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Psych Exam 1 > Psych Exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Simple stimulation of a sense organ

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Organizing sensations and turning them into a mental image

A

Perception

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3
Q

Transforms sensation to CNS

A

Transduction

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4
Q

Stimulation of sensory cells (light coming into eyes)

A

Reception

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5
Q

Delivers neutral info to the brain for processing

A

Transmission

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6
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Prior Knowledge

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7
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

What we see from the environment

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8
Q

Brain processes many things at once

A

Parallel Processing

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9
Q

Gestalt Principles (6)

A

Figure-Ground
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Good Continuation
Common Fate

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10
Q

Certain info given priority
over background info

A

Figure Ground

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11
Q

Close objects grouped together

A

Proximity

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12
Q

physically similar objects grouped
together

A

Similarity

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13
Q

tendency to perceive whole
objects despite pieces of whole object
missing  coherent message

A

Closure

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14
Q

tendency to see
continuously flowing lines even though lines
cross or are interrupted

A

Good Continuation

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15
Q

objects that move together
will be grouped together

A

Common Fate

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16
Q

senses decrease overtime (someone puts on a perfume and gets used to it so they don’t smell it anymore)

A

sensory ADAPTATION

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17
Q

minimal intensity needed to barely detect stimulus; least amount for sense to be detected

A

Absolute Threshold

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18
Q

minimal change (volume is always one way and slightly adjusted until noticed)

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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19
Q

JND of stimulus is a constant proportion despite changes in intensity

A

Webers Law

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20
Q

technique that measures a
person’s perceptual sensitivity

A

Single Detection Theory (SDT)

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21
Q

Whats a form of Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Light

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22
Q

Spectrum of light we can and can’t see

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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23
Q

thin tissue layer
containing photoreceptors

A

Retina

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24
Q

outermost,
transparent layer that helps
focus on objects

A

Cornea

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25
Q

hole which contracts &
expands depending on amount of
light in environment

A

Pupil

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26
Q

flexible area behind pupil
which refracts light onto retina via
accommodation

A

Lens

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27
Q

Order of which light passes through eye

A

cornea, pupil, lens, retina

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28
Q

process by
which eye maintains clear
image on retina

A

Accomidation

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29
Q

Myopia

A

nearsighted

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30
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsighted

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31
Q

Photoreceptor Types (2)

A

rods and cones

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32
Q

Area of retina where vision clearest & concentrated with
cones (no rods)

A

Fovea

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33
Q

Detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, &
aid in visual acuity

A

Cones

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34
Q

Become active under low-light conditions for night vision (no
color vision). Functions in peripheral vision.

A

Rods

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35
Q

Part of visual
field producing no sensation
on retina

A

Blind Spot

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36
Q

Bundled axons that exit eye and enter brain

A

Optic nerve

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37
Q

X shaped which
reorganizes axons from each eye for more
sophisticated processing

A

Optic Chaism

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38
Q

Message that exits eye via optic nerve
travels to

A

Visual Cortex

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39
Q

identify visual info; the
“what” pathway

A

Ventral Stream

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40
Q

understand location; the
“where” path

A

Dorsal Stream

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41
Q

Visual Path Sequence (8)

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Pupil
  3. Lens
  4. Retina
  5. Optic Nevrve
  6. Optic Chiasm
  7. Thalamus
  8. Occipital Lobe
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42
Q

Color Vision in Fovea

A

Cones

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43
Q

What color are cones sensitive to

A

red (long), green (medium), blue (short)

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44
Q

Is color an adaptive trait

A

Yes

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45
Q

color info is
identified by comparing
activation of 3 different
cones: red, green, & blue

A

Trichromatic Theory

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46
Q

short color wavelength

A

blue

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47
Q

medium color wavelength

A

green

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48
Q

long color wavelength

A

red

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49
Q

What causes colorblindness

A

born without a type of cone

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50
Q

Does trichromatic theory count for the full color spectrum

A

no

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51
Q

Asserts that cells fire in an opposing fashion (color)

