psych chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience.

Question 2

behaviourism

Answer 2

an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment and prior experience as determinants of behaviour.

Question 3

conditioning

Answer 3

a basic kind of learning that involves associations among environmental stimuli and an organisms behaviour

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

the classical conditioning term for a stimulus that already elicits a certain response without learning

Question 5

unconditioned response

Answer 5

the classical conditioning term for a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

the classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

conditioned response

Answer 7

the classical conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

the process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already elicits a response and, in turn acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response in classical conditioning. It occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

the reappearance of a learned response after is apparent extinction

Question 11

higher order conditioning

Answer 11

in classical conditioning a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through associating with an already established conditioned stimulus

Question 12

stimulus generalization

Answer 12

after conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles on involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.

Question 13

stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning it occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response.

Question 14

counterconditioning

Answer 14

in classical conditioning the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Question 16

reinforcement

Answer 16

the process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows

Question 17

punishment

Answer 17

the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.

Question 18

primary reinforcer

Answer 18

a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need, and example is food.

Question 19

primary punisher

Answer 19

a stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock

Question 20

secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.

Question 21

secondary punisher

Answer 21

a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers.

Question 22

positive reinforcement

Answer 22

a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of or increase in intensity of a reinforcing stimulus as a result the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Question 23

negative reinforcement

Answer 23

a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus as a result the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Question 24

discriminative stimulus

Answer 24

a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequences.

Question 25

continuous reinforcement

Answer 25

a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced.

Question 26

intermittent schedule of reinforcement

Answer 26

a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.

Question 27

shaping

Answer 27

an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced

Question 28

behaviour modification

Answer 28

the application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour

Question 29

extrinsic reinforcers

Answer 29

reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced.

Question 30

intrinsic reinforcers

Answer 30

reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement .

Question 32

social cognitive theories

Answer 32

theories that emphasize how behaviour is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations and beliefs.

Question 33

observational learning

Answer 33

a process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behviour of another rather than through direct experience.