Psych/Soc Flashcards
1
Q
What is social cognitive theory based on?
A
Changing behavior or attitudes based on observations or expectations
2
Q
Define social constructivism
A
Perception of ideas are constructed and then accepted as absolutes
3
Q
Define parallel processing
A
Ability of brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of different quality
For example: vision can be separated into color, shape, depth and motion
4
Q
Define fundamental attribution error
A
The tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics (personality) to explain someone else’s behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation’s external factors
5
Q
Define belief perseverance
A
Tendency to cling to one’s initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts the basis of that belief
6
Q
Define confirmation bias
A
Tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing belief
For example: reporter who is writing an article for important issue only interviews experts that support her view
7
Q
Define cognitive dissonance
A
Having inconsistent thoughts or beliefs
Also known as mental gymnastics
8
Q
What are the three components of attitude?
A
Affective = emotional component of attitude (anger towards welfare recipients)
Behavioral = causes one to behave in certain manners (wanting to prevent welfare recipients from living in own neighborhood)
Cognitive = Thoughts and beliefs
9
Q
Piaget age ranges
A
Sensorimotor = 0-2
Preoperational = 2-6
Concrete operational = 6-12
(conservation)
Formal operational = 12+
10
Q
What is the difference between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence
A
Fluid intelligence = ability to solve new problems and use logic in new situations
Crystallized intelligence = ability to use learned knowledge and experience
11
Q
Primary circular reaction vs secondary circular reaction
A
Primary circular reaction = repetitive nature which child finds soothing
Secondary circular reaction = repetitive behavior that involves and affects environment
12
Q
What is the most common symptom of korsakoffs syndrome
A
Confabulaiton (production of distorted memory)
13
Q
What is the difference between self-effacing bias and self-serving bias
A
Self-effacing bias occurs when attributing success to external factors and blaming failure on internal factors (the individual)
Self-serving bias occurs when one perceives themselves in an overly favorable manner
14
Q
What is the difference between behaviorism and humanism?
A
Behaviorism is focused on ACTION
Humanism is focused on self-actualization and understanding one-self
15
Q
What is the Hawthorne effect?
A
People will change their behavior when they know they are being watched
16
Q
How can researchers make results statistically significant?
A
Increase the number of data points
17
Q
What is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder?
A
Attention-seeking behavior
18
Q
What is conflict theory based on?
A
Conflict - anger over inequality
19
Q
What is social loafing?
A
Social loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone
20
Q
What is the differences between a social more and a social folkway?
A
A social more is A set of moral norms or customs derived from generally accepted practices. Mores derive from the established practices of a society rather than its written laws
A social folkway is a custom or belief common to members of a society or culture
Social more = right vs wrong
Social folkway = right vs rude
21
Q
What is sexual dimorphism
A
Sexual dimorphism refers to the degree to which males and females resemble each other. A species with low sexual dimorphism contains males and females that exhibit similar characteristics.
22
Q
Is science generally inductive or deductive?
A
Inductive because deductive reasoning starts with a general theory, statement, or hypothesis and then works its way down to a conclusion based on evidence. Inductive reasoning starts with a small observation or question and works it’s way to a theory by examining the related issues
23
Q
What is the difference between peripheral route processing and central route processing?
A
Peripheral route processing is dealing with processing information not based on content but instead on superficial parameters
Central route processing is the processing of information through analysis of content
24
Q
Describe the general functions of the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
A
Hindbrain = responsible for balance and motor control
Midbrain = manages sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival
Forebrain= higher level thinking
25
Describe the three theories of emotion:
Cannon-bard
James-Lange
Schater-singer
Cannon-Bard = nervous system response and emotion occur simultaneously (cannon ball)
James-Lange = nervous system response then emotion (jump then laugh)
Schater-singer = response, then cognitive processing , then emotion (Nazis)
26
What is the midbrain, medulla and pons responsible for?
These structures make up the brainstem and are therefore responsible for controlling basic necessities for sustaining life - like breathing, hunger and adjusting heart rate
27
What is inclusive fitness?
