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Psych Concentrated Flashcards

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1
Q

Prototype willingness model

A

Behavior is mediated by both intention/expectation and willingness

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2
Q

Negative vs. Positive symptoms

A 
Negative = lack of something (emotion apathy)
Positive = presence of something (hallucination)
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3
Q

Self-Image

A

Think MIRROR

Internalizing all judgments others have

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4
Q

Piaget’s

A

Sensorimotor - Object permanence
Preoperational - Egocentrism, symbolic
Concrete operational - Conservation
Formal Operational - Abstract ideas

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5
Q

Ecological Validity

A

How well an experiment can be applied to outside SETTINGS - Different from external validity

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6
Q

Order for Operant Conditioning

A

Reward AFTER behavior

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7
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

1 thing has positives and negatives – Marriage

DOUBLE approach avoidance = jury

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8
Q

Erikson’s Stages of development

A

1 - bun - rust - trust vs. mistrust
2 - shoe - wheels - autonomy vs. shame
3 - Tree - Inn + Quilt - Initiative vs. Guilt
4 - Dinosaur - Dust - Industry vs. Inferiority
5 - Dive - Dents car - Identity vs. ID Confusion
6 - Sticks - sticks kissing - Intimacy vs. isolation
7 - Heaven - Generativity vs. Stagnation
8 - Plate - Grits + Pair - Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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9
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

Social construction

If men define something as real, it is real with its consequences

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10
Q

Covariation model

A

We make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave a certain way

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11
Q

What makes the reward pathway

A

Mesolimbic pathway
Nucleus Accumbens
Dopamine and receptors

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12
Q

Type I vs. Type II Error

A

Type I = incorrect reject null hypothesis

Type II = False null hypothesis

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13
Q

Confabulation

A

Making up memories to fill gaps and then believing those memories to be true

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14
Q

Operationalization

A

Finding a causal relationship by manipulating a variable

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15
Q

Prosody

A

Rhythm, cadence, inflection

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16
Q

Cognitive Neoassociation Theory

A

Negative feelings and experiences are the main cause of anger and angry aggression

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17
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

NOT SPECIFIC!
Alarm Reaction - Mobilize resources, adrenaline, fight or flight
Stage of Resistance - cope with stressor - large resistance, cortisol release to redistribute glucose
Stage of Exhaustion - Reserves depleted, giving up, open to sickness,

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18
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Thoughts feelings and behaviors and environment all interact to determine our actions.
Skeptic’s views can shift if attends seances, and interacts with people there.

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19
Q

Kinsey scale

A

how homosexual/heterosexual are you?

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20
Q

Referent power

A

Someone with referent power exerts control by appealing to people’s desire to belong to a group
For peripheral route processing

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21
Q

Identification

A

Comform because you like the person

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22
Q

Place Theory

A

One is able to hear different pitches because sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochleas basilar membrane

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23
Q

ABC model of attitude

A

Affective - I love Yoga
Behavior - I will do Yoga
Cognitive - Yoga helps me relax

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24
Q

Limbic System - parts

A 
Hippo wearing HAT
Hypothalamus - ANS, endocrine control
Hippocampus - memories
Amygdala - aggression
Thalamus - sensory relay
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25
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

AKA Linguistic Relativity or Linguistic determinism

Idea that speakers of different languages utilize different cognitive processes
ex. Finnish people don’t think about time the same way

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26
Q

Michaelangelo vs. Blueberry Phenomenons

A 
Michaelangelo = bring out best in each other
Blueberry = bring out worst in each other (Ron and Tammy)
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27
Q

Explicit vs. Implicit attitudes

A 
Implicit = What you think unconsciously
Explicit = Conscious attitudes, quotes, outward views
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28
Q

Concurrent/Predictive Validity

A

Concurrent = Against stuff already known - SAT based on past SATs

Predictive = Indicative of future performance – SAT on first year of college

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29
Q

Post Hoc fallacy

A

since Y happened after X, Y must have been caused by X

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30
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Detection/Drugs

Cell can only detect one color at a time because two colors oppose each other
OR
As drug use increases, tolerance develops, leads to withdrawal

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31
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

Physiological = Emotion

SIMULTANEOUSLY

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32
Q

Can you perform experimental studies or conditioning studies?

