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MCAT Practice Tests > Bio/Biochem > Flashcards

Bio/Biochem Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA is wrapped around

A

Histones

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2
Q

Acetylation of DNA _____ Transcription

A

Increases

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3
Q

Methylation ___ Transcription

A

Decreases

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4
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest type of white blood cells - IMMUNE response

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5
Q

Tight Junction

A

Areas where membranes adhere tightly and form a near-IMPENETRABLE barrier

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6
Q

SDS-PAGE

A

Separate by Size

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7
Q

Gas Chromatography

A

Separates based on affinity to column and mobile phase

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8
Q

Mass Spectrometry

A

Measures the mass of one molecule - does not separate

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9
Q

Thin Layer Chromatography

A

Separates based on affinity

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10
Q

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction

A

Both occur in both nervous responses.
SNS - Dilation of skeletal, constriction of digestive
PSNS - Dilation of digestive, constriction of skeletal

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11
Q

Type I restriction enzyme

A

Cleave at sites REMOTE from recognition site

Require S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function

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12
Q

Type II Restriction Enzyme

A

Cleave within or at specific distances from recognition sites - require magnesium

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13
Q

Type III Restriction Enzyme

A

Cleave at sites outside recognition sites and requires inverted DNA sequence

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14
Q

Type IV Restriction Enzyme

A

Target modified (methylated, hydroxymethylated) DNA

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15
Q

Cancer associated with

A

Cell Reproduction (mitosis)

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16
Q

Protein Translation Order

A

Codon –> Anticodon –> polypeptide

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17
Q

Only 1 incorrect amino acid sequence

A

Missense Mutation

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18
Q

Molecules drained to liver before vena cava

A

NOT Vitamin E, Vitamin E is absorbed by lacteals in intestines (lipid soluble)

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19
Q

CD8+ T-Cells are known as

A

Killer (Cytotoxic) T-Cells
Bind to MHC I
1*8 = 8

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20
Q

CD4+ T-Cells are

A

Helper (presenting) T-Cells
Bind to MHC II
2*4 = 8

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21
Q

Gene recombination

A

Closer genes are = Lower chance of recombination!

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22
Q

Brown mice are homozygous (BB), while yellow mice are heterozygous (Bb). If the homozygous recessive genotype (bb) is not viable, what percentage of the offspring will be yellow when two heterozygotes mate?

A

66% – Do not account for the unviable offspring

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23
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Incomplete/missing X Chromosome in woman

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24
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY

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25
Q

Edward’s Syndrome

A

3 of Chromosome 18

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26
Q

Patau Syndrome

A

3 of Chromosome 13

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27
Q

Down Syndrome

A

3 of Chromosome 21

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28
Q

What muscle is always uninucleated?

A

Smooth only.
Skeletal has many
Cardiac has 1 or 2 nuclei

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29
Q

Myogenic activity

A

Only in smooth/cardiac muscle
Means “Originating in muscle, not in nervous impulse”
Skeletal requires NMJ impulse to contract

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30
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

is for Energy Storage

Red Bone marrow is for RBC production…

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31
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum

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32
Q

Order of Heart Contraction

A

SA node –> AV Node –> bundle of His –> Purkinje fibers

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33
Q

Why does dry mouth occur when blocking parasympathetic activity?

A

Block salivation –> Dry mouth

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34
Q

Lactose broken down in…

A

Small intestine by lactase

Most chemical digestion happens in duodenum

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35
Q

Which hormone peaks prior to ovulation

A

LH –> LH surge triggers ovulation

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36
Q

Estrogen is lowest at what time?