Organisms improve their own genetic success through altruistic social behavior
28
What portion of the ear is the pinna (auricle)
Outer ear
29
What portion of the ear is the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Outer ear
30
What portion of the ear is the ossicles (malleus, stapes, incus)
Middle ear
31
What portion of the ear is the semicircular canals?
What do they do?
Inner ear
Detect rotational acceleratoin
32
What portion of the ear is the cochlea
Inner ear
33
What portion of the ear is the Eustachian tube?
Inner ear
34
Trust vs. Mistrust
Age: birth to 1 year
If basic needs are met, basic sense of trust develops.
35
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Age: 1 to 2 years
Learn and do things for themselves or doubt their abilities.
36
Initiative vs. Guilt
Age: 3 to 5 years
Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about efforts to be independent.
37
Industry vs. Inferiority
Age: 6 years to puberty
Learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or feel inferior.
38
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Age: teen years into 20s
Refine sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity or become confused about who they are.
39
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Age: 20s to early 40s
Form close relationships and gain capacity for intimate love or feel socially isolated.
40
Generatively vs. Stagnation
Age: 40s to 60s
Discover sense of contributing to world (family or work) or feel lack of purpose.
41
Integrity vs. Despair
Age: late 60s and older
Feel a sense of self-satisfaction or failure when reflecting back on life.
42
What is formal control/authority?
The government
43
What is an example of a subculture?
What is an example of a counterculture?
Subculture = hipster culture or skateboarding culture
Counterculture = cults
44
What is the "Me" in Mead's I and Me?
What is the "I" in Mead's I and Me?
The Me is our SOCIALIZED self, like our role as a brother, father, son
The I is our response to the attitude of our community. It is not socialized
45
What is social exchange theory?
Social exchange theory states that all behavior is a result of a cost-benefit analysis
46
What is the propinquity effect?
The tendency of people to form platonic or romantic relationships with those they are around often
47
What is dysthymia?
Persistent depressive disorder (in mild form)
48
What is kinesthesis?
What is the vestibular system?
What is proprioception?
Kinesthesis is the sense of body movement
Vestibular system deals with balance (whether we are upright, laying down, balanced
Proprioception is the sense of body position
49
What is a mental set?
A framework for thinking about a problem
50
What is parasomnia?
Abnormal behavior during sleep, body is NOT paralyzed
51
What is the difference between habitutation and sensitization?
Habituation is a decreased response to a repeated stimulus (Becoming accustomed to cars honking while living in NYC)
Sensitization is an increased response to a repeated stimulus (Becoming more and more annoyed every time your professor says "okay?" after each sentence)
52
What is variable/fixed ratio based on?
What is variable/fixed interval based on?
Interval = time
Ratio = action
53
What is the difference between a mediating, confounding and moderating variable?
Mediating variable = explains relationship between two other variables (i.e education between social status and testicular cancer)
Confounding variable = variable that obscures the effects of another variable
Moderating variable = influences the strength of the relationship between two other variables (i.e age between social status and testicular cancer)
54
Drive reduction theory is associated with what?
Arousal
55
What is attrition?
When someone drops out
56
What is eustress?
What is distress?
Eustress is a positive type of stress that occurs when a situation is challenging but motivating
Distress is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for the body
57
What is neustress?
Neustress is a neutral types of stress, occurs when a person is exposed to stress but it doesn't actively affect them
58
What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
What is the difference between positive and negative?
Punishment = decreasing a behavior
Reinforcement = increasing a behavior
Positive = adding a stimulus
Negative = removing a stimulus
59
What is deindividuation?
Deindividuation = occurs when a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and ACTS in a way they normally wouldn't
60
Which type of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
Variable-ratio (think casino slot machines)
61
What does construct validity deal with?
The degree to which a test measures what it claims
62
What does criterion validity deal with?
Refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome
63
How is discrimination different from stereotyping and prejudice?
Discrimination is ACTION
Stereotyping is a congitive action
Prejudice is an attidue
64
What is semantic memory?
Episodic?
Procedural?
Conditioned?
Semantic = A type of memory that is related to facts and information
Episodic = memory related to personal experiences
Procedural = memory related to procedures/actions
Conditioned = memory based on associations between two things
65
What is the difference between compliance, identification, and internalization?
