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Chem/Phys Flashcards

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1
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

Lone pair of electrons on amino-terminus nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of another amino acid’s carboxy-terminus

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2
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

Linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

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3
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

Local structure consisting of alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets.

Stabilized by hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

Tertiary structure of protein

A

3D structure stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, acid-base interactions, hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds.

R-groups contribute to polypeptide’s tertiary structure

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5
Q

Quaternary structure of protein

A

Interactions between subunits.

Heat and solutes cause denaturation of quaternary structure

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6
Q

Which amino acid is not chiral?

A

Glycine, therefore it is also not optically active

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7
Q

Why is atomic oxygen highly reactive?

A

It is a free radical because it has unpaired valence electrons

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8
Q

What do nucleophiles possess that make them highly reactive?

A

Unpaired electrons - this is why they are often negative

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9
Q

What is the Grignard reaction used for?

A

Formation of carbon-carbon bonds

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10
Q

What is the relationship between index of refraction and speed of light?

A

Smaller index = faster light

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11
Q

How are Polysaccharides connected

A

Carbohydrate-carbohydrate glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

Rate law notations

A

0th: rate=k
1st: rate=k[A]
2nd: rate=k[A][B] or Rate=k[A]^2

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13
Q

What is the function of a buffer?

How many pKa’s does a triprotic acid have?

A

Resists changes in pH.

Triprotic acids have 3 pKa’s

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14
Q

How is Rf values (in chromatography) related to polarity?

A

Silica plates are very polar. Therefore polar molecules will have lower Rf values while non polar molecules will have higher Rf values

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15
Q

Enzymes ONLY affect what?

A

Reaction rate

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16
Q

Which nucleic acid bases are purines?

A

Adenine & guanine

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17
Q

Which nucleic acids are pyrimidines?

A

Uracil thymine and cytosine

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18
Q

How do the bonds between A-T and C-G differ?

A

A-T has two hydrogen bonds

C-G has three hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

What is the relationship between pH and CO2 in the body?

A

Increased CO2 = decreased pH

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20
Q

What is the charge of the anode of an electrolytic cell?

Cathode?

A

Anode = positive

Cathode = negative

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21
Q

What is the charge of the anode of an galvanic cell?

Cathode?

A

Anode = negative

Cathode = positive

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22
Q

What is the charge of the anode of an gel electrophoresis?

Cathode?

A

Anode = positive

Cathode = negative

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23
Q

Which way does electric CURRENT flow?

A

From positive to negative

In a simple circuit the flow of current is the opposite of the flow of electrons (electrons are attracted to the positive)

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24
Q

Which way do electrons flow?

A

Anode to cathode ALWAYS

AN OX RED CAT

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25
Q

What is the charge of a cathode and anode in a simple circuit?

A

Anode = negative

Cathode = positive

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26
Q

How are acetal and hemiacetals formed?

A

Addition of an alcohol onto a carbonyl group of an aldehyde

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27
Q

Sound waves travel fastest through what kind of media?

A

Solid media

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28
Q

What is Gibbs free energy equation?

A

G = H - T(S)

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29
Q

What is the difference between observed rotation and specific rotation?

A

Specific rotation is a constant (unless chemical changes occur)

Observed rotation is simply the rotation one can see (like an Orgo student in a lab)

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30
Q

What does Benedict’s test used for?

A

Testing for reducing sugars

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31
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A reducing sugar has a hemiketal or hemiacteal group

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32
Q

What is the common ion effect?

A

The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate when a soluble compound containing one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in equilibrium with the precipitate.

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33
Q

When does respiratory alkalosis occur?

A

When you hyperventilate

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34
Q

When does delocalization of electrons occur

A

When resonance is present

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35
Q

How do you calculate formal charge

A

Valence - bonds - nonbonded electrons

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36
Q

What is cloud point?

A

The point where a solution is on the brink of precipitation.

Lowering temp or adding solute will cause precipitation

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37
Q

What is the difference between a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction

A

Dehydration reaction links two monomers together by releasing water

Hydrolysis breaks polymers apart using water

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38
Q

How do you determine how many stereoisomers are possible in a compound?

A

2^n

Where n is the number of chiral centers

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39
Q

How do you determine the centripetal force?