A

Experimental yes

Conditioning no

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33
Q

Family Studies vs. Twin Studies

A

Families –> Population

Twin –> Genetics

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34
Q

Proximal vs. Distal stimuli

A 
Proximal = Those stimuli that reach your senses
Distal = Those stimuli out in the world around you, it can contribute to a proximal stimulus
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35
Q

Free choice reduction of conflict

A

Person has a binary choice, once they make a decision the change their belief to be more congruent with decision

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36
Q

Larger vs. Smaller groups stability

A

Larger groups more stable but less intimate

Smaller groups less stable but more intimate

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37
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Synapses that fire more frequently become stronger

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38
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Bouncer for your brain, dictates conscious thoughts or not - filters info that goes to thalamus

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39
Q

What memory you lose when you age

A

Improve crystallized and emotional

Keep Implicit and recognition

Lose Recall, episodic, processing speed

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40
Q

Reconstructive Bias

A

Memory related - subjects don’t remember times of high stress well

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41
Q

Parallel Play

A 
In preschool (age 4 ish) - when a child is playing alone but sees another child and adjusts their behavior in response
Later on, children will play together more
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42
Q

People who are afraid of being evaluated - what advice?

A

Distract your mind - greater cognitive load = less stressed

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43
Q

Behaviorist theory

A

People learn from conditioning

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44
Q

Criterion validity

A

Degree to which a measure is related to an outcome

Can be Concurrent or Predictive validity

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45
Q

How is motivational state determined in operant conditioning?

A

Depriving subject of desirable stimulus item for a period of time

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46
Q

Informed consent necessary when:

A

Subjects may be exposed to risk of research greater than the risks of everyday life

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47
Q

Within subject design

A

All subjects experience all variables

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48
Q

Cultural capital vs. Ascribed Status vs. Achieved status vs. Social Capital

A

Cultural Cap = Knowledge, skills, education
Ascribed status = born into status
Achieved status = after lots of work status
Social capital = ability to use social network to advantage

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49
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Experiment

A

Paid 1 dollar vs . Paid 20
1 dollar people convinced themselves that they enjoyed it
Attitude might change to fit behavior

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50
Q

Attrition Bias

A

Participants drop out of a long-term study or experiment

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51
Q

Freud’s Psychodynamic theory stages and ages

A 
Oral = 0-1 - Smoking, nailbiting
Anal = 1-3 - neatness or rebellion
Phallic = 3-6 - Oedipus/electra
Latent = 6-12
Genital = puberty-Death - Sex life
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52
Q

Activation-Synthesis hypothesis

A

DREAMS

Happen with neuronal activity in brainstem during REM sleep

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53
Q

Anomies associated with:

A

Rapid changes in society
Low levels of income
High heterogeneity
(Lots of people of different backgrounds leads to no homogeneous mores/folkways/taboos)

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54
Q

Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive development theory

A

Depends on teacher

Internalization of various aspects of culture drives cognitive development

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55
Q

Schachter-Singer

A

3 Distinct Steps:
Physiological + Cognitive (label it) –> Emotion
2 factor theory (JL is 1 factor)

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56
Q

Drive reduction – Primary and secondary drivers

A

Primary drives = survival

Secondary = Money, other shit

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57
Q

Thinning vs. Fading

A

Thinning - Stop rewarding as often

Fading - Stop Prompting as often

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58
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Judgment of self worth, affected by others

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59
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

Still images moving fast - perceive as continuous motion

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60
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Judgment based on new specific information instead of already known information

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61
Q

Integration vs. Marginalization vs. Separation vs. Assimilation on Old and New Cultures

A 
Integration = Identify with both
Marginalization = Reject both
Separation = Reject new, maintain native
Assimilation = Reject native, interact with new
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62
Q

Pygmalion effect

A

Higher expectations leads to increase in performance

Different from hawthorne effect

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63
Q

Attribution theory

A

Internal v. External
Self-controlled or external factors
Stable v. Unstable
Unchanging factors or temporary factors

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64
Q

What brain parts are involved in learning and attention?

A

Frontal lobe, hippocampus, thalamus

NOT HYPOTHALAMUS

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65
Q

Face Validity

A

Does it measure what it claims to measure to subjects?