Compliance = when people appear to agree with others, but actually keep their dissenting opinions private
Identification = when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity
Internalization = is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately
66
Define Approach-approach conflict, Avoidant-avoidant conflict, Approach-avoidant, Double approach-avoidant conflict
Approach-approach = two options are both appealing
Avoidant-avoidant conflicts = both options are unappealing
Approach-avoidant = one option has appealing and unappealing aspects
Double approach-avoidant conflicts = consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics
67
What is the difference between habituation and sensitization?
Habituation = decrease response to repeated stimulus (noticing traffic horns while living in the city)
Sensitization = increase response to repeated stimulus (getting pissed when your professor says ok after every sentence)
68
The language center is on which side of the brain?
The left side
69
What is shadowing?
Repeating a word/phrase immediately after it is heard
70
What is sensory memory?
What are the 3 types of sensory memory?
Sensory memory is memory of senses after stimulus has stopped
3 types: iconic (visual), echoic (audio) & haptic (touch)
71
What is selective attention?
Paying attention to specific input/stimuli
72
How does stress affect glucose metabolism?
Increased stress leads to increases glucose metabolism
73
What is the frontal lobe associated with?
Short-term planning, motivation, reward, attention
74
What is receptor internalization?
Bringing receptors that were on the cell surface to the inside of the cell (neurotransmitters would not be able to bond after receptor internalization)
75
Where do neurotransmitters bind to receptors?
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
76
What are neurotransmitters created from?
Neurons
77
What type of reinforcement is best for acquisition for operant conditioning?
Continuous reinforcement, so the behavior is unambiguous
78
What is instinctual drift?
Instinctual drift is when established habits from operant conditioning are replaced by innate-food related behaviors
79
When does operant extinction occur?
When behavior is not reinforced
80
How does age affect memory?
Decrease = Episodic memory, Divided attention capacity, processing speed, Free recall
Stable = Implicit/procedural memory, Recognition
INCREASE = Semantic memory, Crystallized IQ, moral reasoning
81
What is the difference between implicit memory and explicit memory?
What is an example of implicit memory?
What are the two parts of explicit memory?
Implicit memory is unconscious, explicit memory is conscious
Implicit = procedural memory
Explicit = Episodic & semantic (facts) memory
82
What are agents of socialization?
Parts of society important for socialization
i.e pop culture, family, school, religion
83
What is culture transmission?
How people pass on culture
84
What is psychophysical testing?
Tests our perception of stimuli vs. their true physical properties (i.e size differences in optical illusions)
85
What is the difference between repression and suppression?
Repression = unconscious
Suppression = conscious
86
What is the most common example of intersectionality?
Race/ethnicity & social class
87
What is symbolic interactionism based on?
Small-scale social interactions
88
What is the principle idea of the looking glass self?
That our self image is shaped by society
89
What is demographic transition?
Changes in birth rate and death rate as a society becomes more industrialized
90
What are the differences between fMRI, MRI, CT & PET scans?
fMRI = functional MRI, shows activity of brain regions based on increases in blood flow. Most commonly used in psychology studies
MRI = uses magnetic field and radio waves to form 2D images, safer than CT & PET, but more expensive
CT = 3D X-ray used for structure
PET = injection of radio isotope to track activity of brain (blood flow), alternative to fMRI - but less safe
91
What are the EEG waves associated with the stages of the sleep cycle
```
Awake = alpha & beta
1 = theta
2 = theta, sleep spindles, K complexes
3=delta
4=delta
REM = beta
```
92
What part of the brain is associated with the reward system?
The limbic system
93
What does the limbic system include?
Amyglada, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cingluate gyrus
94
What are the 7 universal emotions?
fear, anger, surprise, sad, disgust, contempt, happiness
Frank ate Susy's sad dirty cunt happily
95
When does stranger anxiety occurs?
At approx. 8-9 months old
96
What is interposition?
Depth perception
97
What is place theory?
Different frequencies of sound waves trigger different areas of the cochlear membrane
98
When are action potentials generated?