A

During ovulation - Since estrogen and progesterone build the uterine lining, and during ovulation uterine lining is shed

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37
Q

All ova are held in what phase

A

Prophase I

Until it is their time to develop

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38
Q

When does an embryo become a fetus

A

9 weeks

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39
Q

Homologous

A

Similar structure, different function

Bird wing vs. human arm

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40
Q

Analogous structure

A

Different structure, same function

Butterfly wing vs. bird wing

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41
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Female can develop new individual without fertilization occuring

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42
Q

Budding

A

Asexual reproduction – Bud on mother cell grows but mother cell remains constant. Eventually bud breaks off

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43
Q

DNA in viruses

A

circular and linear ssDNA

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44
Q

DNA in bacteria

A

circular strand of dsDNA

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45
Q

First stage of spermatogenesis to be haploid

A

Secondary spermatocyte

After meiosis I

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46
Q

What path does sperm take from production to ejaculation?

A

Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → penis
Seve(n) UP

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47
Q

Aldosterone excretes _____

A

Potassium — ACE inhibitors which prevent Angiotensin II formation will inhibit aldosterone, therefore increasing potassium reabsorption

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48
Q

A common symptom of untreated hypertension is finding blood cells and proteins in the urine. Where is the most likely problem in the nephron?

A

Glomerulus

Blood cells + protein should be filtered by the glomerulus

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49
Q

Do all arteries carry oxygenated blood?

A

No! Pulmonary arteries do not…

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50
Q

What tissue uses amino acids to maintain blood glucose levels?

A

Liver

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51
Q

Michaelis Menten Equation

A

V0 = Vmax[S] / (Km + [S])

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52
Q

50S ribosomal subunits found in:

A

Bacteria
Bacteria for 50S and 30S, making 1 70S
Eukaryotes have 60S and 40S, making 80S

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53
Q

Retrovirus uses what to copy it’s RNA genome

A

Reverse transcriptase

RNA –> DNA

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54
Q

Initiation of polynucleotide strands is triggered by:

A

RNA Polymerase

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55
Q

pre-mRNA aka

A

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA = hnRNA
mRNA before it has undergone post-transcriptional modification

Has introns and the 5’ cap still

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56
Q

What molecule has no introns and a poly A tail

A

mature mRNA

as opposed to hnRNA

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57
Q

rRNA made by

A

RNA polymerase I

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58
Q

What terminates protein synthesis?

A

Release factors that recognize stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG

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59
Q

Furanose and Pyranose

A 
Furanose = 5 member ring -- 4 carbons 1 oxygen
Pyranose = 6 member ring -- 5 carbon 1 oxygen
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60
Q

Interconversion between alpha and beta anomers is called:

A

Mutarotation

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61
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone which reduces hunger

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62
Q

Is ∆G affected by pH?

A

No, ∆G is pH independent

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63
Q

Amino acids energy on degradation..

A

More carbons = more energy on degradation

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64
Q

Complex IV pumps ____ protons

A

2

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65
Q

Which transporter is insulin dependent?

A

GLUT4

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66
Q

Hyperpolarization is due to

A

Excess potassium efflux – Na/K pump has to pump K back in and sodium out

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67
Q

Sphingolipid

A

Category of lipid with a sphingoid backbone:

  • Ganglioside
  • Ceramide
  • Sulfatide
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68
Q

Peptidyl Transferase

A

Carries out main function of the ribosome: Links amino acids together with amide linkage (PEPTIDE BOND)

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69
Q

T/F: Magnesium is a common cofactor for many proteins in vivo

A

True, Magnesium is a common cofactor for many proteins in vivo

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70
Q

Sucrose and Lactose broken down

A 
Sucrose = Glucose and Fructose
Lactose = Glucose and Galactose
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71
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

Formed with cyclization

Directly bound to two separate oxygen atoms

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72
Q

Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin

A

Heterochromatin is tightly packed - not transcriptionally active
Euchromatin less dense, more transcriptionally active

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73
Q

Restriction Endonucleases

A

Cut DNA at specific sites

Used in Southern Blotting and DNA Repair

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74
Q

Southern Blotting

A

DNA Analysis

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75
Q

Western Blotting

A

Protein analysis

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76
Q

Are AT or GC bonds tighter?

