic = inability to move normally, cognitive impairment

149
Q

Where high frequencies activated on the basilar membrane?

Low frequencies?

A

High frequency = near cochlear base

Low frequency = near cochlear apex, father from base

150
Q

What is ingratiation?

A

Ingratiation = individuals attempts to manipulate someone by becoming more attractive or likable towards the target

151
Q

Sheldon’s somatotypes deal with what?

A

Body types (ectomorph, endopmorh, mesomorph)

152
Q

Vygotsky’s Social develeopment theory states what?

A

Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition (unlike Piaget where it is more based on age groups)

153
Q

What are the stages of development according to Freud?

A

ONLY AMERICAN PUSSIES LACK G-SPOTS

Oral (0-1)

Anal (1-3)

Phallic (3-6)

Latency (6-puberty)

Genital (puberty-death)

154
Q

What do modern psychologists believe are the basic tenets of personality?

A

OCEAN

Openness

Conscientiousness (carefulness)

Extraversion (sociability)

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

155
Q

What is the difference between Type A and Type B personalities?

A

Type A = competitive, outgoing, ambitious, impatient and/or aggressive

Type B = more relaxed personalities

156
Q

What do Freud’s id, ego & superego refer to?

A

Id = instincts (devil on shoulder, totally unconscious)

Ego = reality

Superego = morality

157
Q

What is the difference between ascribed, achieved and master status?

A

Ascribed = born with (involuntary)

Achieved = earned

Master = primary identitity

158
Q

What is the difference between somatic symptom disorder and conversion disorder?

A

Somatic symptom disorder = person feels extreme anxiety about physical symptom (pain, hair loss). Person has intense thoughts, anxiety about somatic symptom that interferes with daily life

Conversion disorder = unexplained symptoms affects motor or sensory function (woman goes blind after tragic death of her son)

159
Q

What are the 3 personality disorder clusters

A

A = weird

B = wild

C = worried

(alphabetical 2nd letter)

160
Q

What is an example of reaction formation?

A

Homosexual man acting homophobic

161
Q

What is the serial positioning effect?

A

People remember start and end of list, but not middle

162
Q

What is depth of processing?

A

Deeper level analyses produce stronger, longer lasting memories

163
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

When a concept is activated, the activation spreads to related concepts

Think cat–> dog
or
Peanut butter –> jelly

164
Q

What are some examples of personality disorders?

A

Borderline personality disorder, Avoidant personality disorder

Most have the word ‘personality’ in the name

165
Q

What is the difference between an organization and a group?

A

Organization has specific goals

Group is simply 2 of more people who share a sense of unity

166
Q

What is anomie?

A

Lack of social norms that leads to breakdown in connections between individual and community

167
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response

168
Q

What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s moral development?

A

Preconventional = deals with punishment

Conventional = deals with social norms/authority

Postconventional = deals with universal ethics (some things may be right, but illegal/frowned upon)

169
Q

What is the difference between a core nation and a periphery nation?

A

Core nation = economically developed with strong gov’t and institutions

Periphery = less economically developed, with weak gov’t and institutions

170
Q

What is second order conditioning?

A

When a second order stimulus elicits a response

i.e “Going deeper down the rabbit hole”

171
Q

What is an example of spontaneous recovery?

A

Dog associated bell ring with food. Owner stops giving food after bell ring, dog stops responding to bell.

Couple of days go by, owner rings bell, dog runs in expecting food

172
Q

What is working memory also known as?

A

Short-term memory

173
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

Joins the right and left hemispheres of the brain

174
Q

Are medical records a useful source for scientific data?

A

Yes

175
Q

What is the difference between cultural capital and social capital?

A

Social capital = who you know

Cultural capital = knowledge of specific cultural values

176
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for short term memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

Hippocampus is more involved with long term memories

177
Q

What stage of sleep does sleep walking occur in?

A

Stage 4

178
Q

What is the difference between the dorsal pathway and ventral pathway?

A

Dorsal = where

Ventral = what

179
Q

What is the left prefrontal cortex associated with?