When depolarization exceeds threshold
99
What photoreceptors are located in the fovea, what about the periphery of the retina?
Fovea = cones
Retina = rods
100
What is the difference between negative symptoms and positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Negative symptoms = absence of normal behavior/emotion
Positive symptoms are things like hallucinations, delusions, racing thoughts
101
What part of memory does negative priming occur in?
Implicit memory
102
What are neuroleptics?
1st antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia. Effectively treat positive symptoms, but dull cognitive functioning and can therefore worsen negative symptoms
103
What does the general adaptation syndrome deal with?
Stress. 3 stages = alarm, resistance, exhaustion
104
How do Alzheimer's and Schizophrenia affect verbal fluency and negative priming?
Both negatively affect verbal fluency and negative priming
105
What is activation-synthesis?
Model of dreaming where we dream because our brain is active while we sleep
106
What is long-term potentiation?
Strengthening of neurons through patterns of activity, leads to an increase in memory/learning
107
How does cognitive dissonance affect people's attitudes and behaviors?
People change their attitudes to match their behaviors
108
What is the generalized other?
common expectations
109
What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study
They are the same except for the fact that a cross-sectional study is an analysis of a population at a SPECIFIC point in time (instead of over a long period of time)
110
What are primary reinforcers?
What are some examples of secondary reinforcers?
Primary = biological
Secondary = money, tokens, grades
111
What does the Thomas Theorem state?
If men define situations as real, then their consequences are real (think stock market)
112
What is the Asch line experiment measuring?
Conformity. Demonstrated the degree by which people conformed to an answer they know is incorrect (relative length of lines)
113
What do Harlow's monkey experiments measure?
Attachment and love of monkeys. There is a critical period for both. Furthermore, attachment is not solely based on psychological needs
114
What does the frontal lobe deal with?
Parietal?
Occipital?
Temporal?
Frontal = executive function
Parietal = touch, temp, pain
Occipital = vision
Temporal = hearing
115
What is the difference between dyssomnias and parasomnias?
Dyssomnia = amount or time of sleep (insomnia)
Parasomnia = odd behavior during sleep (night terror or sleepwalking)
116
What is the difference between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal in regards to stress?
Primary = determining is something is stressful
Secondary = determining if one can overcome the stress or not
117
What is parallel play?
What age does it occur?
When children play by themselves, but observe others playing around them
Parallel play occurs around age 4
118
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliable = consistency
Validity = accuracy
119
Besides balance what does the cerebellum influence?
Muscle memory
120
What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?
Role strain = problem fitting into a role
Role conflict = two roles conflicting (student vs. worker)
121
What is reciprocal determinism?
A person influences their own behavior (by personal factors) and also is influenced by the environment
122
What is social cognitive theory?
People learn by watching others
123
What is a cohort?
A group
124
What is negative bias?
Focusing on negative aspects of a stiutation
125
What is cognitive appraisal?
When individuals make interpretations about stimuli (negative or positive)
126
What is operant thinning?
When the frequency of rewards is reduced
127
What is operant fading?
When prompting of a behavior is reduced
128
What kind of stimuli do not go through the thalamus?
Olfactory and gustatory stimuli
129
Ambivalence
Mixed feelings of emotion
130
What does the gestalt law of pragnanz deal with?
Simplicity
More specifically, reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form
131
What is kin selection?
When people help their relatives even when it is costly to themselves
132
What is reciprocal altruism?
Reciprocal altruism is a situation in which you help a person based on the expectation that they will in turn help you in the future
133
The iron cage is associated with which psychologist?
Max Weber
134
What does a paired sample t-test do?
Independent samples t-test?
Pearson correlation coefficient?
Linear regression?
Paired sample t-test =used when results come from same participants
Independent sample t-test = compare mean values of two groups
Pearson correlation coefficient = compare association between two variables
Linear regression = used to predict scores from independent variables
135
What does Chomsky believe about language?
That people have an innate language acquisition device
136
Peeing the bed is associated with which phase of sleep?
3 - because it consists of delta waves, which cause deep sleep
137
What is anchoring?
Act of relying too much on first info encountered
138
What is affect heuristic?
