Psych/Soc 5 & 6

Question 1

what are the types of stimuli and responses in classical conditioning?

Answer 1

Question 2

In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to

Answer 2

when the netural stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired and repeatedly presented

Question 3

In classical conditioning, extinction refers to

Answer 3

when the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response

ie. the dog eventually stops salivating at just the bell by itself

Question 4

In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to

Answer 4

when an extinct conditioned response (salivating at the bell) occurs again when presented with the original conditioned stimulus…occurs after some time has lapsed after extinction in which there was no presentation

Question 5

Classical conditioning problem

Answer 5

Question 6

In classical conditioning, generalization refers to:

Answer 6

when a neutral stimulus other than the original conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

e.g. the dog salivates at a windchime not just a bell

Question 7

In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to

Answer 7

the opposite of generalization, where the conditioned stimulus only occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 8

how does operant coniditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Question 9

The _______1_____is the part of the brain particularly involved in negative conditioning while the ______2______is particularly involved in positive conditioning

Answer 9

1. amygdala (fear center)
2. hippocampus (memory)

Question 10

in operant conditioning, a primary reinforcer is an unconditioned/conditioned response

Answer 10

unconditioned. They are reinforcers taht are innately desirable or satisfying. Like food or avoiding pain

Question 11

in operant conditioning, a secondary reinforcer is an unconditioned/conditioned response

Answer 11

conditioned. it is not inherently desireable but becomes a reinforcer through its association with the primary reinforcer

Question 12

if you wanted to ensure greater resistance to exctinction, which form of continuous reinforcement would you use?

continuous or intermittent

Answer 12

intermittent

*only downside is that learning/acquisition takes longer. But you can pair them.. do continuous first then switch to intermittent

Question 13

how do the different reinforcement schedules affect behavior?

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the differences between positive vs negative reinforcement and positive vs negative punishment

Answer 14

Question 15

Escape vs avoidance learning

Answer 15

escape learning: when a person engages in a particular behavior to get away from an aversive stimulus (temper tantrum in response to vegetables)

avoidance learning: occurs when a person engages in a behavior that prevens the presentation of the aversive stimulus altogether

Question 16

long-term potentation refers to

Answer 16

when, following a brief period of stimulation an increase in synaptic strength between two neurons leads to stronger electrochemical responses to a given stimulus (example is studying)

Question 17

instinctive drift refers to

Answer 17

the tendency for conditioning to be hindered by natural instincts. Two psychologists, Keller and Marian Breland, were the first to describe instinctive drift. The Brelands found that through operant conditioning, they could teach raccoons to put a coin in a box by using food as a reinforcer. However, they couldn’t teach raccoons to put two coins in a box. If given two coins, raccoons just held on to the coins and rubbed them together. Giving the raccoons two coins brought out their instinctive food-washing behavior: raccoons instinctively rub edible things together to clean them before eating them. Once the coins became associated with food, it became impossible to train them to drop the coins into the box.

Question 18

________is the main biological phenomenon that may affect observational motion

Answer 18

mirror neurons: a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action.

Question 19

mnemonic for the 6 universal emotions: SF-DASH

what are they?

Answer 19

Surprise

Fear

Disgust

Anger

Sadness

Happiness

Question 20

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 20

people perform best when they are moderately aroused in terms of emotional arousal

^ie the “sweet spot”

mnemonic: “I’m gonna Yerk the tears outta you!”

Question 21

“Speech shadowing” describes what process?

Answer 21

an experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech immediately after hearing it

Question 22

how do you evaluate a p value in a study

Answer 22

The p-value is a number between 0 and 1 and interpreted in the following way: A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you reject the null hypothesis.

Question 23

example problem

Answer 23

68.2% usually represents those in between the 1st standard deviation above and below the mean

*for an IQ score, 100 is standardized to be the mean, but different tests/measures set a different mean

Question 24

__________(class of drugs) cause the brain to increase its glucose consumption

Answer 24

stimulants

Question 25

where are neurotransmitters manufactured?

Answer 25

in neurons

Question 26

what is the phenomenon called instinctual drift?

Answer 26

when establihed habits, learned using operant techniques eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors. So the learned behavior drifts back to the organism’s species-specific behavior.

Question 27

old age does not diminish

1.

and

2.

Answer 27

1. recall of general information

and

2. recognition

Question 28

T/F: to be classified as a catastrophe an event has to be large scale and affecting many people

Answer 28

true