A

F = m(v^2/r)

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40
Q

Tertiary alcohols experience what kind of reaction when attacked by a nucleophile?

A

SN1 reaction

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41
Q

Primary alcohols experience what kind of reaction when attacked by a nucleophile?

A

SN2 reaction and therefore the absolute conversion is inversed

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42
Q

What is the difference in types of products SN1 reactions create versus sn2 products?

A

Sn1 = racemic mixture

Sn2 = optically active and inverted

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43
Q

What’s the difference between an alpha particle and a helium atom

A

An alpha particle is simple the helium nucleus (no electrons)

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44
Q

What is the relationship between normality and molarity?

What is the molarity of a 1 N solution of HCl?

What is the molarity of a 30N solution of H2SO4?

A

Normality of a solution is the molarity multiplied by the number of equivalents per mole

HCl has a molarity of 1 M

H2SO4 has a molarity of 15 M

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45
Q

How is current related to time?

A

Current = charge/time

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46
Q

How are cations formed in regard to principal quantum number?

A

Electrons are removed beginning with highest principal quantum number

I.e: 4s2 before 3d10

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47
Q

What is a Lewis base?

A Lewis acid?

A

A Lewis base is an electron donor

A Lewis acid is an electron acceptor

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48
Q

What is a Brønsted-Lowry acid?

A Brønsted-Lowry base?

A

Brønsted-Lowry acid = proton (H+) donor

Brønsted-Lowry base = proton acceptor

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49
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution in which no more solvent can be dissolved

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50
Q

What is the first step in stoichiometry problems?

A

Convert the mass to moles

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51
Q

What is a colloid?

A

Suspension of particles that are larger in size than that of an individual molecule

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52
Q

What color has the highest frequency?

What color has the highest wavelength?

A

Frequency = purple

Wavelength = red

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53
Q

What is the unit of a Watt

A

Joules/second

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54
Q

How does resistance relate to resistivity?

A

Resistance = p(L)/A

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55
Q

What is superheating of a liquid?

A

Heating a liquid under pressure above its boiling point without vaporization

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56
Q

What does a red litmus color represent?

What does a blue litmus color represent?

A

Red = acidic

Blue = basic

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57
Q

In aqueous solutions what does H2CO3 decompose to?

A

H2O and CO2

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58
Q

What is an aliphatic compound?

A

A compound that is not aromatic - it is a straight chain compound

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59
Q

What is tautomerization?

A

Tautomerization involves the movement of atoms typically H. Resonance deals with the delocalization of electrons

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60
Q

What does the reactivity of a metal depend on?

A

Ionization potential

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61
Q

What are the best leaving groups?

What are the worst leaving groups?

A

Best leaving groups = weak bases

Worst leaving groups = strong bases

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62
Q

How does an acid differ from its conjugate base?

A

By the presence of a H+

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63
Q

What occurs if the solubility product of a compound is exceeded?

A

A precipitate will form

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64
Q

What does a low ksp mean in regards to water solubility?

A

Low ksp = low solubility in water

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65
Q

When does a liquid boil in regards to its vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure?

A

A liquid will boil when the vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure

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66
Q

How many electrons can fit in the s, p, d and f orbitals?

A

S= 2

P= 6

D= 10

F= 14

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67
Q

In titration, how do the moles of analyte compare to the moles of titrant at the equivalence point?

A

Moles analyte = moles titrant at equivalence point

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68
Q

What are the 3 kinematics equations?

A

Vf = Vo + at

Xf = Vot + 1/2 at^2

V^2 =Vo^2 + 2a(Xf-Xo)

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69
Q

What does Newton’s third law state?

A

For every force there must be an equal and opposite force

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70
Q

What are the bond angles for a sp, sp2, sp3 molecule?

A

Sp = 180

Sp2 = 120

Sp3 = 109.5

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71
Q

Acetone formula

A

C3H6O

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72
Q

What do each of these enzyme classes do?

Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
A

Oxidoreductase = oxidation or reduction reactions

Transferase = transfer of function groups

Hydrolase = Hydrolysis reaction

Lyase = cleavage without hydrolysis

Isomerase = create isomers (rearrangement of atoms within a molecule)

Ligase = Joining of two molecules using ATP

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73
Q

Where are the following IR spec peaks located?