Process of making judgment based on emotions that are evoked
139
What kind of relationships do animals with low sexual dimorphism form?
Monogamous relationships
140
What is a stimulus motive?
What is an example?
Is it necessary for survival?
A stimulus motive = motive that appears to be unlearned, but causes increase in stimulation
i.e Curiosity
It is NOT necessary for survival
141
What are the two subtypes of conformity pressure?
Normative pressure & Informative pressure
142
What is the difference between normative pressure and informative pressure?
Informative pressure = conforming because one believes other know more than them
Normative pressure = conforms even when one knows that the other are incorrect, but does not want to dissent from the group
143
What does the myelin sheath do?
Protects neurons
Increases speed of impulse propagation
Provides electrical insulation
144
What is ecological validity?
Refers to the extent which a study is able to mimic rela life
145
What is differential association theory?
Differential association theory states that individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to them
146
What is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?
Proactive interference = Earlier learning/memories hinder new learning
Retroactive interference = New memories/learning hinder old learning/memory
147
What is referent power?
Ability of a leader to influence followers because of loyalty, respect, friendship
Think: reverence (deep respect)
148
What is paranoid schizophrenia?
Disorganized schizophrenia?
Catatonic schizophrenia?
Paranoid = paranoid thought, but no cognitive impairment
Disorganized = hallucinations, disorganized thinking, cognitive impairment
Catatonic = inability to move normally, cognitive impairment
149
Where high frequencies activated on the basilar membrane?
Low frequencies?
High frequency = near cochlear base
Low frequency = near cochlear apex, father from base
150
What is ingratiation?
Ingratiation = individuals attempts to manipulate someone by becoming more attractive or likable towards the target
151
Sheldon's somatotypes deal with what?
Body types (ectomorph, endopmorh, mesomorph)
152
Vygotsky's Social develeopment theory states what?
Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition (unlike Piaget where it is more based on age groups)
153
What are the stages of development according to Freud?
ONLY AMERICAN PUSSIES LACK G-SPOTS
Oral (0-1)
Anal (1-3)
Phallic (3-6)
Latency (6-puberty)
Genital (puberty-death)
154
What do modern psychologists believe are the basic tenets of personality?
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness (carefulness)
Extraversion (sociability)
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
155
What is the difference between Type A and Type B personalities?
Type A = competitive, outgoing, ambitious, impatient and/or aggressive
Type B = more relaxed personalities
156
What do Freud's id, ego & superego refer to?
Id = instincts (devil on shoulder, totally unconscious)
Ego = reality
Superego = morality
157
What is the difference between ascribed, achieved and master status?
Ascribed = born with (involuntary)
Achieved = earned
Master = primary identitity
158
What is the difference between somatic symptom disorder and conversion disorder?
Somatic symptom disorder = person feels extreme anxiety about physical symptom (pain, hair loss). Person has intense thoughts, anxiety about somatic symptom that interferes with daily life
Conversion disorder = unexplained symptoms affects motor or sensory function (woman goes blind after tragic death of her son)
159
What are the 3 personality disorder clusters
A = weird
B = wild
C = worried
(alphabetical 2nd letter)
160
What is an example of reaction formation?
Homosexual man acting homophobic
161
What is the serial positioning effect?
People remember start and end of list, but not middle
162
What is depth of processing?
Deeper level analyses produce stronger, longer lasting memories
163
What is spreading activation?
When a concept is activated, the activation spreads to related concepts
Think cat--> dog
or
Peanut butter --> jelly
164
What are some examples of personality disorders?
Borderline personality disorder, Avoidant personality disorder
Most have the word 'personality' in the name
165
What is the difference between an organization and a group?
Organization has specific goals
Group is simply 2 of more people who share a sense of unity
166
What is anomie?
Lack of social norms that leads to breakdown in connections between individual and community
167
What is latent learning?
Learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response
168
What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg's moral development?
Preconventional = deals with punishment
Conventional = deals with social norms/authority
Postconventional = deals with universal ethics (some things may be right, but illegal/frowned upon)
169
What is the difference between a core nation and a periphery nation?