A

Opponent Process Theory

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52
Q

In opponent process theory what color pairs with red

A

green

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53
Q

In opponent process theory what color pairs with blue

A

yellow

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54
Q

In opponent process theory, what color pairs with black

A

white

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55
Q

2 types of depth perception cues

A

monocular and binocular

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56
Q

Only requires 1 eye to
understand message of depth
* Relative size, relative height, linear
perspective, interposition, texture
gradient

A

Monocular

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57
Q

Requires input from both eyes to
compare images from each eye to
understand how far away object is

A

Binocular

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58
Q

difference between retinal image on both eyes
* As images move farther away,
smaller disparity on retinas

A

retinal disparity

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59
Q

when people fail to detect changes to
the visual details of a scene

A

change blindness

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60
Q

failure to perceive objects that are
not the focus of attention

A

Inattentional Blindness

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61
Q

form of energy that travels in waves, or
vibrations of air molecules

A

Sound Waves

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62
Q

What Structure of the Ear Collects Sound Waves

A

Outer Ear Structures

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63
Q

What are the Two Outer Ear Structures

A

Pinna
Ear Canal

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64
Q

funnels sound waves into
auditory canal

A

Pinna

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65
Q

Moves sounds toward the eardrum

A

Ear Canal; AKA Auditory Canal

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66
Q

What Ear Structure transmits Vibrations

A

Middle Ear Structure

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67
Q

Middle Ear Structures (2)

A

Tympanic Membrane
Ossicles

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68
Q

transfers energy via vibrations to ossicles

A

Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)

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69
Q

3 small bones that amplify
vibrations of sound waves as they travel
into inner ear via the oval window, which
connects to the cochlea

A

Ossicles

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70
Q

What Ear Structure deals with Transduction

A

Inner Ear Structure

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71
Q

fluid-filled shell in which vibrations are
transduced (translated) into neural language of
brain

A

Cochlea

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72
Q

flexible tissue
where hair cells (actual receptors for sound)
are located

A

Basilar Membrane

73
Q

balance & proprioception

A

Semicircular Canals

74
Q

What Causes Conductive Hearing Loss

A

damage
to eardrum or ossicles

75
Q

What Causes Sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to cochlea, hair cells, or
auditory nerve

76
Q

Perception of taste & smell
via activation of

A

chemoreceptors

77
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

78
Q

80% of what we taste is via…

A

Olfaction

79
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of Taste

80
Q

5 basic taste

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Salty
  3. Sour
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami (savory)
81
Q

Where does taste begin

A

The papillae

82
Q

skin receptors that sense changes of hot & cold

A

Thermoreceptors

83
Q

What detects pain

A

nociceptors

84
Q

impulses
indicating painful stimuli can be
blocked in spinal cord by signals from
brain

A

Gate-Control Theory of Pain

85
Q

provides
understanding of orientation & location
of body in space

A

Kinesthetic Sense

86
Q

sense of balance
* Works closely with kinesthetic sense

A

Vestibular Sense

87
Q

subjective experience of the
world and the mind

A

Consciousness

88
Q

Includes how the mind is related to the brain and body

A

Mind-Body Problem

89
Q

Body made of physical matter; mind is separate & made
of “thinking substance”

A

Descartes

90
Q

FOUR BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

A
  1. Intentionality
  2. Unity
  3. Selectivity
  4. Transience
91
Q

being directed toward an object

A

Intentionality

92
Q

integrating information from all senses to form a coherent whole

A

Unity

93
Q

capacity to include some objects but not others
* Dichotic listening
* Cocktail party phenomenon

A

Selectivity

94
Q

has tendency to change

A

Transience

95
Q

What type of sleep do you have about 90 minutes

A

REM sleep

96
Q

attempt to change
conscious states of mind

A

Mental Control

97
Q

conscious
avoidance of a thought

A

Thought suppression

98
Q

tendency of a thought to
return to consciousness more regularly
after suppression