A

GC pairs = 3 H bonds
AT pairs = 2 H Bonds
More GC = harder to degrade

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77
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitor acts to inhibit:

A

Gastric Proton Pump which moves protons to the stomach forming HYDROCHLORIC ACID

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78
Q

O-Glycosidic vs. N-Glycosidic

A 
O-Glycosidic = carbohydrate bond with Threonine or Serine
N-Glycosidic = carbohydrate bond with Amine -- Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
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79
Q

Should you jump to conclusions from data?

A

Hell no

Don’t generalize results to ALL types of that thing, results shown are only for the condition tested

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80
Q

T/F The simpler guaranteed answer is usually right

A

Yes True

Simple and always right > More complex and sometimes right

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81
Q

DNA Hybridization

A

When two complementary strands of nucleotides binds together

82
Q

How is statistically significant symbolized on charts?

A

ASTERISK on a chart

A horizontal line on a bar chart between the TWO ratios you’re looking at

83
Q

Define Innate vs. Adaptive immune system

A 
Innate = NONSPECIFIC
Adaptive = Specific
84
Q

Amino acids that can be phosphorylated

A

T, Y, S

85
Q

Amino acid residue notation

A

T259D
Original = T = Threonine
Position = 259
Mutant = D = Aspartic Acid

86
Q

Translocation vs. Internalization

A

Translocation to –> Membrane

Internalization FROM –> Membrane

87
Q

Hypotonic surroundings =

A

Water flow INTO the cell
Distinguish whether cell is hypotonic or surroundings are hypotonic
Water goes to the HYPERTONIC place!

88
Q

Autoclave - Lab tool

A

Brings materials over 120 degrees C and pressure over 2 atm.
Kills everything - pathogens etc.
MOST EFFECTIVE STERILIZATION TECHNIQUE!

89
Q

DNA “Double Crossover”

A

Homologous Chromosome arms cross in two places, so the middle of each chromosome is exchanged

90
Q

“Single Crossover” DNA

A

Only affect the ends of chromosome arms, not the middle, since they only cross one time

91
Q

Troponin used in which types of muscle?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac
NOT SMOOTH!
Troponin used only in Striated muscle
Striations = Sarcomeres - troponin used in those sarcomeres!

92
Q

Isomerase

A

Can be used to move a double bond arounod

93
Q

T/F Hydration = Oxidation

A

False
Hydration is not an oxidation OR reduction, it is just a hydration since the net electrons don’t change as 2 H+ and 1 O are added

94
Q

When a researcher DECISIVELY knows something, go with the answer that….

A

Cannot be interpreted as another answer
ssDNA vs dsDNA
If researcher knows it is ssDNA, don’t pick ratios that COULD be dsDNA

95
Q

Glucose vs. (Pyruvate or Acetyl CoA or Lactate)

A

Glucose is much more in the bloodstream - can be used for PET scans.
Acetyl CoA, Pyruvate and Lactate act mostly intracellularly.

96
Q

Cholesterol increases/decreases membrane rigidity?

A

Lower temperatures - decreases rigidity

High temperatures - increases rigidity

97
Q

Eukaryotes include…

A

Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists

98
Q

Prokaryotes include…

A

Bacteria and Archaea

99
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hunger hormone, makes you hungry - opposite of leptin

100
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm = _________

Relaxation of the diaphragm = __________

A 
Contraction = Inspiration
Relaxation = Expiration
101
Q

Residual volume

A

Minimum volume due to maximum INTRAPLEURAL Pressure

= Pressure between lungs

102
Q

Max and min volumes of air in lung

A

Max = max inspirational reserve volume
Min = residual volume
For range –> Follow the lines, it doesn’t go all the way to the bottom!

103
Q

Which trisomies and monosomies are viable

A

Balanced Robertsonian’s are viable (unbalanced unviable)
All monosomies unviable
Trisomies 21, 18, and 13 viable
Down, Edwards, Patau’s respectively

104
Q

Proteins made with AA’s from ___ terminus to __ terminus in vivo

A

N terminus to C terminus in vivo

105
Q

What is most similar among species from different kingdoms?