Core nation = economically developed with strong gov't and institutions
Periphery = less economically developed, with weak gov't and institutions
170
What is second order conditioning?
When a second order stimulus elicits a response
i.e "Going deeper down the rabbit hole"
171
What is an example of spontaneous recovery?
Dog associated bell ring with food. Owner stops giving food after bell ring, dog stops responding to bell.
Couple of days go by, owner rings bell, dog runs in expecting food
172
What is working memory also known as?
Short-term memory
173
What does the corpus callosum do?
Joins the right and left hemispheres of the brain
174
Are medical records a useful source for scientific data?
Yes
175
What is the difference between cultural capital and social capital?
Social capital = who you know
Cultural capital = knowledge of specific cultural values
176
Which area of the brain is responsible for short term memory?
Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus is more involved with long term memories
177
What stage of sleep does sleep walking occur in?
Stage 4
178
What is the difference between the dorsal pathway and ventral pathway?
Dorsal = where
Ventral = what
179
What is the left prefrontal cortex associated with?
Happiness, joy, well-being
Improved the meditation
180
What is the difference between bipolar 1, bipolar 2, and cyclothymic disorder?
Bipolar 1 = mania and major depresseion
Bipolar 2 = hypomania and major depression
Cyclothymic disorder = hypomania and minor depression
181
What is a key difference when citing if a passage provides evidence for an idea in a CARS passage?
Support vs. Elaboration
182
When does the photo transduction. Cascade occur?
When light hits rods and cones
183
Rhodopsin in contained in rods/cones? Photospin
Rhodopsin = rods
Photospin = cones
184
What is another term for tympanic membrane?
Where is it located?
Eardrum
Located in outer ear
185
During which sleep stages are hypnic jerks (feeling of falling) and hearing things that aren't there seen?
Stage 1
186
Which stage of sleep helps consolidate memory?
REM helps consolidate memories
187
Sleep walking occurs during which stage of sleep?
Stage 3 - deep sleep
188
What is apnea (as in sleep apnea)
Absence of airflow
189
What does the nucleus accumbens do?
Controls motor function
190
What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous cues in regards to attention?
Exogenous = don't have to tell ourselves to look at (loud, sudden noises)
Endogenous = requires intention to follow
191
What is an example of an error in source monitoring?
Cannot remember who said something
192
During "savings" does relearning take as long as initial learning?
No, relearning is faster than initial learning
193
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference?
Retroactive =old memories are impaired (can't remember addresses
Proactive = new memories are impaired (can't remember new password)
194
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde = can't remember old memories
Anterograde = can't form new memories
195
What is the difference between a type I error and a type II error?
1 = false positive
2 = false negative
196
What is framing?
How you present something
197
What does the cochlea do?
Cochlea detects sound
198
How do brain hemispheres relate to emotion?
Left side = positive emotions
Right side = negative emotions
199
How does stress affect the heart?
Increases blood pressure and causes vessels to become more rigid - hypertension and vascular disease - coronary artery disease
200
How does stress affect the immune system?
Causes immune system to overreact - hairless from stress
201
What is white matter made from?
Myelinated axons
202
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory?
Excitatory = glutamate
Inhibitory = glycine and GABA
203
What is epigenetics?
Change in modification of gene expression (rather than alteration of code itself
204
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory?
Excitatory = glutamate
Inhibitory = glycine and GABA
205
What kind of psychology did Skinner study?
Behavioralism
206
What is the difference between a source trait and a surface trait?
Surface = trait evident from behavior (we can see)
Source = factor underlying behavior (that we cannot see)
207
What is the difference between Cardinal, central and secondary traits
Cardinal > central > secondary
208
What neurotransmitter increases in schizophrenia?
Dopamine
209
What large part of the brain decreases significantly in Alzheimer's?
The cerebrum
210
What changes to neurotransmitters are involved in Parkinson's?
Loss of Dopamine
211
What are milgram and zimbardo associated with, respectively?
Milgram = obedience shock experiments
Zimbardo = Stanford prison experiments
212
What is the just world hypothesis?
Good things happen to good people
213
What are demand characteristics?
How much behavior was influenced from interpretation of what experimenter wanted
214
What is the main distinction between a more and a law?