Carbonly, Hydroxyl, Amine

A

Carbonly = 1700-1750

Hydroxyl = 3200-3500 (broad)

Amine = 3100-3500 (sharp)

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74
Q

What does k equal to in regards to

A

k = [products]/[reactants]

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75
Q

What is Hess’s Law?

A

deltaH = ∑Hproducts - ∑Hreactants

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76
Q

What does a capacitor do?

A

Stores an electric charge

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77
Q

Microtubules are used in which of the following:

Meiosis
Mitosis
Vesicle transport

A

Microtubules are used in all 3

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78
Q

What is 1atm equal to in mm Hg and in Pa

A

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 10^5 Pa,

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79
Q

What kind of images do diverging lens produce?

What kind of images do converging lens produce?

A

Diverging = SUV - smaller upright virtual

Converging = SIR EIR LIR no LUV

SIR = beyond R
EIR = object at R
LIR = object between R and F
no = at focal point
LUV = between f and lens
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80
Q

What is an example of a molecule that exhibits homotropic regulation?

A

Hemoglobin

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81
Q

Where is an indicators pKa?

A

Within one unit of the desired pH

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82
Q

What is the difference between a positive control and a negative control?

A

Positive control = response expected

Negative control = no response expected

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83
Q

How are work and KE related

A

W = change in KE

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84
Q

What is 1 Pa equivalent to?

A

1 N/m^2

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85
Q

1 L is equivalent to what?

A

1 m^3

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86
Q

1 J is equivalent to what?

A

1 N.m

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87
Q

How is velocity and pressure related?

A

Increased velocity = decreased pressure

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88
Q

What is the equation for flow?

A

Flow= Area x velocity

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89
Q

What is an acetyl group?

A

A methyl and carbonyl group is an acetyl group

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90
Q

What is the structure of a hydroquinone?

What is the structure of a quinone?

A

Hydroquinone = Aromatic ring with two hydroxyl groups on opposite ends

Quinone = Aromatic ring with two carboxyl groups on opposite ends

91
Q

What is a benzene, phenol, acyl, aklyl?

A

Benzene = aromatic ring

Phenol = aromatic ring with hydroxyl group

Acyl = carbonyl group

Alykl = C-H group

92
Q

What is an example of proteolytic cleavage?

A

Hydrolysis

93
Q

Prefix -thiol deals with what atom?

A

Sulfur

94
Q

How does frequency relate to energy?

A

Higher frequency = hihger nergy

95
Q

What is the unit of Hz?

A

s^-1

96
Q

What does a voltmeter do?

A

Measures voltage/potential difference in a circuit

97
Q

What is the central atom of choline?

A

Nitrogen

98
Q

What is the difference between thermodynamic control and kinetic control?

A

Thermodynamic control = lower energy state of product preferred, often seen in reversible rxns

Kinetic control = preferred product of rxn has lowest activation energy and is formed most quickly

99
Q

What is the formula for Keq?

A

Keq = [products]/[reactants]

100
Q

What is the formula relating G and Keq?

A

Delta G= -RT ln(Keq)

101
Q

What are the bond angles associated with linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral molecules?

A

Linear = 180

Trigonal planar = 120

Tetrahedral = 109.5

102
Q

What do kinases do?

A

Catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups using ATP

103
Q

What molecules are often intensely colored?

A

Molecules with delocalization of electrons

104
Q

How do you measure catalytic efficiency?

A

Kcat/Km

High Kcat, low Km = high efficiency

105
Q

What types of bonds link monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic linkages link monosaccharides

106
Q

What amino acids can participate in hydrogen bonds?

A

Amino acids with polar side chains

107
Q

What kind of molecules bind to anion exchange columns? Cation exchange columns?

A

Anions bind to anion exchange columns

Cations bind to cation exchange columns

108
Q

What needs more salt to be eluted from an anion exchange column: a highly negative molecule, or a weakly negative molecule

A

A Highly negative molecule needs more salt to be eluted from an anion exchange column

109
Q

What parameter must be satisfied when measuring Kcat?

A

Substrate concentration must be saturating when measuring Kcat

110
Q

What is the visible light spectrum in nm?

What color has the lowest wavelength?

