Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
Simple stimulation of a sense organ
Sensation
Organizing sensations and turning them into a mental image
Perception
Transforms sensation to CNS
Transduction
Stimulation of sensory cells (light coming into eyes)
Reception
Delivers neutral info to the brain for processing
Transmission
Top-Down Processing
Prior Knowledge
Bottom-Up Processing
What we see from the environment
Brain processes many things at once
Parallel Processing
Gestalt Principles (6)
Figure-Ground
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Good Continuation
Common Fate
Certain info given priority
over background info
Figure Ground
Close objects grouped together
Proximity
physically similar objects grouped
together
Similarity
tendency to perceive whole
objects despite pieces of whole object
missing coherent message
Closure
tendency to see
continuously flowing lines even though lines
cross or are interrupted
Good Continuation
objects that move together
will be grouped together
Common Fate
senses decrease overtime (someone puts on a perfume and gets used to it so they don’t smell it anymore)
sensory ADAPTATION
minimal intensity needed to barely detect stimulus; least amount for sense to be detected
Absolute Threshold
minimal change (volume is always one way and slightly adjusted until noticed)
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
JND of stimulus is a constant proportion despite changes in intensity
Webers Law
technique that measures a
person’s perceptual sensitivity
Single Detection Theory (SDT)
Whats a form of Electromagnetic Radiation
Light
Spectrum of light we can and can’t see
Electromagnetic Spectrum
thin tissue layer
containing photoreceptors
Retina
outermost,
transparent layer that helps
focus on objects
Cornea
hole which contracts &
expands depending on amount of
light in environment
Pupil
flexible area behind pupil
which refracts light onto retina via
accommodation
Lens
Order of which light passes through eye
cornea, pupil, lens, retina
process by
which eye maintains clear
image on retina
Accomidation
Myopia
nearsighted
Hyperopia
Farsighted
Photoreceptor Types (2)
rods and cones
Area of retina where vision clearest & concentrated with
cones (no rods)
Fovea
Detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, &
aid in visual acuity
Cones
Become active under low-light conditions for night vision (no
color vision). Functions in peripheral vision.
Rods
Part of visual
field producing no sensation
on retina
Blind Spot
Bundled axons that exit eye and enter brain
Optic nerve
X shaped which
reorganizes axons from each eye for more
sophisticated processing
Optic Chaism
Message that exits eye via optic nerve
travels to
Visual Cortex
identify visual info; the
“what” pathway
Ventral Stream
understand location; the
“where” path
Dorsal Stream
Visual Path Sequence (8)
- Cornea
- Pupil
- Lens
- Retina
- Optic Nevrve
- Optic Chiasm
- Thalamus
- Occipital Lobe
Color Vision in Fovea
Cones
What color are cones sensitive to
red (long), green (medium), blue (short)
Is color an adaptive trait
Yes
color info is
identified by comparing
activation of 3 different
cones: red, green, & blue
Trichromatic Theory
short color wavelength
blue
medium color wavelength
green
long color wavelength
red
What causes colorblindness
born without a type of cone
Does trichromatic theory count for the full color spectrum
no
Asserts that cells fire in an opposing fashion (color)
Opponent Process Theory
In opponent process theory what color pairs with red
green
In opponent process theory what color pairs with blue
yellow
In opponent process theory, what color pairs with black
white
2 types of depth perception cues
monocular and binocular
Only requires 1 eye to
understand message of depth
* Relative size, relative height, linear
perspective, interposition, texture
gradient
Monocular
Requires input from both eyes to
compare images from each eye to
understand how far away object is
Binocular
difference between retinal image on both eyes
* As images move farther away,
smaller disparity on retinas
retinal disparity
when people fail to detect changes to
the visual details of a scene
change blindness
failure to perceive objects that are
not the focus of attention
Inattentional Blindness
form of energy that travels in waves, or
vibrations of air molecules
Sound Waves
What Structure of the Ear Collects Sound Waves
Outer Ear Structures
What are the Two Outer Ear Structures
Pinna
Ear Canal
funnels sound waves into
auditory canal
Pinna
Moves sounds toward the eardrum
Ear Canal; AKA Auditory Canal
What Ear Structure transmits Vibrations
Middle Ear Structure