Laws have formal sanctions
215
What is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
Primary deviance = no big consequences
Secondary deviance = more serious consequences - stigma
216
What is the main distinction between a more and a law?
Laws have formal sanctions
217
What is strain theory in regards to deviance?
People will turn to deviance when blocked from straying a culturally accepted goal (drug dealers)
218
What is an insight moment?
"Aha!"
219
What is endolymph important for?
Acceleration and position (laying down or not)
220
What are the differences between message, source and target characteristics in regards to persuasion?
Message = content of message
Source = who is trying to persuade you
Target = how do you feel
221
When does the "tyranny of choice" occur?
When there are too many choices and you cannot decide on something (like at the supermarket)
222
What does ego depletion state? In regards to self control
Self control can be depleted
Also strengthened like a muscle
223
What is optimism bias?
Belief that bad things happen to others, but not ourselves
224
How does consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus relate to attribution?
Consistency =internal causes (friend is always late)
Distinctiveness = external causes (friend who is always nice gets mad)
Consensus = external (a bunch of people are late as opposed to a single person)
225
What does the actor-observer bias state?
We are victims of circumstance while everyone else is a willful actor
Relates to fundamental attribution error
226
What kind of economic climate leads to increases in prejudice?
Depression (even recession)
227
What is associated with the 1st, 2,3,4 circles of self-identity?
1 - self
2- family
3 - society
4 - media
228
What does the mere exposure effect state?
The more often we see something, the more often we like it
Important for advertising/marketing!
229
What are examples of unintentional discrimination:
1. Side-effect discrimination
2. Past-in-present discrimination
1. Side-effect discrimination = one sector influences another (black man is arrested bc he is black, then cannot get Jon because of his record)
2. Past-in-present discrimination = past discrimination affects present (segregation ends, but blacks still feel unwelcome in new schools)
230
What is an example of a utilitarian organization and a normative organization.
Utilitarian = rewarded for efforts (a business)
Normative = shared goals (MADD)
231
What is the difference between assortative and disassortative mating?
Assortative = large with large (can lead to inbreeding)
Disassortative = large with small (increase diversity)
232
Is symbolic interactionism micro or macro-sociology?
Conflict theory?
Functionalism?
Symbolic interactionism = micro
Functionalism = macro
Conflict theory = macro
233
What is ecclesia in regards to religion?
Ecclesia = dominant religious organization in specific society
I.e Islam in Iran
234
What does social epidemiology deal with?
How social factors affect health (disease)
Epidemiology deals with incidence, distribution and control of disease
235
How did Karl Marx believe society shovel evolve in regard to economic system?
Feudalism --> capitalism --> socialism
236
What does the rational choice theory deal with?
How does exchange theory relate to this?
Everything we do is fundamentally rational
Exchange theory is the application of rational choice theory to social interactions
237
The dependency ration deals with what ages?
Less than 14
Greater than 65
238
What does disengagement theory state?
It is natural for old people to eventually disengage with society
239
What are example of semi-periphery countries?
India and Brazil
| Almost there
240
What does the term gatekeeping mean as it relates to mass media?
A small hours of people and corporations control what information is presented to the public
241
What does the glass ceiling effect deal with?
Inability to move up higher (as in a company)
Affects minorities
242
What does a 0 of the index of dissimilarity mean?
Total segregation
243
What is the rooting reflex?
Moro reflex?
Rooting = infant turns heads towards brush at cheek
Moro = infant extends arms, then slowly retracts as if falling
244
What kind of vision do parvocellular cells detect?
Magnocellukar?
Parvocellular = shape
Magnocellular = motion
245
What does the Whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis state?
The way we view and interpret the world is based on language
246
More knowledgable other and zone of proximal development deal with which psychologist?
Vygotsky
247
What is second sickness?
Worsening of health outcomes because of social injustice
248
What is the primary difference between a caste and class?
Castes are closed social systems, classes are open
249
What part of the eye is in direct contact with the eyelid?
The cornea
250
Hair cells are what kind of receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
251
How can you measure the sympathetic nervous system?
Electrical conductivity of the skin