A

Happiness, joy, well-being

Improved the meditation

180
Q

What is the difference between bipolar 1, bipolar 2, and cyclothymic disorder?

A

Bipolar 1 = mania and major depresseion

Bipolar 2 = hypomania and major depression

Cyclothymic disorder = hypomania and minor depression

181
Q

What is a key difference when citing if a passage provides evidence for an idea in a CARS passage?

A

Support vs. Elaboration

182
Q

When does the photo transduction. Cascade occur?

A

When light hits rods and cones

183
Q

Rhodopsin in contained in rods/cones? Photospin

A

Rhodopsin = rods

Photospin = cones

184
Q

What is another term for tympanic membrane?

Where is it located?

A

Eardrum

Located in outer ear

185
Q

During which sleep stages are hypnic jerks (feeling of falling) and hearing things that aren’t there seen?

A

Stage 1

186
Q

Which stage of sleep helps consolidate memory?

A

REM helps consolidate memories

187
Q

Sleep walking occurs during which stage of sleep?

A

Stage 3 - deep sleep

188
Q

What is apnea (as in sleep apnea)

A

Absence of airflow

189
Q

What does the nucleus accumbens do?

A

Controls motor function

190
Q

What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous cues in regards to attention?

A

Exogenous = don’t have to tell ourselves to look at (loud, sudden noises)

Endogenous = requires intention to follow

191
Q

What is an example of an error in source monitoring?

A

Cannot remember who said something

192
Q

During “savings” does relearning take as long as initial learning?

A

No, relearning is faster than initial learning

193
Q

What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference?

A

Retroactive =old memories are impaired (can’t remember addresses

Proactive = new memories are impaired (can’t remember new password)

194
Q

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde = can’t remember old memories

Anterograde = can’t form new memories

195
Q

What is the difference between a type I error and a type II error?

A

1 = false positive

2 = false negative

196
Q

What is framing?

A

How you present something

197
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Cochlea detects sound

198
Q

How do brain hemispheres relate to emotion?

A

Left side = positive emotions

Right side = negative emotions

199
Q

How does stress affect the heart?

A

Increases blood pressure and causes vessels to become more rigid - hypertension and vascular disease - coronary artery disease

200
Q

How does stress affect the immune system?

A

Causes immune system to overreact - hairless from stress

201
Q

What is white matter made from?

A

Myelinated axons

202
Q

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?

Inhibitory?

A

Excitatory = glutamate

Inhibitory = glycine and GABA

203
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Change in modification of gene expression (rather than alteration of code itself

204
Q

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?

Inhibitory?

A

Excitatory = glutamate

Inhibitory = glycine and GABA

205
Q

What kind of psychology did Skinner study?

A

Behavioralism

206
Q

What is the difference between a source trait and a surface trait?

A

Surface = trait evident from behavior (we can see)

Source = factor underlying behavior (that we cannot see)

207
Q

What is the difference between Cardinal, central and secondary traits

A

Cardinal > central > secondary

208
Q

What neurotransmitter increases in schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

209
Q

What large part of the brain decreases significantly in Alzheimer’s?

A

The cerebrum

210
Q

What changes to neurotransmitters are involved in Parkinson’s?

A

Loss of Dopamine

211
Q

What are milgram and zimbardo associated with, respectively?

A

Milgram = obedience shock experiments

Zimbardo = Stanford prison experiments

212
Q

What is the just world hypothesis?

A

Good things happen to good people

213
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

How much behavior was influenced from interpretation of what experimenter wanted

214
Q

What is the main distinction between a more and a law?

A

Laws have formal sanctions

215
Q

What is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

A

Primary deviance = no big consequences

Secondary deviance = more serious consequences - stigma

216
Q

What is the main distinction between a more and a law?

A

Laws have formal sanctions

217
Q

What is strain theory in regards to deviance?

A

People will turn to deviance when blocked from straying a culturally accepted goal (drug dealers)

218
Q

What is an insight moment?

A

“Aha!”

219
Q

What is endolymph important for?