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66
Q

Stroop effect

A

Hard to read color red written in green

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67
Q

Partial report technique

A

Show 3 rows, if asked to recall 1 row, you’ll get it every time

68
Q

Schema - Assimilation vs. Accomodation

A 
Assimilation = New info changed to fit into old schemata
Accomodation = modify old schemata to fit new info
69
Q

Unidirectional vs. Reciprocal relations

A 
Unidirectional = One thing affects the other, but not reverse
Reciprocal = They affect each other
70
Q

Symbolic Interaction vs. Social Construction

A

Symbolic interaction is micro level - daily life

Social Construction is macro level

71
Q

Self-Perception

A

Not dictated by others

Interpret own behavior

72
Q

Looking Glass Self

A

Person’s self grows out of perspective of others

One internalizes bias/stigma towards himself

73
Q

Folkway More Taboo

A 
Folkway = hold door
More = Produce strong feelings, but no serious  consequences
Taboo = Incest/Murder
74
Q

Order of Brain Waves and Stages

A 
Awake - Beta
Stage 1 - Alpha-->theta
Stage 2 - Alpha->Theta more
(K complexes sleep spindles)
Stage 3 - Delta 
REM - Gamma waves
**Alpha is right before sleep
75
Q

Subjective validation bias

A

A person will consider a statement or piece of info correct if it has any personal meaning or significance to them

76
Q

Operational span testing

A

Tests working memory - do a math problem, then say a word, then repeat and count how many words can remember

77
Q

External vs. Internal Validity

A 
External = Generalizable to population?
Internal = Causal Conclusions can be drawn? **OPERATIONALIZE
78
Q

James-Lange

A

Physiological –> Emotion

79
Q

McConnell’s Brainwashing in 3 steps:

A

Isolation, dependency, reward.

A form of operant conditioning, shaping.

80
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Understate undesirable behavior and answer in a socially acceptable way

81
Q

Internalization vs. Compliance

A 
Internalization = Conform public and private
Compliance = Comform publicly but not privately
82
Q

Implicit vs. Explicit memory

A 
Implicit = effortless, procedural
Explicit = takes effort
83
Q

Strain theory

A

Society puts pressure for people to achieve socially accepted goals - leads to strain since they may lack the means, leads to crimes being committed

84
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Transmit VALUES and BELIEFS about acceptable behaviors:

eg. Popular culture, schools, family, religion, media

85
Q

Psychodynamic Theory, which are conscious/unconscious

A

All are unconscious
Ego is conscious
aka Psychoanalytic theory

86
Q

Ratio level of measurement

A

There are a lot of quantitative responses at spaced intervals, and you CAN score 0
NOT yes/no questions
NOT opinion based

87
Q

Kohlberg’s

A

Preconventional - Obedience vs. punishment, exchange
Conventional - Good Boy, conformity, law and order
Post-Conventional - Social contract (law+order not perfect), Universal ethical principle (own set of principles)

88
Q

Echopraxia vs. Echolalia

A 
Echopraxia = Repetitive movements
Echolalia = Repetitive spoken word (lalala)
89
Q

Constructionist view of gender

A

Fluid and subject to social processes of meaning-making

90
Q

Construct validity

A

Does the theoretical concept match with the measurement in the research?

“Black” and “White” are they social class or race?

Construct validity for a test for intelligence depends on a model or theory of intelligence.

91
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Spreading and unspreading arms when falling

92
Q

Content validity

A

Degree to which a test measures all facets of a given social construct

93
Q

Nativist Theory

A

Humans innately programmed to learn language

94
Q

Alzheimer’s disease symptoms

A

Cognitive dysfunction, verbal problems, problems with negative priming, forgetfulness

95
Q

Lazarus

A

Cognitive –> Emotion + Physiological simultaneously

96
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

Deviance learned through interactions and observation of others
–> Bring child from poverty out of way of crime and they will not be criminals

97
Q

Mediating Variable

A

One that explains the relationship between the two other variables
“Education between social status vs. testicular exams.” If you take away education effect, relationship disappears
Think “Cause”

98
Q

Informational vs. Normative Social Influence

A

Wanting to be correct = Informational

Wanting to fit in (be NORMAL) = Normative

99
Q

Attribute Substitution

A

Using heuristics, intuition, maybe priming - instead of reflective system

100
Q

Functional attitudes theory

A

Attitudes serve 4 functions:
Knowledge - know others behavior
Ego expression - wear shirt
Adaption - behave in a socially accepted way
Ego defense - Justify actions and self esteem

101
Q

Cataplexy

A

Strong emotion or laughter causes physical collapse but you’re still conscious

102
Q

Negative priming

A

Seeing a stimulus slows down your response (instead of speeding up - which is positive priming)

103
Q

Can the same dose of morphine in a new location be less effective?