Middle Ear Structures (2)
Tympanic Membrane
Ossicles
transfers energy via vibrations to ossicles
Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
3 small bones that amplify
vibrations of sound waves as they travel
into inner ear via the oval window, which
connects to the cochlea
Ossicles
What Ear Structure deals with Transduction
Inner Ear Structure
fluid-filled shell in which vibrations are
transduced (translated) into neural language of
brain
Cochlea
flexible tissue
where hair cells (actual receptors for sound)
are located
Basilar Membrane
balance & proprioception
Semicircular Canals
What Causes Conductive Hearing Loss
damage
to eardrum or ossicles
What Causes Sensorineural hearing loss
damage to cochlea, hair cells, or
auditory nerve
Perception of taste & smell
via activation of
chemoreceptors
Olfaction
Sense of smell
80% of what we taste is via…
Olfaction
Gustation
Sense of Taste
5 basic taste
- Sweet
- Salty
- Sour
- Bitter
- Umami (savory)
Where does taste begin
The papillae
skin receptors that sense changes of hot & cold
Thermoreceptors
What detects pain
nociceptors
impulses
indicating painful stimuli can be
blocked in spinal cord by signals from
brain
Gate-Control Theory of Pain
provides
understanding of orientation & location
of body in space
Kinesthetic Sense
sense of balance
* Works closely with kinesthetic sense
Vestibular Sense
subjective experience of the
world and the mind
Consciousness
Includes how the mind is related to the brain and body
Mind-Body Problem
Body made of physical matter; mind is separate & made
of “thinking substance”
Descartes
FOUR BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- Intentionality
- Unity
- Selectivity
- Transience
being directed toward an object
Intentionality
integrating information from all senses to form a coherent whole
Unity
capacity to include some objects but not others
* Dichotic listening
* Cocktail party phenomenon
Selectivity
has tendency to change
Transience
What type of sleep do you have about 90 minutes
REM sleep
attempt to change
conscious states of mind
Mental Control
conscious
avoidance of a thought
Thought suppression
tendency of a thought to
return to consciousness more regularly
after suppression
Rebound effect of thought
suppression
active system containing
lifetime of hidden memories, deep instincts &
desires, & your inner struggle to control these
forces
Dynamic Unconcious
mental process that removes
unacceptable thoughts/memories from
consciousness & keeps them in unconscious
Repression
all mental processes that give rise to
person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, &
behavior (even though not experienced by
person)
Cognitive Unconcious
Dual Process Theory: System 1
Fast, automatic, & unconscious
processing
Dual Process Theory: System 2
Slow, effortful, & conscious processing
pre-sleep consciousness
Hypnagogic State
sudden quiver/sensation of
dropping, as if missing a step
Hypnic Jerk
Post Sleep Consciousness
Hypnopompic state
naturally occurring 24-hour
wake-sleep cycle, involving behavior or
physiological processes
Circadian Rythym
beta waves (high frequency)
Waking
alpha waves (low frequency)
Relaxing
How many sleep stages are there
5
Brain wave activity slowing down (theta
waves) NOT FULLY AWAKE
Stage 1 Sleep
EEG patterns interrupted by short
bursts of activity (sleep spindles & K complexes)
* Becomes somewhat more difficult to wake up
Stage 2 Sleep
deep sleep (or slow-wave sleep), characterized by delta waves
Stage 3 and 4 sleep
characterized by rapid eye movements & high level of brain activity (beta waves)
REM sleep
What sleep stage does dreaming most occur in
REM
What are some sleep deprivation effects
Reduce mental sharpness &
reaction time
* Increase irritability &
depression
* Increase risk of accidents &
injury
difficulty in falling or
staying asleep
Insomnia
Sleep apnea
person stops
breathing for brief periods while
asleep
Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
person arises & walks
around during slow-wave sleep early on in the night
sudden sleep attacks occur in middle of
waking activities
Narcolepsy
experience of waking up unable to
move after REM sleep
Sleep Paraylisis
5 major characteristics distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness:
- Intense emotion
- Illogical thought
- Meaningful sensation (usually visual)
- Uncritical acceptance
- Difficulty remembering dream upon waking
Freuds Dream Theory
Dreams hold meaning
Dreams are a way for the unconscious
mind to communicate with the conscious
(individuation)
(Dreams help us process current situations and unfinished emotional/mental
problems.)
