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Latin 101 > psych 201 exam 3 > Flashcards

psych 201 exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

indications of waking conscioussness

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli
typical conscious thoughts
ability to direct attention

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2
Q

why is it hard to define states of consciousness?

A

self-reports are subjective, physiological and behavioral measures require interference

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3
Q

circadian rhythm

A

natural daily cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes

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4
Q

molecular clock

A

the average rate at which a species’ genome accumulates mutations

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5
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

master clock of all mammalian cells

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6
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

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7
Q

melatonin

A

hormone associated with sleep/wake cycle

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8
Q

activity of the SCN

A

active SCN - inactive pineal gland - no melatonin - FEEL ALERT
inactive SCN - active pineal gland - make melatonin - FEEL SLEEPY

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9
Q

length of typical sleep cycle

A

90 mins

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10
Q

order of sleep stages in cycle

A

1, 2, 3, 4. 3. 2. rem and cycle

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11
Q

Stage 1

A

small irregular waves
Go in and out of sleep
Easily awakened
Hypnogogic hallucinations

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12
Q

Stage 2

A

sleep spindles
Moderately low amplitude
Moderately high frequency
Breathing, HR slow, muscle tension, and temp decline
Eye movement stops

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13
Q

Stage 3

A

delta waves appear
Difficult to awaken
Less than 50% delta waves
No eye, muscle movement
Disoriented if awakened
Lower frequency
Higher amplitude

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14
Q

Stage 4

A

mostly delta
Stage 3 & 4 = Slow Wave Sleep
>50% delta waves
Not paralyzed, but difficult to wake
Parasomnias occur

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15
Q

Parasomnias

A

sleep talking, sleep walking, night terrors

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16
Q

REM

A

dreams
occurs after 2

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17
Q

agonist

A

facilitates at least one neurotransmitter

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18
Q

antagonist

A

inhibits at least one neurotransmitter

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19
Q

cocaine is an agonist for…

A

norepinephrine and dopamine (interferes w/ reuptake)

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20
Q

nicotine is an agonist for…

A

ACh (binds w/ receptors)

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21
Q

opiates agonize…

A

endorphins

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22
Q

factors affecting drug effects

A

Genes
General health
Physical and social setting of drug use
Beliefs and expectations
Personality factors
Culture

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23
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body

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24
Q

stages of pharmacokintetics

A

administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

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25
Q

administration

A

Release from dosage form and route into the body

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26
Q

absorption

A

Movement from administration to blood stream

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27
Q

distribution

A

Movement from blood to tissues

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28
Q

metabolism

A

break down of chemicals to metabolites

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29
Q

elimination

A

removal of intact drug or metabolites (through lungs, feces, sweat, urine, etc.)

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30
Q

Stimulant effects

A

Activates sympathetic nervous system, arousal, alertness, elevate mood, decrease fatigue

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31
Q

stimulant examples

A

cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, Ritalin, technically ecstasy

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32
Q

acute effects of large doses of cocaine

A

all effects intensified, agitation, impulsiveness, anxiety, paranoia, sensation of things crawling under skin; pick at and produce wounds

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33
Q

general effects of depressants

A

Activate parasympathetic nervous system, take you way beyond homeostasis - decrease arousal, alertness, decrease mood, inhibit neural signal signals (GABA)

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34
Q

examples of depressants

A

alcohol, ether, barbiturates, general anesthetics, benzodiazepines

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35
Q

uses of depressants in medicine

A

general anesthetic,

36
Q

alcohol metabolized in liver per hour

A

14 g

37
Q

alcohol agonizes…

A

GABA

38
Q

alcohol antagonizes…

A

glutamate

39
Q

medical use of opiates

A

pain, cough, diarrhea

40
Q

hallucinogen examples

A

Ketamine
PCP
LSD

41
Q

psychoactive

A

affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior

42
Q

dissociative anesthetic

A

causes people to feel separated or detached from their body or physical environment