A

Approx 400-700nm

Purple has the lowest wavelength (and therefore highest frequency)

111
Q

What makes a good leaving group?

What are some examples of common leaving groups?

A

Being able to retain electron after a bond breaks (heterolysis)

Common leaving groups = weak bases, large groups with resonance (delocalization of electrons), and large groups with electron-withdrawing atoms

112
Q

What is HF a weak acid?

A

Because F is so electronegative it binds very tightly to F and therefore takes a lot of energy to break the bond

113
Q

How many units does a homotetramer have?

A

4 units

114
Q

What does a reducing SDS-PAGE do?

A

Denatures proteins and eliminates quaternary structure

115
Q

How carbons numbered in rings?

A

Based on N positions (where lowest N is first)

116
Q

What molecules move the farthest in SDS-PAGE

A

small molecules move farthest

117
Q

What is native electrophoresis?

What molecules travel farthest?

A

In native electrophoresis, molecules are not denatured

Smaller molecules travel farthest

118
Q

What are hydronium molecules found in?

OH- molecules?

A

Hydronium = acids

OH- = bases

119
Q

What nucleotide has the highest molecular weight?

A

Guanine

120
Q

What is a key example of a non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

121
Q

How is Kcat related to Vmax

A

Higher Kcat = higher Vmax

122
Q

What kind of amino acids can form peptide bonds?

A

Positively charged amino acids (Lysine) can acts as amine group

123
Q

What amino acids can create covalent bonds?

A

Cysteine can create covalent bonds though disulfide bridges

124
Q

What is a ternary complex?

A

A ternary complex is protein complex containing three different molecules that are bound together.

125
Q

What do the quantum numbers: n. l, ml, and ms represrent

A

n= shell (value = [n=1,2,3]) max number of electrons in energy level = 2n^2

l= subshell (l= n-1) max number of elcetron in subsell = 4l +2

ml= orbiatal (bewteen +l and -l)

ms= spin (+1/2 or -1/2)

126
Q

What atom is key for a pyrrole?

A

Nitrogen (N)

127
Q

What is the formula for buoyant force?

A

Fb = pgVsubmerged

128
Q

What is Bernoulli’s equation?

A

P + 1/2(density)(velocity^2) + density(g)(h) = constant

or

Pressure + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant

129
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

The lowest frequency produced by an object

130
Q

Which harmonic has the longest wavelength?

A

1st harmonic

131
Q

How many different substituents do stereocenters need to be attached to?

A

4 different group. Lone pair of electrons can count as a group!

132
Q

What is avogadro’s number?

A

6.023 x 10^23

133
Q

What is dipole moment?

A

The mathematical product of the separation of the ends of a dipole and the magnitude of the charges

Dipolar ions (ions with positive and negative ends) will have greater dipole moments

134
Q

How do saturated and unsaturated bonds differ?

A

Unsaturated bonds have double bonds (and are kinked) Saturated bonds are not kinked as they only contain single bonds

135
Q

What is acid dissociation constant?

A

Ka (different from affinity constant) measures strength of an acid. Higher Ka = stronger acid

136
Q

What is an ideal gas?

A

An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas that occupies negligible space and has no interactions (therefore obey gas laws exactly)

137
Q

What oxidation state are molecules in when they are bonded to themselves?

A

0

i.e Ag has an oxidation state of 0

138
Q

D-group elements are what kind of elements?

A

Transition metals (think s, p, d, f)

139
Q

Is a galvanic cell spontaneous or nonspontaneous?

What about an electrolytic cell?

A

Galvanic = spontaneous

Electrolytic = nonspontaneous

140
Q

How does reduction potential (E) relate to G (spontaneity)?

A

Reduction potential and spontaneity are inversely related

141
Q

During recrystallization do you want to cool the solution slowly or quickly?

Lots of solvent or minimal solvent?

A

Cool solution SLOWLY

MINIMAL solvent

142
Q

What is the unit for Pa?

A

N/m^2

143
Q

What is the unit for Voltage?

A

J/C

144
Q

What is the unit for Ampere’s?

A

C/s

145
Q

How does ionic radius differ from atomic radius?

A

Atomic radius increases towards bottom left corner of periodic table

Anions are much larger than neutral molecules
Cations are much smaller than neutral molecules

146
Q

When do gases deviate from ideal gas law?