Jungs Dream Theory
Dreams are
produced when brain attempts to make
sense of activations (random brain activity)
occurring during sleep
Activation–synthesis model
tendency for larger
drug dose to be required over time to
achieve same effect
Tolerance
unpleasant
physiological symptoms after
withdrawal from drug use
Physical Dependence
desire to
return to drug even when physical
symptoms gone
Psychological Dependence
chemicals that influence
consciousness or behavior by
altering brain’s
neurotransmitters (chemical
messaging)
Psychoactive Drugs
Types of Psychoactive Drugs (5)
- Depressants
- Stimulants
- Narcotics
- Hallucinogens
- Marijuana
What reduces CNS activity
Depressants
increase CNS activity, heightening arousal &
activity levels
Stimulant
highly addictive drugs derived from
opium that relieve pain
Narcotics (opiates)
drugs that alter sensation & perception; often cause visual & auditory hallucinations
Hallucinogens
social interaction in which hypnotist makes
suggestions that lead to change in participant’s subjective experience of world
Hypnosis
Reduces pain 4 more times than Aspirin
Hypnotic Analgesia
What 3 skills affect an infants ability to learn
- Joint attention
- Social Referencing
- Imitation
ability to focus on what
another person is focused on
Joint attention
ability to use another person’s reactions as
information about how to think about
the world
Social Referencing
ability to do what another
person does
imitation
Who created sociocultural theory
Lev Vygotsky
Cognitive development is a
continuous process closely
tied to environment in
which children are raised
Sociocultural Theory
distance between what a child can accomplish alone & what a child can accomplish with help on a task
Zone of proximal development
Young organisms
predisposed to form relationships
with adults of their species
Imprinting
Who dealt with imprinting?
Konrad Lorenz’s
What experiment dealt withh biological needs/survival
Harry Harlow’s (1958) experiments
with rhesus monkeys
What did Harlow’s experiment test
Examined whether mother-infant
attachment was based on
sustenance/food or
comfort/warmth
Who studied attachment
Mary Ainsworth
emotional
closeness & healthy level of
independence and exploration
Secure attatchment
Infant not distressed when
caregiver leaves;
acknowledges caregiver’s
return
Secure
clingy, resist separation
Ambivalent attachment
Fearful of stranger; infant
distressed when caregiver
leaves; difficult to calm when
caregiver returns
Ambivalent
infant not distressed when caregiver leaves & not acknowledge return
Avoidant
no consistent response patterns in attachment style
disorganized
biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity
Temperament
What influences attachment style
Temperament
Do securely attached children have better cognitive functions?
Yes
focus on obedience, punishment over discipline
Authoritarian
a positive relationship, still enforce rules
Authoritative
No rules enforced for kids “Kids will be kids”
Permissive
little guidance or attention to kids
Uninvolved
Who is associated with the 3 rules of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Limited understanding of morality
beyond bad → punishment and good →
reward
preconventional stage
which stage is childhood
Preconventional
Morals based on societal pressures &
norms
Want to be good and conform to status
quo
Conventional Stage
which stage is adolescence
Conventional
Morals are based on internal, abstract
principles irrespective of societal
expectations
Develop their own ethical principles that
reflect core values
Postconventional stage
which stage is adulthood
Postconventional
When does puberty occur
adolescence
What age does puberty typically occur (boys and girls)
girls- about 11
boys- about 13
bodily structures directly
involved in reproduction (changes to sex organs)
Primary Sex Characteristics
bodily structures not
directly involved in reproduction (facial hair, voice, breast size)
Secondary Sex Characteristics
At what stage does the frontal lobe really start to form
adolescence
These things can lead to risky behaviors, chronic health conditions, low life potential, and early death
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)
- Developmental psychologist who studied personality & development across the lifespan
- Attempted to understand behavior from birth to death
- Proposed 8 stages of psychosocial development
Erik Erikson
STUDY ERIKS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT GRAPH
What level of consciousness can you report your own mental state
Full Consciousness
Who studies attachment styles
Mary Ainsworth
