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Latin 101 > psych exam 2 > Flashcards

psych exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A temporary shift in electrical charge found in axons interior from neg to pos and back to neg

A

action potential

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2
Q

highly branched thin processes off of cell body
FUNCTION: receive chemical info from the environment when molecules bind

A

dendrites

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3
Q

holds the nucleus

A

cell body

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4
Q

single tube extending from one end of cell body, ends in lots of little branches
FUNCTION: where the action potential takes place

A

axon

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5
Q

around the axon
FUNCTION: helps speed action potential

A

myelin sheath

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6
Q

exposed portions of axon between myelin
FUNCTION: where the action potential jumps between myelin on axon

A

nodes

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7
Q

at the end of the axon
FUNCTION: store and release neurotransmitters

A

terminal buttons

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8
Q

terminal button very close to dendrite of another neuron w/ space between

A

synapse

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9
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons - outside of spinal cord, inside of brain

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10
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated axons - center of spinal cord, outside of brain

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11
Q

flow of electrical signals through neurons

A

dendrite - cell body - axon

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12
Q

information exchange in a neuron

A

electrical

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13
Q

info exchange between neurons

A

chemical

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14
Q

the flow of negative particles moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

A

electricity

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15
Q

state of an axon with negative pole (inside) and positive pole (outside)

A

polarized

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16
Q

separation of charged particles w/ membrane in between

A

membrane potential

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17
Q

stable, negative charge of axon when cell is inactive

A

resting potential = -70mV

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18
Q

ions will move until they are prevented

A

diffusion of molecules

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19
Q

Species of molecules move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

concentration gradient

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20
Q

electrostatic gradient

A

like charges repel, opposite charges attract

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21
Q

critical level to which a neuron must be excited to initiate an action potential

A

threshold = -55mV

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22
Q

phase of action potential where interior of axon is getting less negative and more positive

A

depolarization

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23
Q

+30mV

A

sodium channels close, no more flow of sodium

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24
Q

getting interior of axon more negative
Potassium channels open and potassium leaves the interior of the axon

A

repolarization

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25
Q

muscle contractions, related to memory

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

excitatory, most common neurotransmitter, flavor enhancer

A

glutamate

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27
Q

counteracts glutamate, inhibitory,

A

GABA

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28
Q

pleasure, movement - low levels correlate w/ Parkinson symptoms, high levels correlate to schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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29
Q

mood, sleep, appetite, sex drive

A

Serotonin

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30
Q

arousal, sleep-wake cycle, unconscious attention

A

epinepherine

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31
Q

arousal, sleep-wake cycles, unconscious attention

A

norepinephrine

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32
Q

relieve pain, register pleasure, elevate mood

A

endorphins

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33
Q

neurotransmitters transported back into the terminal button

A

reuptake

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34
Q

enzymes break down neurotransmitters - either nothing or most

A

enzymatic degredation

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35
Q

agonists

A

activates a receptor

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36
Q

antagonist

A

inhibits a receptor

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37
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

all nerves in body, not brain or spinal cord

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38
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

afferent - senses - towards the spinal cord
efferent - voluntary movement - away from spinal cord

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39
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

involuntary
Sympathetic - fight, flee, freeze
Parasympathetic - rest and digest

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40
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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41
Q

interior of spinal cord

A

gray matter and interneurons

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42
Q

Exterior all the way up the spinal cord

A

white matter
sensory nerves enter dorsal side
motor nerves exit ventral side

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43
Q

oldest part of brain, most common with other vertebrates

A

hindbrain

44
Q

Cerebellum

A

hindbrain
motor coordination, balance, posture

45
Q

Medulla

A

hindbrain
swelling at top of spinal cord
survival autonomic motor programs
Cranial nerves start here

46
Q

Reticular Formation

A

hindbrain
sleep-wake, arousal, orientation

47
Q

Pons

A

hindbrain
relay info from medulla and other parts of brain, some cranial nerves

48
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs

49
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

relay and process unconscious visual info - visual-spatial sense

50
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

relay and process unconscious auditory info

51
Q

Mesolimbic System

A

pleasure, motivated behaviors, reinforcement, addiction

52
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

1000 cells on left and right
Motor programing - smooth movement

53
Q

most developed part of brain

A

forebrain

54
Q

thalamus

A

forebrain
dead center of brain, subcortical
FUNCTION: processing motor info, sensory(not smell), and memory