A

Yes because CONSCIOUSNESS INFLUENCES DRUG POTENCY

104
Q

Types of Schizophrenia

A

Paranoid (NORMAL COG FUNCTIONING) -auditory hallucinations about persecution/conspiracy
Catatonic - Disturbances in movement - impaired cog
Undifferentiated - could be many things
Disorganized - disorg. of though processes, large impairments in daily life

105
Q

Moderating Variable

A

May dictate the strength of correlation between the two variables
“Age between social status vs. testicular exams”
Age moderates, but if you take away age, the correlation still exists
Think “Effect”

106
Q

Multiple personality disorder begins during:

A

Childhood as a result of unbearable experiences

107
Q

Neuroleptics

A

First antipsychotic drugs - treat positive symptoms but exacerbate negative ones

108
Q

Conflict theory can be used for… and not…

A

Social class conflict, NOT Race Conflict

109
Q

When does Stranger anxiety develop

A

8 months old

110
Q

MRI vs. fMRI vs. PET vs. CT

A 
MRI = magnets --> Bone, fluids, cartilage
fMRI = blood flow to areas
PET = Tracks for tumors by tracking radioactive glucose
CT = Similar to MRI but less detail and uses radiation -- Like a nice nice Xray
111
Q

Elaboration Likelihood model

A

For Persuasion
Central - based on arguments
Peripheral - based on attractiveness/status of persuader

112
Q

Dual Coding Hypothesis

A

Images + Words > Images or words alone

113
Q

Order of grief

A

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

114
Q

Five Factor Model of Personality

A 
OCEAN
Openness (imagination)
Conscientiousness (Competence)
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (unstable emotions)
115
Q

Expectancy Value Theory

A

We will tend to make the combo of choices with the highest expected success and value

116
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

involves having a significant focus on physical symptoms — such as pain or fatigue — to the point that it causes major emotional distress and problems functioning.

117
Q

Panic attacks / Disorders

A

Sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something really bad is going to happen.

118
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

Hypochondria

119
Q

Generalized Anxiety disorder (different from panic disorder)

A 
Due to things like job loss or poverty:
Different symptoms than panic disorder
Sleep problems (for example, difficulty falling or staying asleep)
Fatigue
Muscle tension
Irritability
Restlessness
Digestive issues like diarrhea or stomach discomfort
Chronic headaches
120
Q

REM Rebound

A

Making up for REM sleep after sleep deprivation

121
Q

Dichotic listening task

A

2 messages, one to each ear

122
Q

Main NT for Autonomic Nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

123
Q

Glutamate binds to what type of receptor?

It is densest in the _____ region of the brain

A

NMDA receptor

Densest in the Hippocampus

124
Q

Which NT regulates mood and appetite

A

Serotonin - Also regulates sleep!

125
Q

Motion parallax

A

Objects close to us moving faster than objects further away

126
Q

What type of imaging technique for Detecting neuronal activity

A

fMRI or PET scan (tagging glucose)

Not NORMAL MRI or CT

127
Q

Conflict theory applied to religion

A

Religion for:
Social control
Legitimize inequality
Encourage passive acceptant of material conditions

Functionalist would say:
Increase social solidarity

128
Q

Conflict Theory vs. Functionalist

A

Conflict theorist says institutions are bad and they control us

Functionalist says they are necessary for certain purposes

129
Q

Giving a monkey a banana chip every correct response and a 20 sec timeout every wrong is what type of reinforcement?

A

Fixed ratio

130
Q

Dependency ratio

A

How many old people per young productive person?