43
Q

effects of hallucinogens

A

alter consciousness by inducing sensory, perceptual, and cognitive disturbances

44
Q

language

A

Symbol or string of symbols designating a referent

45
Q

evolutionary explanation of language

A

human need to communicate with each other in order to hunt, farm and defend themselves successfully from their harsh environment

46
Q

functions of language

A

When expressed to another person allows a response, an interaction
Efficient means of communication
Allow listener to learn the speaker’s intention in order to respond
Humans understand and respond using different types of language

47
Q

direct utterance

A

state about something, to ask someone to do something, and to propose an idea

48
Q

indirect utterance

A

don’t say what they necessarily mean

49
Q

aphasia

A

Pathological loss of language

50
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Impiared speech production
Production delayed and slow, missing words
Agrammatical speech
Problems with past tense, number agreement

51
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Impaired speech comprehension
Fluent speech production but…
Content of responses doesn’t make much sense
Phonemic and substitution errors
Neologisms - made up words
Difficulty with repetition
Poor comprehension
Poor short term memory

52
Q

learning

A

a change in thought or behavior based on previous experience

53
Q

memory

A

storage of learned information over time

54
Q

associative learning

A

two events become connected in the mind

55
Q

classical conditioning

A

simple form of associate learning in which an involuntary reflex is elicited when two stimuli become associated

56
Q

operant conditioning

A

complex form of associated learning in which voluntary behavior is emitted in response to learned consequences

57
Q

social learning

A

new behaviors can be learned by observing and imitating others

58
Q

extinction in classical conditioning

A

the breaking apart of the association of NS and US in classical conditioning

59
Q

generalization in classical conditioning

A

we will get a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the one trained

60
Q

reflex arc

A

Receptors in skin - afferent neuron - interneuron in spinal cord - efferent neuron - effector

61
Q

what becomes associated in classical conditioning

A

NS becomes associated with US which triggers UR

62
Q

US

A

physiological cue in the environment that elicits a reflex

63
Q

UR

A

whatever reflex is triggered by US

64
Q

NS

A

stimulus that at first elicits no response

65
Q

CS

A

some previously neutral environmental stimulus that elicits a reflex

66
Q

CR

A

whatever reflex follows a conditioned stimulus

67
Q

Little Albert

A

conditioned to fear rat as loud bang happened when presented w/ rat
generalized to other small fuzzy things

68
Q

reflexes that can be classically conditioned

A

limbic flexions, startle responses, heart rate, blinking, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

69
Q

antecedent

A

cue in the environment

70
Q

behavioral response

A

chosen behavior

71
Q

consequence

A

follows behavior and increases or decreases likelihood of a future response

72
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding something to increase a behavior

73
Q

negative reinforcement

A

remove something to increase behavior

74
Q

positive punishment

A

adding something to decrease behavior

75
Q

negative punishment

A

removing something to decrease behavior

76
Q

extinction in operant conditionig

A

weakens because responses are irrelevant

77
Q

generalization in operant conditioning

A

learned behavior applied in a similar context

78
Q

declarative memory

A

Mental system that handles factual information; contains recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas

79
Q

non-declarative memory

A

System that houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories; contains procedural memories of how to execute such actions as riding a bike, typing, and tying one’s shoes

80
Q

episodic memory

A

System of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences

81
Q

semantic memory

A

System that contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

82
Q

procedural memory

A

aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences

83
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform actions in the future

84
Q

retrospecitve memory

A

remembering events from the past or previously learned information

85
Q

difference between declarative and nondeclarative

A

recall of factual information generally depends on conscious, effortful processes, whereas memory for conditioned reflexes is largely automatic, and memories for skills often require little effort and attention

86
Q

difference between nondeclarative and procedural

A

able to learn and remember new motor skills, even though he couldn’t remember what he looked like as he aged

87
Q

acute effects of cocaine

A

increased heart rates; increased blood pressure; vasodilation and bronchodilation; increased body temp; increased; blood glucose and blood flow to muscles; increased energy, alertness, and libido; “freeze”/rush; may reduce fatigue and improve performance/endurance of well-practiced behavior

Latin 101 (8 decks)

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