55
Q

hypothalamus

A

forebrain
small area near base of forebrain
FUNCTION: drive for fear, flight, eating, sex; alters release of pituitary hormones

56
Q

Pituitary

A

forebrain
secrete hormones to control different functions around the body

57
Q

Limbic System

A

forebrain
many different areas networked together for emotion (identifying, expressing), learning ( a change in behavior or thought based on experiences), memory

58
Q

Amygdala

A

forebrain - part of limbic system
emotions

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

forebrain - part of limbic system
learning and short-term memory

60
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

connects hemispheres. wide myelinated fibers

61
Q

Contralaterality

A

left hemisphere gets info from and controls right side, right hemisphere gets info from and controls left side

62
Q

Motor cortex

A

representation of body proportional to motor control
Back of frontal lobe

63
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

front of parietal lobe

64
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

speech comprehension in left temporal lobe

65
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speech production in back left frontal lobe

66
Q

protections of the brain

A

skull
meninges - 3
CSF
blood-brain barrier

67
Q

Photoreceptors

A

specialized cells that can absorb packets of light

68
Q

sensation of amplitude

A

perceived as brightness

69
Q

sensation of wavelength

A

perceived as color

70
Q

purity

A

sensed - idea that there a many different variations of wavelengths, amplitudes, and orientations from a given source

71
Q

Saturation

A

perceived

72
Q

Wave signature

A

The unique frequencies and amplitudes which combine into the pattern of a light sources
Only a lab can produce a pure waveform

73
Q

pathway of stimulus

A

Receive stimulus, transduce into electricity, perceive stimulus

74
Q

Sclera

A

whites of eyes
protective, holds eye together

75
Q

Cornea

A

clear tissue in front of eye
bends light to hit retina, protective against UV

76
Q

Pupil

A

hole in front of eye
admit light into eye

77
Q

Iris

A

bright ring of muscle around pupil
changes size and opening of pupil

78
Q

Lens

A

right behind the pupil
bends light more or less to hit retina
reverses images right to left and top to bottom

79
Q

retina

A

lining of inside of eyeball
contains photoreceptors

80
Q

Cones

A

report detail and color
low convergence - less sensitive
fovea

81
Q

Rods

A

sensitive to low levels of light
high convergence
everywhere but fovea

82
Q

Fovea

A

only has cone photoreceptors
best and most acute vision when lens and cornea focus light here

83
Q

Optic Nerve

A

plugs into retina in back of eye
no photoreceptors - blind spot

84
Q

Conscious Visual Processing pathway

A

optic nerve - cross at optic chiasm - process at thalamus - info primary visual cortex in occipital lobes - association visual cortex

85
Q

Unconscious Visual Pathway

A

optic nerve - cross at optic chiasm - midbrain - parietal lobe

86
Q

Coding

A

one-to-one correspondence between the physical stimulus and nervous system activity

87
Q

Perceptual Set

A

readiness to perceive one interpretation of sensory info more than another

88
Q

Feature Analysis

A

Process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into more complex form

89
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

small elements into complex picture
Progressing from individual elements to the whole

90
Q

Gestalt

A

whole picture is different than the parts

91
Q

Top-down processing

A

informed by higher level functions
Formulate perceptual hypothesis about whole
Select and examine features to test hypothesis
Recognize stimulus

92
Q

figure-ground

A

perceptual mechanism in which we presume a form depending on which edges, boundaries, and surfaces are grouped together

93
Q

Pragnanz

A

humans will always group complex scene in simplest way possible

94
Q

Similarity

A

groups things when they are similar

95
Q

Proximity

A

group things that are close

96
Q

Continuity

A

lines are continuous even if they are interrupted

97
Q

Closure

A

we organize an item in the most ideal and perfect way possible, make any shape more ideal, close up gaps in the lines

98
Q

Symmetry

A

prioritize things that are symmetrical, group them together

99
Q

Paralellism

A

parallel contours likely to belong to the same figure

100
Q

Common Fate

A

elements that have the same outcome get grouped together

101
Q

Familiarity

A

things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful

102
Q

Uniform Connectedness

A

elements sharing a uniform visual property appear to be connected to one another than elements without such a uniform property

103
Q

Invariance

A

humans group items as same even if warped, angled, stretched, or distorted

104
Q

Multi-Stability

A

ability to group in different ways for meaning

105
Q

Emergence

A

finding meaning from chaos or random elements

Latin 101 (8 decks)

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