psyc chapter 9

Question 1

concept

Answer 1

a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities abstractions or qualities having common properties.

Question 2

basic concepts

Answer 2

concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

an especially representative example of a concept.

Question 4

proposition

Answer 4

a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea

Question 5

cognitive scheme

Answer 5

an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

Question 6

mental image

Answer 6

a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents; mental images occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities

Question 7

subconscious processes

Answer 7

mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary

Question 8

nonconscious processes

Answer 8

mental processes occurring outside of and not available to conscious awareness

Question 9

implicit learning

Answer 9

learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.

Question 10

algorithm

Answer 10

a problem solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if that user does not know how it works.

Question 11

heuristic

Answer 11

a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution

Question 12

reasoning

Answer 12

the drawing of conclusions on inferences from observations, facts or assumptions

Question 13

dialectical reasoning

Answer 13

a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences .

Question 14

affect heuristic

Answer 14

the tendency to consult ones emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively

Question 15

availability heuristic

Answer 15

the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think f examples or instances.

Question 16

framing effect

Answer 16

the tendency for peoples choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed. such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

Question 17

hindsight bias

Answer 17

the tendency to overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known.

Question 18

confirmation bias

Answer 18

the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms ones own belief

Question 19

mental set

Answer 19

a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems

Question 20

cognitive dissonance

Answer 20

a state of tension that occurs when a person holds tow cognition that are psychologically inconsistent or when a persons belief is in congruent with his or her behaviour

Question 21

post decision dissonance

Answer 21

i the thory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision.

Question 22

justification of effort

Answer 22

the tendency of individuals to increase their linking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain a common form dissonance reduction.

Question 23

intelligence

Answer 23

an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit form experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly act purposefully or adapt to changes in the environment.

Question 24

psychometrics

Answer 24

the measurement of mental abilities, traits and processes.

Question 25

factor analysis

Answer 25

a statistical method for analyzing the inter correlations among various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait, ability or aptitude.

Question 26

mental age

Answer 26

a measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age

Question 27

metacognition

Answer 27

the knowledge or awareness of ones own cognitive processes, and the ability to monitor and control those processes.

Question 28

triarchich threory

Answer 28

a theory of intelligence that emphasizes analytic, creative, and practical abilities

Question 29

tacit knowledge

Answer 29

strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred

Question 30

emotional intelligence

Answer 30

the ability to identify your own and other peoples emotions accurately express your emotions clearly, and regulated emotions in yourself and others.

Question 31

cognitive ethology

Answer 31

the study of cognitive processes in non human animal

Question 32

theory of mind

Answer 32

a system of beliefs about the way ones own mind and the minds of others work and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.