psych 201 exam 3 Flashcards
indications of waking conscioussness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
typical conscious thoughts
ability to direct attention
why is it hard to define states of consciousness?
self-reports are subjective, physiological and behavioral measures require interference
circadian rhythm
natural daily cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes
molecular clock
the average rate at which a species’ genome accumulates mutations
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
master clock of all mammalian cells
pineal gland
produces melatonin
melatonin
hormone associated with sleep/wake cycle
activity of the SCN
active SCN - inactive pineal gland - no melatonin - FEEL ALERT
inactive SCN - active pineal gland - make melatonin - FEEL SLEEPY
length of typical sleep cycle
90 mins
order of sleep stages in cycle
1, 2, 3, 4. 3. 2. rem and cycle
Stage 1
small irregular waves
Go in and out of sleep
Easily awakened
Hypnogogic hallucinations
Stage 2
sleep spindles
Moderately low amplitude
Moderately high frequency
Breathing, HR slow, muscle tension, and temp decline
Eye movement stops
Stage 3
delta waves appear
Difficult to awaken
Less than 50% delta waves
No eye, muscle movement
Disoriented if awakened
Lower frequency
Higher amplitude
Stage 4
mostly delta
Stage 3 & 4 = Slow Wave Sleep
>50% delta waves
Not paralyzed, but difficult to wake
Parasomnias occur
Parasomnias
sleep talking, sleep walking, night terrors
REM
dreams
occurs after 2
agonist
facilitates at least one neurotransmitter
antagonist
inhibits at least one neurotransmitter
cocaine is an agonist for…
norepinephrine and dopamine (interferes w/ reuptake)
nicotine is an agonist for…
ACh (binds w/ receptors)
opiates agonize…
endorphins
factors affecting drug effects
Genes
General health
Physical and social setting of drug use
Beliefs and expectations
Personality factors
Culture
pharmacokinetics
the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body
stages of pharmacokintetics
administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
administration
Release from dosage form and route into the body
absorption
Movement from administration to blood stream
distribution
Movement from blood to tissues
metabolism
break down of chemicals to metabolites
elimination
removal of intact drug or metabolites (through lungs, feces, sweat, urine, etc.)
Stimulant effects
Activates sympathetic nervous system, arousal, alertness, elevate mood, decrease fatigue
stimulant examples
cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, Ritalin, technically ecstasy
acute effects of large doses of cocaine
all effects intensified, agitation, impulsiveness, anxiety, paranoia, sensation of things crawling under skin; pick at and produce wounds
general effects of depressants
Activate parasympathetic nervous system, take you way beyond homeostasis - decrease arousal, alertness, decrease mood, inhibit neural signal signals (GABA)
examples of depressants
alcohol, ether, barbiturates, general anesthetics, benzodiazepines
uses of depressants in medicine
general anesthetic,
alcohol metabolized in liver per hour
14 g
alcohol agonizes…
GABA
alcohol antagonizes…
glutamate
medical use of opiates
pain, cough, diarrhea
hallucinogen examples
Ketamine
PCP
LSD
psychoactive
affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
dissociative anesthetic
causes people to feel separated or detached from their body or physical environment
effects of hallucinogens
alter consciousness by inducing sensory, perceptual, and cognitive disturbances
language
Symbol or string of symbols designating a referent
evolutionary explanation of language
human need to communicate with each other in order to hunt, farm and defend themselves successfully from their harsh environment
functions of language
When expressed to another person allows a response, an interaction
Efficient means of communication
Allow listener to learn the speaker’s intention in order to respond
Humans understand and respond using different types of language
direct utterance
state about something, to ask someone to do something, and to propose an idea
indirect utterance
don’t say what they necessarily mean
aphasia
Pathological loss of language
Broca’s aphasia
Impiared speech production
Production delayed and slow, missing words
Agrammatical speech
Problems with past tense, number agreement
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Impaired speech comprehension
Fluent speech production but…
Content of responses doesn’t make much sense
Phonemic and substitution errors
Neologisms - made up words
Difficulty with repetition
Poor comprehension
Poor short term memory
learning
a change in thought or behavior based on previous experience
memory
storage of learned information over time
associative learning
two events become connected in the mind
classical conditioning
simple form of associate learning in which an involuntary reflex is elicited when two stimuli become associated
operant conditioning
complex form of associated learning in which voluntary behavior is emitted in response to learned consequences
social learning
new behaviors can be learned by observing and imitating others
extinction in classical conditioning
the breaking apart of the association of NS and US in classical conditioning
generalization in classical conditioning
we will get a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the one trained
reflex arc
Receptors in skin - afferent neuron - interneuron in spinal cord - efferent neuron - effector
what becomes associated in classical conditioning
NS becomes associated with US which triggers UR
US
physiological cue in the environment that elicits a reflex
UR
whatever reflex is triggered by US
NS
stimulus that at first elicits no response
CS
some previously neutral environmental stimulus that elicits a reflex
CR
whatever reflex follows a conditioned stimulus
Little Albert
conditioned to fear rat as loud bang happened when presented w/ rat
generalized to other small fuzzy things
reflexes that can be classically conditioned
limbic flexions, startle responses, heart rate, blinking, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
antecedent
cue in the environment
behavioral response
chosen behavior
consequence
follows behavior and increases or decreases likelihood of a future response
positive reinforcement
adding something to increase a behavior
negative reinforcement
remove something to increase behavior
positive punishment
adding something to decrease behavior
negative punishment
removing something to decrease behavior
extinction in operant conditionig
weakens because responses are irrelevant
generalization in operant conditioning
learned behavior applied in a similar context
declarative memory
Mental system that handles factual information; contains recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas
non-declarative memory
System that houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories; contains procedural memories of how to execute such actions as riding a bike, typing, and tying one’s shoes
episodic memory
System of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences
semantic memory
System that contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned
procedural memory
aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences
prospective memory
remembering to perform actions in the future
retrospecitve memory
remembering events from the past or previously learned information
difference between declarative and nondeclarative
recall of factual information generally depends on conscious, effortful processes, whereas memory for conditioned reflexes is largely automatic, and memories for skills often require little effort and attention
difference between nondeclarative and procedural
able to learn and remember new motor skills, even though he couldn’t remember what he looked like as he aged
acute effects of cocaine
increased heart rates; increased blood pressure; vasodilation and bronchodilation; increased body temp; increased; blood glucose and blood flow to muscles; increased energy, alertness, and libido; “freeze”/rush; may reduce fatigue and improve performance/endurance of well-practiced behavior