A

DNA Synthesis
Not all species photosynthesize, make cholesterol, or modify proteins the same way, but genetic info is basically always DNA/RNA

106
Q

Catecholamines derived from:

A

Tyrosine

107
Q

Prostaglandins and Thomboxanes derived from:

A

Arachidonic Acid

108
Q

When H3O+ and OH- are mixed, do they still act individually as inhibitors?

A

No, they neutralize each other and cannot act as inhibitors.

109
Q

sp2 vs. sp3 vs. stuff… Does it always just refer to the central carbon atom?

A

No, it can refer to the side atoms too

CO2 has sp on the carbon and sp2 on the Oxygens (2 lone pairs and 1 bond each)

110
Q

How to know if it is autosomal or sex-linked?

A

Look for keywords: “germ-cells” = sex linked

111
Q

Do bacteria have introns?

A

No, they don’t have nuclei either so where would the introns stay?

112
Q

Glycoproteins vs. Glycolipids

A

Glycoproteins span the entire membrane –> Form channels and transport proteins
Glycolipids are on the surfaces –> Peripheral membrane proteins

113
Q

Pre-transcription levels of control

A

Transcriptional control by:

Promotion or Repression

114
Q

siRNA function

A

Small interfering RNA

Interferes with mRNA - Degrades it before it can be translated

115
Q

Equation relating ΔG° to K

A

ΔG° = -RTln(K)
Don’t forget that negative sign
Remember with equilibrium –> If K>1, ∆G should be spontaneous/negative

116
Q

When finding pI… watch out for:

A

Be careful with R groups, when protonated vs deprotonated, they can have weird charge (cysteine acts as an acid, not base)
Always draw it out!

117
Q

Far-Western Blot

A

More protein analysis with protein-protein interactions

118
Q

Eastern Blot

A

Post-translational modifications of proteins

119
Q

Far-Eastern Blot

A

Detect lipid-linked oligosaccharides

120
Q

Northern Blot

A

Specific RNA sequence detection

121
Q

SNoW DRoP

A

Southern DNA
Northern RNA
Western Protein

122
Q

Pure As Gold

A

Purines are Adenine and Guanine

123
Q

Nucleoside is just:

A

Nitrogenous base and sugar (No phosphate)

124
Q

What are in ribosomes?

A

RNA and proteins

125
Q

Uracil is found in what things?

A

RNA, tRNA, Ribosomes

126
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil
**In decreasing number!
Phils are Granulocytes
Cytes are agranulocytes

127
Q

Must Be Good

A

Morula Blastula Gastrula

128
Q

Carbonic Acid

A

H2CO3

129
Q

Conditions for organic acid/molecule

A

Contain Carbon and Hydrogen AND There must be 1+ covalent bond between a carbon and a hydrogen
ex. Carbonic acid is NOT an organic acid

130
Q

What is G0 phase in cell cycle

A

A phase of not dividing - Offshoot of G1
Neurons found in G0
Epithelial cells almost never in G0

131
Q

Things that block oxidative phosphorylation

A

All those inhibitors from Biochem - Oligomycin, Retinone, Amytal, Uncouplers, Azide, Cyanide, CO, etc.

132
Q

C2 and C3 positions found at which end of the fatty acid

A

At the carboxylic acid side where it is getting shorter

eg. C15 and C16 are the last to be broken off

133
Q

What makes a protein size be measured as smaller in SDS-PAGE

A

If it has positive residues it doesn’t travel as far and it is seen as larger than it actually is

134
Q

SN2 reactions favored by which solvents

A

SN2 favored by polar aprotic solvents – Acetone or DMSO

135
Q

SN1 reactions favored by which solvents

A

SN1 favored by polar PROTIC like water, or methanol, carboxylic acids

136
Q

Mother passing antibodies to baby is ____ immunity

A

Passive immunity

137
Q

Nucleotide consists of:

A

5-C Sugar, Nitrogenous base, 1-3 phosphate groups

138
Q

Ter protein

A

Termination step of DNA replication

139
Q

Initiation proteins

A

Initiation step of DNA replication

140
Q

DNA read from ___ to ___ and synthesized from ____ to ____

A

Read from 3’ -> 5’

Synthesized from 5’ to 3’

141
Q

Why is RNA Primer necessary for DNA Polymerase?

