Psych/Soc 5 & 6 Flashcards
what are the types of stimuli and responses in classical conditioning?
In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to
when the netural stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired and repeatedly presented
In classical conditioning, extinction refers to
when the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response
ie. the dog eventually stops salivating at just the bell by itself
In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to
when an extinct conditioned response (salivating at the bell) occurs again when presented with the original conditioned stimulus…occurs after some time has lapsed after extinction in which there was no presentation
Classical conditioning problem
In classical conditioning, generalization refers to:
when a neutral stimulus other than the original conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
e.g. the dog salivates at a windchime not just a bell
In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to
the opposite of generalization, where the conditioned stimulus only occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus
how does operant coniditioning differ from classical conditioning?
The _______1_____is the part of the brain particularly involved in negative conditioning while the ______2______is particularly involved in positive conditioning
- amygdala (fear center)
- hippocampus (memory)
in operant conditioning, a primary reinforcer is an unconditioned/conditioned response
unconditioned. They are reinforcers taht are innately desirable or satisfying. Like food or avoiding pain
in operant conditioning, a secondary reinforcer is an unconditioned/conditioned response
conditioned. it is not inherently desireable but becomes a reinforcer through its association with the primary reinforcer
if you wanted to ensure greater resistance to exctinction, which form of continuous reinforcement would you use?
continuous or intermittent
intermittent
*only downside is that learning/acquisition takes longer. But you can pair them.. do continuous first then switch to intermittent
how do the different reinforcement schedules affect behavior?
What are the differences between positive vs negative reinforcement and positive vs negative punishment
Escape vs avoidance learning
escape learning: when a person engages in a particular behavior to get away from an aversive stimulus (temper tantrum in response to vegetables)
avoidance learning: occurs when a person engages in a behavior that prevens the presentation of the aversive stimulus altogether
long-term potentation refers to
when, following a brief period of stimulation an increase in synaptic strength between two neurons leads to stronger electrochemical responses to a given stimulus (example is studying)
instinctive drift refers to
the tendency for conditioning to be hindered by natural instincts. Two psychologists, Keller and Marian Breland, were the first to describe instinctive drift. The Brelands found that through operant conditioning, they could teach raccoons to put a coin in a box by using food as a reinforcer. However, they couldn’t teach raccoons to put two coins in a box. If given two coins, raccoons just held on to the coins and rubbed them together. Giving the raccoons two coins brought out their instinctive food-washing behavior: raccoons instinctively rub edible things together to clean them before eating them. Once the coins became associated with food, it became impossible to train them to drop the coins into the box.
________is the main biological phenomenon that may affect observational motion
mirror neurons: a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action.
mnemonic for the 6 universal emotions: SF-DASH
what are they?
Surprise
Fear
Disgust
Anger
Sadness
Happiness
Yerkes-Dodson Law
people perform best when they are moderately aroused in terms of emotional arousal
^ie the “sweet spot”
mnemonic: “I’m gonna Yerk the tears outta you!”
“Speech shadowing” describes what process?
an experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech immediately after hearing it
how do you evaluate a p value in a study
The p-value is a number between 0 and 1 and interpreted in the following way: A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you reject the null hypothesis.
example problem
68.2% usually represents those in between the 1st standard deviation above and below the mean
*for an IQ score, 100 is standardized to be the mean, but different tests/measures set a different mean
__________(class of drugs) cause the brain to increase its glucose consumption
stimulants
where are neurotransmitters manufactured?
in neurons
what is the phenomenon called instinctual drift?
when establihed habits, learned using operant techniques eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors. So the learned behavior drifts back to the organism’s species-specific behavior.
old age does not diminish
1.
and
2.
- recall of general information
and
- recognition
T/F: to be classified as a catastrophe an event has to be large scale and affecting many people
true