A

Low temperatures and high pressure

147
Q

How do strong acids and bases behave in aqueous solutions?

A

They complete dissociate into their ions in aqueous solutions

148
Q

How do weak acids and bases behave in aqueous solutions?

A

Weak acids and bases only partially dissociate

149
Q

How does Ka (acid dissociation constant) relate to acid strength?

A

High Ka = strong acid

150
Q

When will a precipitate form in regards to Ksp?

A

When the Ksp is exceeded a precipitate will form

151
Q

What kind of charge does a axon possess?

A

A negative charge (as it conducts electricity - stores electrons)

152
Q

Does the rule “like dissolves like” hold true for acids/bases?

A

No

153
Q

What kind of solutions are bases dissolved in?

A

Bases can be dissolved in acidic solutions (neutralization)

Most bases are insoluble in water

154
Q

What is the charge of the C-terminus?

N-terminus?

A

C-terminus = -1

N-terminus = +1

155
Q

What occurs in an ionization reaction?

A

Ions are created

156
Q

What occurs in a Lewis Acid/Base reaction?

A

Lewis acid and lewis base form to create a Lewis “complex”

157
Q

What occurs in a redox reaction?

A

Oxidation state changes

158
Q

If a buret is in cup of water, and the water level in the buret is higher than the cup of water, how does the pressure in the buret compare to the ambient pressure?

A

The pressure of gas in the buret is lower than ambient pressure

PV=nRT

(volume increased, so pressure decreases)

159
Q

Hydrogen bonding occurs when?

A

When H is bonded to highly electronegative atoms (F, N O)

160
Q

The principal quantum number is a measure of what?

A

Radial size of an electron cloud

161
Q

What does it mean to exist in equilibrium?

A

Exist between two forms

162
Q

Are 4 or 6 membered rings more thermodynamically preferable?

A

6 membered rings are more thermodynamically preferable

163
Q

A C=C bond IR shift is approximately where?`

A

1600 cm^-1

164
Q

What does the Doppler effect deal with?

A

Speed of sound and frequency change

165
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

E = hf

166
Q

When temperature is increased is endothermic or exothermic reaction favored?

A

Endothermic reaction is preferred

167
Q

What is the difference between fractional, simple and vacuum distillation?

A

Fractional = boiling points are less than 25 degrees apart

Simple = bp greater than 25 degrees

Vacuum = used to separate mixtures of very high boiling points

168
Q

When do gases act ideally?

A

High temperature, low pressure

169
Q

Azetropes must be separated by what kind of distillation?

A

Fractional distillation

Azetropes are also known as constant boiling mixtures

170
Q

How do you determine the number of valence electrons on an atom?

A

Count the group number

171
Q

What is the general formula for trigonal bipyramidal molecules?

Octahedral molecules?

A

Trigonal bipyramidal = PCl5

Octahedral SF6

172
Q

Keq > 1 means what?

Keq

A

Keq > 1 means lots of products (shift right)

Keq

173
Q

What is chelation?

A

When an atom (cation) is bonded convalently to the same ligand multiple times

174
Q

What are the differences between isolated, closed an open systems in regards to thermochemistry?

A

Isolated = no exchange of energy or matter

Closed = no exchange of matter, but can exchange energy

Open = can exchange both matter and energy

175
Q

What does a state function depend on?

A

State function depend on only the initial and final states of the system, no the path they take

i.e Temperature

176
Q

What is the definition of Arrhenius acid and base?

A

Arrhenius acid = in aqueous solution, acid produces excess H+

Arrhenius base = in aqueous solution, base produces excess OH-

177
Q

What is the pH of a solution when [H+] = 1 x 10^-3

A

pH = 3

178
Q

Do galvanic or electrolytic cells have salt bridges?

A

Galvanic cells have salt bridges to allow electrons to flow between the half cells containing the anode and cathode

179
Q

How do you calculate emf (standard reduction potential)

A

Ered, cat - Ered, anode

180
Q

How can you calculate total pressure of a rxn based on partial pressures?

A

Add partial pressures for all gases to get total pressure

Dalton’s Law

181
Q

Is PCC an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?

A

Oxidizing agent (weak)

182
Q

What do oxidizing agents contain?