A

OH- group on primer needed so DNA Pol can bind and initiate synthesis

142
Q

Wobble base pairing

A

Non-watson-crick interactions where pairings can form when 2/3 anticodon matches codon and the 3rd base can be wobble paired

143
Q

snRNA

A

combine with proteins to make spliceosome, which splices introns out of pre-mRNA

144
Q

T/F: RNA can catalyze reactions

A

True

DNA cannot!

145
Q

T/F: DNA has a more stable sugar than RNA

A

True

146
Q

What is required for nuclear export of DNA

A

5’ methyl cap is required

poly A tail is not required

147
Q

Function of poly A tail

A

prevents enzymatic degradation

148
Q

What is found in the four levels of protein structure?

A 
Primary = Linear chain
Secondary = Beta sheet or alpha helix (det. by H+ bonds)
Tertiary = Hydrophobic int., Disulfide bonds, More H+ Bonds!
Quaternary =  noncovalent interactions, subunits together
149
Q

Does tRNA bind to stop codons?

A

No, only protein release factors bind to stop codons

150
Q

Human histones

A 
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
NOT H5 (birds)
151
Q

If splicing machinery is defected, will embryonic development continue?

A

It will NOT

152
Q

When does a cell become committed to division?

A

During the restriction point in G1

153
Q

DNA Activator

A

Protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes

154
Q

DNA Promoter

A

Region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene UPSTREAM 25 bps

155
Q

DNA Enhancer

A

Short segment of DNA bound by transcription factors to enhance transcription.
More than 25bps away from transcription start site

156
Q

DNA Corepressor

A

Small molecule or protein - represses expression of genes by binding to a repressor transcription factor

157
Q

Can Somatic mutations be passed on to children?

A

No, only germ-line mutations (mutations in cells which undergo meiosis)
eg. deletion in Colon cells not passed to children

158
Q

Chaperones/Chaperonins

A

Facilitate proper folding of proteins and prevent nonfunctional protein aggregates

159
Q

Lipid Rafts

A

Cholesterol rich domains of the plasma membrane

160
Q

Protein levels correlate directly with _____ levels

A

mRNA levels

161
Q

5’ end has a ____ group

3’ end has a _____ group

A

5’ has phosphate free

3’ has OH hydroxyl free

162
Q

Proteins which are secreted are cleaved to mature form where?

A

In the endomembrane system (ER)

163
Q

Dihybrid cross setup

A

AaBb x Aabb

Horizontal are:
AB Ab aB ab

Vertical are:
Ab ab Ab ab

Draw the WHOLE THING OUT!

164
Q

Endoderm differentiation

A

Lungs, Stomach,EXCEPT KIDNEY and HEART, Digestive, Thyroid

165
Q

Mesoderm differentiation

A

KIDNEY, Muscle, RBCs, Circulatory (Vessels), DERMAL layer (not epidermis), Heart,

166
Q

Ectoderm differentiation

A

Skin cells of epidermis, Neurons, nerves, pigment cells

167
Q

Coordination of cell differentiation highly dependent on:

A

Turnover rate of mRNA

168
Q

What determines blood pressure

A

Cardiac output and resistance to blood flow

Analogous to Ohm’s law

169
Q

Can prokaryotes use ATP synthase?

A

Yes, they are like mitochondria, using their PM to make gradient.

170
Q

Just because a trait is only shown in males, does it mean it has to be on the X chromosome?

A

No, it could be on any chromosome but only expressed in males

171
Q

If infectious dose is 10mg Strain A or 5mg Strain B, potency ratio is:

A

Strain A is half as potent as Strain B

172
Q

Do land, water, or air mammals have the densest bone?

