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psychology 1111 > psych chapter 4 > Flashcards

psych chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

central nervous system

A

the portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

spinal cord

A

a collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back protected by a column of bones

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves.

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4
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; sometimes called the skeletal nervous system

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5
Q

autonomic nervous sustem

A

the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands

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6
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress.

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7
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy

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8
Q

neuron

A

a cell that conducts electrochemical signals, the basic unit of the nervous system, also called the nerve cell.

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9
Q

glia

A

cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections and modify functioning.

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10
Q

dendrites

A

a neurons branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body

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11
Q

cell body

A

the part of the neurons that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire.

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12
Q

axon

A

a neurons extending fibre that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons

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13
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron

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14
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibres in the peripheral nervous system.

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15
Q

neurogenesis

A

the production of new neurons from immature stem cells

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16
Q

stem cells

A

immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging environments, stem cells form early embryos.

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17
Q

synapse

A

the site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell.

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18
Q

action potential

A

a brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and the outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulated; it produces an electrical impulse

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19
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

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20
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other groups.

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21
Q

endocrine glands

A

internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream.

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22
Q

types of hormones

A
  1. melatonin
  2. oxytocin
  3. adrenal hormones
  4. sex hormones
23
Q

neuromodulators

A

neurochemicals that modulate the functioning of neurons and neurotransmitters.

24
Q

endorphines

A

chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates, they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory and are know technically as endogenous opioid peptides

25
Q

lesion method

A

the removal or disabling of a brain structure to gain better understanding of its function, this method is used only in animals

26
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

a method of stimulating brain cells using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed ona persons head. it can be used by researchers to temporarily inactivate neural circuits

27
Q

transcranial direct current stimulation

A

a technique that applies a very small electric current to stimulate or suppress activity in parts of the cortex, it enables researchers to identify the functions of a particular area.

28
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

a recording of neural activity detected by electrodes

29
Q

Event related potentials (ERP)

A

a technique that isolates the neural sctiity associated with a specific stimulus

30
Q

PET scan

A

a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain for example by using injections of a glucose like substance containing a radioactive element

31
Q

MRI

A

A method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers.

32
Q

FMRI

A

a type of magnetic resonance imaging used to study brain activity associated with specific thoughts and behaviours

33
Q

localization of function

A

specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions

34
Q

brain stem

A

the part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord consisting of the medulla and pons

35
Q

pons

A

a structure in the brain stem involved in among other things, sleeping, walking and dreaming

36
Q

medulla

A

a structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breathing and heart rate.

37
Q

reticular activating system

A

a dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem, it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information.

38
Q

cerebellum

A

a brain structure that regulates movement and balance, is involved in remembering simple skills and acquired reflexes and plays a role in cognitive and emotional learning.

39
Q

thalamus

A

a brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

a brain structure involved in emotions and drives vital to survival; it regulates the autonomic nervous system.

41
Q

pituitary glands

A

a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands

42
Q

amygdala

A

a brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information

43
Q

hippocampus

A

a brain structure involved in the storage of new information in memory.

44
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; divided into two hemispheres, it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes

45
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

two halves of cerebrum

46
Q

corpus calosum

A

the bundle of nerve fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

47
Q

lateralization

A

specializing of the two cerebral hemispheres for particular operations.

48
Q

cerebral cortex

A

a collection of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum; it is largely responsible for higher mental functions.

49
Q

occipital lobes

A

lobes at the lower back part of the brains cerebral cortex they contain areas that receive visual information.

50
Q

parietal lobes

A

lobes at the top of the brains cerebral cortex, they contain areas that receive information on pressure, pain, touch, and temperature as well as handle attention and awareness of spatial relations.

51
Q

temporal lobes

A

lobes at the sides of the brains cerebral cortex, they contain areas involved in hearing, memory, perception, emotion and language comprehension

52
Q

frontal lobes

A

lobes at the front of the brains cerebral cortex; they contain areas involved in short term memory, higher order thinking, initiative, social judgment, and speech production.

53
Q

plasticity

A

the brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience through neurogenisis, or by reorganizing or growing new neural connections.

psychology 1111 (9 decks)

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