A

Acceleration and position (laying down or not)

220
Q

What are the differences between message, source and target characteristics in regards to persuasion?

A

Message = content of message

Source = who is trying to persuade you

Target = how do you feel

221
Q

When does the “tyranny of choice” occur?

A

When there are too many choices and you cannot decide on something (like at the supermarket)

222
Q

What does ego depletion state? In regards to self control

A

Self control can be depleted

Also strengthened like a muscle

223
Q

What is optimism bias?

A

Belief that bad things happen to others, but not ourselves

224
Q

How does consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus relate to attribution?

A

Consistency =internal causes (friend is always late)

Distinctiveness = external causes (friend who is always nice gets mad)

Consensus = external (a bunch of people are late as opposed to a single person)

225
Q

What does the actor-observer bias state?

A

We are victims of circumstance while everyone else is a willful actor

Relates to fundamental attribution error

226
Q

What kind of economic climate leads to increases in prejudice?

A

Depression (even recession)

227
Q

What is associated with the 1st, 2,3,4 circles of self-identity?

A

1 - self

2- family

3 - society

4 - media

228
Q

What does the mere exposure effect state?

A

The more often we see something, the more often we like it

Important for advertising/marketing!

229
Q

What are examples of unintentional discrimination:

  1. Side-effect discrimination
  2. Past-in-present discrimination
A
  1. Side-effect discrimination = one sector influences another (black man is arrested bc he is black, then cannot get Jon because of his record)
  2. Past-in-present discrimination = past discrimination affects present (segregation ends, but blacks still feel unwelcome in new schools)
230
Q

What is an example of a utilitarian organization and a normative organization.

A

Utilitarian = rewarded for efforts (a business)

Normative = shared goals (MADD)

231
Q

What is the difference between assortative and disassortative mating?

A

Assortative = large with large (can lead to inbreeding)

Disassortative = large with small (increase diversity)

232
Q

Is symbolic interactionism micro or macro-sociology?

Conflict theory?

Functionalism?

A

Symbolic interactionism = micro

Functionalism = macro

Conflict theory = macro

233
Q

What is ecclesia in regards to religion?

A

Ecclesia = dominant religious organization in specific society

I.e Islam in Iran

234
Q

What does social epidemiology deal with?

A

How social factors affect health (disease)

Epidemiology deals with incidence, distribution and control of disease

235
Q

How did Karl Marx believe society shovel evolve in regard to economic system?

A

Feudalism –> capitalism –> socialism

236
Q

What does the rational choice theory deal with?

How does exchange theory relate to this?

A

Everything we do is fundamentally rational

Exchange theory is the application of rational choice theory to social interactions

237
Q

The dependency ration deals with what ages?

A

Less than 14

Greater than 65

238
Q

What does disengagement theory state?

A

It is natural for old people to eventually disengage with society

239
Q

What are example of semi-periphery countries?

A

India and Brazil

Almost there

240
Q

What does the term gatekeeping mean as it relates to mass media?

A

A small hours of people and corporations control what information is presented to the public

241
Q

What does the glass ceiling effect deal with?

A

Inability to move up higher (as in a company)

Affects minorities

242
Q

What does a 0 of the index of dissimilarity mean?

A

Total segregation

243
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

Moro reflex?

A

Rooting = infant turns heads towards brush at cheek

Moro = infant extends arms, then slowly retracts as if falling

244
Q

What kind of vision do parvocellular cells detect?

Magnocellukar?

A

Parvocellular = shape

Magnocellular = motion

245
Q

What does the Whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis state?

A

The way we view and interpret the world is based on language

246
Q

More knowledgable other and zone of proximal development deal with which psychologist?

A

Vygotsky

247
Q

What is second sickness?

A

Worsening of health outcomes because of social injustice

248
Q

What is the primary difference between a caste and class?

A

Castes are closed social systems, classes are open

249
Q

What part of the eye is in direct contact with the eyelid?

A

The cornea

250
Q

Hair cells are what kind of receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors

251
Q

How can you measure the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Electrical conductivity of the skin

Mcat Review (6 decks)

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