A

Land because have to support weight

173
Q

If there is a blood clot in the veins, will the net fluid flow into interstitial spaces increase?

A

Yes, because the capillaries will overflow and the excess will go into interstitial spaces

174
Q

Perineum

A

Space between anus and scrotum

175
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

The space outside the walls of the intestine

176
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Space associated with the lungs

Pleura are the membranes around the lungs

177
Q

Can estrogen and progesterone supplements make a menopausal woman menstruate again?

A

Yes.

178
Q

T/F: Disrupting microtubules interferes with phagocytosis

A

True

179
Q

Hill Coefficient

A

Measures cooperativity
N>1 = positive cooperativity
N = 1 = no cooperativity
N<1 = Negative cooperativity

180
Q

Native Gel vs. Reducing vs. Non-reducing Gels

A

Native = Not denaturing OR reducing! Large complexes.
Non-reducing gel = only denaturing by SDS (H+ bonds gone, Disulfide still present) – Possibly still tertiary subunit
Reducing gel = Denatures AND reduces Disulfide bonds - breaks tertiary structure

181
Q

Succinyl CoA –> Succinate leads to:

Enzyme = ______

A

Enzyme: Succinyl CoA Synthetase

Production of GTP by substrate level phosphorylation

182
Q

When to use Agarose vs. SDS-Page

A

Agarose for BIG BIG BIG DNA molecules

SDS-Page for Small DNA and proteins

183
Q

Average MW of amino acid

A

110 daltons

Watch out - It might be a tetramer/dimer/trimer

184
Q

Thick filaments, microfilaments

A 
Thick = Myosin
Thin/micro = Actin
185
Q

Epimer

A

One of a pair of stereoisomers

186
Q

When are alpha and beta carbons used?

A

For epimers at the anomeric carbon

187
Q

For Southern blotting to be useful, what type of sequence is necessary?

A

Palindromic sequence like AAGCTT should be mutated

188
Q

HIV is a ____virus with an ____ genome

A

Retrovirus, RNA genome

–> Uses reverse transcriptase

189
Q

How to test for competitive inhibition?

A

Using michaelis menten, keep [Enzyme] constant, vary [S] either in presence or absence of Inhibitor

190
Q

How are different isoforms of proteins made from the same genes?

A

Different exons are used in the mRNA, and then translated to become different isoforms

191
Q

Ovarian cells are ____ cells

A

Epithelial –> Epithelial is for any type of membrane that involves transportation/diffusion!
Alveoli, glands, vessels

192
Q

Nuclear localization domain

A

Allow Protein to be near nucleus

193
Q

Signal sequence domain

A

Required fro proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways

194
Q

Nuclear factors

A

Found to vary in different cells, allows restriction of expression to certain types of cells only
Promoters and Enhancers are part of the DNA sequence, which is the SAME for all cells

195
Q

What amino acids are necessary for formation of protein oligomers or protein-protein interactions?

A

Hydrophobic amino acids

Since polar or charged ones would interact w/ water in cytosol

196
Q

What Blotting is used to determine gene expression

A

Western and Northern, NOT SOUTHERN, since southern is the DNA, not the RNA or Protein, therefore is does not do EXPRESSION

197
Q

Number of Carbonyls in Nitrogenous bases

A

A C G T U

0 1 1 2 2

198
Q

In lactic acid fermentation what is the electron acceptor

A

Pyruvate accepts from NADH to make lactic acid

199
Q 
Do prokaryote membranes contain:
Sterols
Glycolipids
Phospholipids
Proteins
A

Phospholipids and proteins

No cholesterol or glycolipids in prokaryotes though!

200
Q

Which human cells lack nuclei

A

Platelets and RBCs, both are made in BONE MARROW

201
Q

Titrating to find amount of solid precipitated..

A

Use HCl, then titrate with NaOH.

Difference in moles of NaOH and HCl is the number of moles of acid in solution of the mixture.

MCAT Practice Tests (6 decks)

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