A

Rebound effect of thought
suppression

99
Q

active system containing
lifetime of hidden memories, deep instincts &
desires, & your inner struggle to control these
forces

A

Dynamic Unconcious

100
Q

mental process that removes
unacceptable thoughts/memories from
consciousness & keeps them in unconscious

A

Repression

101
Q

all mental processes that give rise to
person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, &
behavior (even though not experienced by
person)

A

Cognitive Unconcious

102
Q

Dual Process Theory: System 1

A

Fast, automatic, & unconscious
processing

103
Q

Dual Process Theory: System 2

A

Slow, effortful, & conscious processing

104
Q

pre-sleep consciousness

A

Hypnagogic State

105
Q

sudden quiver/sensation of
dropping, as if missing a step

A

Hypnic Jerk

106
Q

Post Sleep Consciousness

A

Hypnopompic state

107
Q

naturally occurring 24-hour
wake-sleep cycle, involving behavior or
physiological processes

A

Circadian Rythym

108
Q

beta waves (high frequency)

A

Waking

109
Q

alpha waves (low frequency)

A

Relaxing

110
Q

How many sleep stages are there

A

5

111
Q

Brain wave activity slowing down (theta
waves) NOT FULLY AWAKE

A

Stage 1 Sleep

112
Q

EEG patterns interrupted by short
bursts of activity (sleep spindles & K complexes)
* Becomes somewhat more difficult to wake up

A

Stage 2 Sleep

113
Q

deep sleep (or slow-wave sleep), characterized by delta waves

A

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

114
Q

characterized by rapid eye movements & high level of brain activity (beta waves)

A

REM sleep

115
Q

What sleep stage does dreaming most occur in

A

REM

116
Q

What are some sleep deprivation effects

A

Reduce mental sharpness &
reaction time
* Increase irritability &
depression
* Increase risk of accidents &
injury

117
Q

difficulty in falling or
staying asleep

A

Insomnia

118
Q

Sleep apnea

A

person stops
breathing for brief periods while
asleep

119
Q

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

A

person arises & walks
around during slow-wave sleep early on in the night

120
Q

sudden sleep attacks occur in middle of
waking activities

A

Narcolepsy

121
Q

experience of waking up unable to
move after REM sleep

A

Sleep Paraylisis

122
Q

5 major characteristics distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness:

A
  • Intense emotion
  • Illogical thought
  • Meaningful sensation (usually visual)
  • Uncritical acceptance
  • Difficulty remembering dream upon waking
123
Q

Freuds Dream Theory

A

Dreams hold meaning

124
Q

Dreams are a way for the unconscious
mind to communicate with the conscious
(individuation)
(Dreams help us process current situations and unfinished emotional/mental
problems.)

A

Jungs Dream Theory

125
Q

Dreams are
produced when brain attempts to make
sense of activations (random brain activity)
occurring during sleep

A

Activation–synthesis model

126
Q

tendency for larger
drug dose to be required over time to
achieve same effect

A

Tolerance

127
Q

unpleasant
physiological symptoms after
withdrawal from drug use

A

Physical Dependence

128
Q

desire to
return to drug even when physical
symptoms gone

A

Psychological Dependence

129
Q

chemicals that influence
consciousness or behavior by
altering brain’s
neurotransmitters (chemical
messaging)

A

Psychoactive Drugs

130
Q

Types of Psychoactive Drugs (5)

A
  • Depressants
  • Stimulants
  • Narcotics
  • Hallucinogens
  • Marijuana
131
Q

What reduces CNS activity

A

Depressants

132
Q

increase CNS activity, heightening arousal &
activity levels

A

Stimulant

133
Q

highly addictive drugs derived from
opium that relieve pain

A

Narcotics (opiates)

134
Q

drugs that alter sensation & perception; often cause visual & auditory hallucinations

