Psych OAT Barbie Flashcards
Person perception
The mental processes we undertake/use to think and evaluate other people
Social categorisation
Classifying each other into different groups on the basis of common characteristics
Ingroup
A group that you belong to or identify with
Outgroup
Any group you do not belong to or do not identify with
Attribution
The process by which we explain the cause of our own or another person’s behaviour
Internal attribution
An explanation due to the characteristics of the person involved, such as their ability, personality, mood, effort, etc.
External attribution
An explanation of behaviour due to factors associated with the situation the person is in
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors
Actor-observer bias
Our tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yet attribute others behaviour to internal factors
Self-serving bias
Taking credit for our own successes and denying responsibility for failure, which is blamed on external, situational factors
Attitude
An evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event, or issue
Tri-Component Model
Proposes that any attitude has three related components - the affective, behavioural, and cognitive components
Cognitive dissonance
An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware that there is inconsistency among their beliefs, or that their behaviour conflicts with their cognitions
Stereotype
A generalisation about the personal characteristics of the members of a social group
Social stigma
Negative labels and attitudes associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in that way
Cognitive bias
A systematic error of judgement and faulty decision making
Halo effect
The tendency to allow our overall positive impression of a person, or of a specific quality, to influence our beliefs and expectations about the person in other qualities
Prejudice
A negative attitude towards another person or social group, formed in advance of any experience
Discrimination
When a person or a social group is treated differently than others
Sexism
Discrimination on the basis of sex
Intergroup contact
Increasing direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other
Extended contact
Sustained or ongoing contact either directly or indirectly over a period of time
Mutual interdependence
Two rival groups are placed in a contact situation in which they are mutually interdependent
Superordinate goals
A goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone overrides other existing goals by which each group might have
Equality of status
Two groups must have equal status in contact situation
Cognitive interventions
Changing the way in which someone thinks about prejudice
Confirmation bias
The tendency to seek, recall, or interpret information in a way that confirms existing beliefs, and dismissing contradictory evidence
Heuristics
A strategy for solving a problem or making a decision that is based on experience with similar types of problems but cannot guarantee a correct outcome
Availability heuristic
Making a judgement based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind
Representative heuristic
Categorising a person, object, event, or anything else by judging how closely it matches our idea of a typical member of the category
Affect heuristic
Making a judgement that is influenced by the emotion being experienced at the time