131
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

Selective breakdown of memory or identity because traumatic event or bad time in life

132
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Blindness, paralysis, or other condition which cannot be explained medically

133
Q

Left brain = _____

Right Brain = _____

A 
Left = Language (Brocas/wernickes) and sequential tasks
Right = Artistry, Visuospatial skills, music, EMOTIONS
134
Q

Delay in gratification is what type of intelligence?

A

Emotional intelligence – Self aware and can delay gratification for pursuit of long term rewards

135
Q

Between Subject design

A

Subjects put into one group or another

Within subject is where each subject is given all variables

136
Q

Can subjects act as their own controls?

A

It is possible if you measure before and after

137
Q

Longitudinal studies are usually long term, longer than a few days T/F

A

True, over years or decades

138
Q

Functionalist perspective for things with multiple uses: LATENT and MANIFEST Functions

A

Yoga manifest function = Intended function = relaxation, etc.

Latent function = unintended = Smoking cessation

139
Q

Types of depressants

A

Alcohol
Barbiturates - sleeping aids/anesthesia + alcohol = death
Benzodiazepines - Sleep aids/seizures - can be for anxiety too

140
Q

Covert vs. Overt orienting

A

Covert orienting = bringing spotlight of attention to object w/o movement of body or eyes

Overt - move the body and eyes

141
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Bilateral destruction of (both) amygdala – hyperorality, hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior (drunken)

142
Q

Positive and negative emotions brain hemisphere divisions

A 
Positive emotions LEFT side
Negative emotions (isolation) RIGHT side
143
Q

Stress: Primary vs. Secondary Appraisal

A 
Primary = ID Stress
Secondary = Eval ability to cope with stressor
144
Q

Role of oxytocin

A

Tend and befriend - closeness hormone and creates peer bonding

145
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) affect which parts of brain most

A

Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex – Impairs learning and memory, as well as impulses, reasoning, planning, judgement

146
Q

Inhibitive NTs

A

GABA (CNS) and Glycine (PNS)

147
Q

Dopamine related diseases

A

Parkinsons, Schizophrenia

148
Q

MEG

A

Better but more invasive form of EEG

149
Q

Order for Maslow’s Hierarchy

A 
Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit
Physiological
Safety
Love
Self-Esteem
Self-Actualization
150
Q

Lateral vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

LH - Lacks Hunger when it is MISSING

VMH - Very Much Hungry when it is MISSING

151
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

Intentions + implications.. Taking into account subjective norms and perceived behavioral roles

152
Q

Attitude to behavior process model

A

An even triggers our attitude, that attitude changes future behavior

153
Q

Can attitude follow behavior AND behavior follow attitude?

A

Yes, both are possible

Foot-in-door phenomenon
Role-playing (zimbardo’s prison)

154
Q

Cognitive Dissonance: ____ and ____ don’t align

A

Attitudes/Cognition and Behavior don’t align

Ways to cope:
Modify our cognition - I Don’t smoke that much
Trivialize - Weak evidence that smoking = cancer
Add - Exercise so much it doesn’t matter
Deny - No evidence!

155
Q

Humanistic Theory

A

We all want to self-actualize, we are inherently good and self-motivated to improve

156
Q

Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits

A

By Allport -
Cardinal = influence activities
Central = Less dominant, ex. honesty, sociability
Secondary = Preferences/attitude, love for art etc.

157
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

A 
AM I Motivated
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
158
Q

Displacement defense mechanism

A

Mother mad at husband gets mad at child

159
Q

Sublimation defense mechanism

A

Negative to positive energy – violent = boxer

160
Q

Cluster A B and C personality disorders

A 
A = Wierd
B = Wild
C = Worried
161
Q

Prodrome

A

Early onset symptom signaling disease presence

162
Q

Non-associative learning

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus

Associative is when one thing is connected to another ie. classical conditioning

163
Q

Escape vs. Avoidance

A 
Escape = after stimulus has occured
Avoidance = before stimulus
164
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Those that fire when we observe someone doing something

165
Q

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis

A

People frustrated can lead to prejudice, often towards minorities
Scapegoating happens often

166
Q

McGurk Effect

A

Audio doesn’t match the visual stimulus - bad subtitles

167
Q

Homophily vs. Heterophily

A

Homophily - Collect in groups like yourself

Heterophily - collect in groups unlike yourself

MCAT Practice Tests (6 decks)

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