A

Oxygen

183
Q

What do reducing agents contain?

A

Hydrogen

184
Q

Which has a higher value, uk or us?

A

Static friction is greater than kinetic friction

185
Q

What is the first harmonic also referred to as?

A

The fundamentals frequency

186
Q

What does the number of peaks of a NMR graph indicate?

A

Number of distinct H neighbors. Peaks is greater than the number of neighbors (n+1)

187
Q

What is emitted during a beta negative decay?

A

Electron!

188
Q

What are the differences between cis and trans isomers?

A

Cis = same side

Trans = opposite side

Unsaturated fatty acids have greater kinks in cis!!

189
Q

How many steps is SN1 reaction?

SN2

A

SN1 = 2 steps (therefore has carbocation intermediate)

SN2 = 1 step

190
Q

What kind of reaction has a carbocation intermediate, SN1 or SN2?

A

SN1 - as it has two steps

191
Q

Where does steric hindrance affect an alcohol?

A

Steric hindrance affects the central atom (not the peripheral atoms)

192
Q

What does gas liquid chromatography separate mixtures based on?

A

Based on boiling points

193
Q

What kind of molecules will migrate the fastest and cause the first peaks in GC?

A

Molecules with the lowest boiling points migrate the fastest and cause the first peaks

194
Q

What kind of products are does SN2 produce?

A

Inverted products, optically active

195
Q

What kind of products does SN1 produce?

A

Racemic products

196
Q

What is deuterium?

A

Heavy hydrogen (isotope with double mass)

197
Q

Which amino acids can be phosphorlyated easily?

A

Serine, threonine, tyrosine (amino acids with OH group)

198
Q

How does the area of capillaries compare to the area of arteries?

A

Capillaries have more TOTAL area

199
Q

What is the equation for refractive index?

A

n = c/v

c = speed of light, 3 x 10^8

200
Q

What does a hydrophobic compound consist of?

A

A lot of C-H bonds

201
Q

Where are the sources of phosphate groups for a kinase?

A

ATP, that is why ATP is used

202
Q

What is uracil associated with?

A

RNA

203
Q

How do charged anions behave in solution?

A

Charged anions are less likely to deprotonate in solution because they have high levels of attraction with positively charged hydrogens

204
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

m = -i/ o

(-image)/object

205
Q

What is most disordered: gas, liquid or solid?

A

Gas is most disordered

206
Q

What are the two equations for standard cell potential?

A

Ecell = Ecat - E anode

Ecell = Ered - Eox

AN OX, RED CAT

207
Q

Describe the spontaneity of an electrolytic cell?

A

Electrolytic cell is non-spontaneous (because it has a battery)

208
Q

What does the common ion effect do?

A

Reduces solubility

209
Q

What is a lactone?

A

A cyclic ester

210
Q

How does a H NMR peak relate to the number of neighbors with hydrogen?

A

Peak = 1 greater than number of neighbors

211
Q

What is a moiety?

A

Part of a molecule

212
Q

What are the equations for fundamental frequency for a string, open pipe and closed pipe?

A

string = f = nv/2L

open = f = nv/2L

closed = f = nv/4L

213
Q

What are the units for 0, 1 and 2 order reactions?

A

0 = M/s

1 = 1/s

2 = 1/M.s

214
Q

What are the differences between 0, 1 and 2 order reactions?

A

0 = constant rate, independent of reactants

1 = rate proportional to concentration of one of the reactants

2 = rate proportional to square of concentration of one of reactants, or product of concentration of two of the reactants

215
Q

What is another term for acetic acid?

A

Acetate

216
Q

What is binding affinity characterized in Michelis-menten?

A

Km

217
Q

Is coA chiral or achiral?

A

Achiral

218
Q

What is the charge of an -OH at pH 7?

A

0, uncharged

219
Q

What is the half-reaction for oxidaiton?

A

NADH = NAD+ + H+ + 2e-

220
Q

What is molality?

A

Mols/kg

221
Q

What is the ir frequency for c-c?

A

1200

222
Q

What is the ir frequency for c=c?

A

1600

223
Q

Shielded hydrogens are attached to what?

A

Less electronegative molecules

224
Q

Deshielded means an atoms is attached to what?

A

A more electronegative atom

Mcat Review (6 decks)

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