A

Hallucinogens

135
Q

social interaction in which hypnotist makes
suggestions that lead to change in participant’s subjective experience of world

A

Hypnosis

136
Q

Reduces pain 4 more times than Aspirin

A

Hypnotic Analgesia

137
Q

What 3 skills affect an infants ability to learn

A
  1. Joint attention
  2. Social Referencing
  3. Imitation
138
Q

ability to focus on what
another person is focused on

A

Joint attention

139
Q

ability to use another person’s reactions as
information about how to think about
the world

A

Social Referencing

140
Q

ability to do what another
person does

A

imitation

141
Q

Who created sociocultural theory

A

Lev Vygotsky

142
Q

Cognitive development is a
continuous process closely
tied to environment in
which children are raised

A

Sociocultural Theory

143
Q

distance between what a child can accomplish alone & what a child can accomplish with help on a task

A

Zone of proximal development

144
Q

Young organisms
predisposed to form relationships
with adults of their species

A

Imprinting

145
Q

Who dealt with imprinting?

A

Konrad Lorenz’s

146
Q

What experiment dealt withh biological needs/survival

A

Harry Harlow’s (1958) experiments
with rhesus monkeys

147
Q

What did Harlow’s experiment test

A

Examined whether mother-infant
attachment was based on
sustenance/food or
comfort/warmth

148
Q

Who studied attachment

A

Mary Ainsworth

149
Q

emotional
closeness & healthy level of
independence and exploration

A

Secure attatchment

150
Q

Infant not distressed when
caregiver leaves;
acknowledges caregiver’s
return

A

Secure

151
Q

clingy, resist separation

A

Ambivalent attachment

152
Q

Fearful of stranger; infant
distressed when caregiver
leaves; difficult to calm when
caregiver returns

A

Ambivalent

153
Q

infant not distressed when caregiver leaves & not acknowledge return

A

Avoidant

154
Q

no consistent response patterns in attachment style

A

disorganized

155
Q

biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity

A

Temperament

156
Q

What influences attachment style

A

Temperament

157
Q

Do securely attached children have better cognitive functions?

A

Yes

158
Q

focus on obedience, punishment over discipline

A

Authoritarian

159
Q

a positive relationship, still enforce rules

A

Authoritative

160
Q

No rules enforced for kids “Kids will be kids”

A

Permissive

161
Q

little guidance or attention to kids

A

Uninvolved

162
Q

Who is associated with the 3 rules of moral development

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

163
Q

Limited understanding of morality
beyond bad → punishment and good →
reward

A

preconventional stage

164
Q

which stage is childhood

A

Preconventional

165
Q

Morals based on societal pressures &
norms
Want to be good and conform to status
quo

A

Conventional Stage

166
Q

which stage is adolescence

A

Conventional

167
Q

Morals are based on internal, abstract
principles irrespective of societal
expectations
Develop their own ethical principles that
reflect core values

A

Postconventional stage

168
Q

which stage is adulthood

A

Postconventional

169
Q

When does puberty occur

A

adolescence

170
Q

What age does puberty typically occur (boys and girls)

A

girls- about 11
boys- about 13

171
Q

bodily structures directly
involved in reproduction (changes to sex organs)

A

Primary Sex Characteristics

172
Q

bodily structures not
directly involved in reproduction (facial hair, voice, breast size)

A

Secondary Sex Characteristics

173
Q

At what stage does the frontal lobe really start to form

A

adolescence

174
Q

These things can lead to risky behaviors, chronic health conditions, low life potential, and early death

A

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)

175
Q
  • Developmental psychologist who studied personality & development across the lifespan
  • Attempted to understand behavior from birth to death
  • Proposed 8 stages of psychosocial development
A

Erik Erikson

176
Q

STUDY ERIKS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT GRAPH

A
177
Q

What level of consciousness can you report your own mental state

A

Full Consciousness

178
Q

Who studies attachment styles

A

Mary Ainsworth

179
Q
A

Psych Exam 1 (3 decks)

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