Psych ch 9 start 10

Question 1

What is the Certainty Effect in decision-making?

Answer 1

The Certainty Effect refers to the tendency of individuals to prefer a guaranteed outcome over a higher-risk option even if the latter has a greater expected value.

Question 2

What is the significance of learning about deck outcomes in the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 2

Participants learn through experience which decks are advantageous or disadvantageous influencing their decision-making in high-risk scenarios.

Question 3

Why do most individuals prefer a certain monetary gain over a risky bet with a higher expected value?

Answer 3

Most individuals exhibit risk aversion for gains favoring a guaranteed amount over a risky option that could yield a higher payoff.

Question 4

How do anticipated outcomes affect decision-making in risk scenarios?

Answer 4

Anticipated outcomes can significantly influence choices with individuals often underestimating the risks associated with potential losses.

Question 5

What are the key components of the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 5

The Iowa Gambling Task involves drawing cards from four decks, where participants learn to differentiate between decks that yield higher returns and those that lead to greater losses.

Question 6

What is the relationship between risk-taking and gambling behavior?

Answer 6

Gambling behavior can lead to risky decisions where individuals may overlook potential losses often due to an underestimation of risk.

Question 7

What is the primary focus of researchers studying gambling behavior?

Answer 7

Researchers aim to understand the decision-making processes and risk factors involved in gambling often through controlled laboratory studies.

Question 8

What factors can lead individuals to choose a bad deck in the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 8

Individuals may choose a bad deck due to the allure of higher immediate payoffs or boredom with safer options despite knowing the risks.

Question 9

What is means-ends analysis in problem-solving?

Answer 9

Means-ends analysis is a problem-solving strategy where individuals identify their current state, desired goal, and break down the steps required to bridge the gap between them.

Question 10

What is the significance of physiological responses in the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 10

Physiological responses, such as skin conductance, reflect the emotional state and risk assessment of participants, indicating learned preferences for safer choices over time.

Question 11

What is Prospect Theory?

Answer 11

Prospect Theory describes how people make decisions based on the potential value of losses and gains emphasizing that losses generally have a greater emotional impact than an equivalent amount of gains.

Question 12

What distinguishes good decks from bad decks in the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 12

Good decks yield higher returns with lower loss frequencies while bad decks have higher loss amounts or frequencies that can lead to overall negative outcomes.

Question 13

How does the perception of loss frequency influence decision-making in gambling?

Answer 13

Higher loss frequency from certain decks can deter participants from choosing those decks despite potentially higher payoffs.

Question 14

How does the concept of risk aversion manifest in financial decision-making?

Answer 14

Risk aversion in financial decision-making leads individuals to choose safer lower-yield investments over riskier options with higher returns.

Question 15

What is the role of implicit learning in decision-making during gambling tasks?

Answer 15

Implicit learning allows individuals to make quick decisions about risk based on past outcomes without explicit instruction, shaping behavior through experience.

Question 16

How does anxiety affect performance in decision-making tasks?

Answer 16

Anxiety can enhance performance up to a point by increasing alertness for decision-making but excessive anxiety may lead to impaired cognitive function and decision-making.

Question 17

How do individuals typically approach potential gains versus potential losses?

Answer 17

Individuals are generally risk-averse when it comes to gains, preferring certain outcomes, while they tend to be more willing to take risks with potential losses.

Question 18

What physiological response indicates anxiety when choosing risky options in the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 18

An increase in skin conductance, indicating heightened anxiety, is observed when participants select cards from riskier decks.

Question 19

What role does trial and error play in the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 19

Trial and error allows participants to learn which decks yield favorable outcomes and which do not shaping their future choices.

Question 20

What is the emotional impact of losses compared to gains according to Prospect Theory?

Answer 20

According to Prospect Theory osses generally have a more profound emotional impact than equivalent gains

Question 21

How do individuals with prefrontal cortex lesions differ in gambling tasks compared to controls?

Answer 21

iIndividuals with prefrontal cortex lesions show diminished anticipatory physiological responses and do not demonstrate a preference for safer decks ndicating impaired risk assessment.

Question 22

What is functional fixedness?

Answer 22

Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used hindering creative problem-solving.

Question 23

How do reinforcement principles apply in gambling behavior?

Answer 23

Reinforcement principles suggest that individuals are motivated to repeat behaviors that result in positive outcomes, such as monetary gains, even without direct instruction.

Question 24

What is anticipatory reaction in the context of gambling behavior?

Answer 24

An anticipatory reaction refers to the physiological anxiety response individuals experience when expecting to draw from a bad deck in a gambling task indicating learned risk recognition.

Question 25

What is analogical problem solving?

Answer 25

Analogical problem solving involves applying knowledge from a familiar situation to resolve an unfamiliar problem by drawing parallels between the two.

Question 26

What happens to anticipatory responses in individuals with brain injuries during risk assessment tasks?

Answer 26

Individuals with brain injuries, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, may not exhibit the expected anticipatory physiological responses, indicating a lack of risk awareness.

Question 27

Positive eugenics as proposed by Galton Galton

Answer 27

supported positive eugenics which encourages reproduction among individuals with desirable traits.

Question 28

Concept of mental age in Binet’s testing

Answer 28

Binet developed standardized tests to determine a child’s mental age reflecting their cognitive development relative to their chronological age.

Question 29

Limitations of ratio IQ scores in adulthood

Answer 29

Ratio IQ scores become less meaningful in adulthood because mental age plateaus while chronological age continues to increase.

Question 30

Binet’s focus on educational support

Answer 30

Binet’s approach emphasized identifying children needing additional support for cognitive development rather than labeling them as inferior.

Question 31

Galton’s view on intelligence inheritance

Answer 31

Galton believed that intelligence and eminence were inherited traits advocating for selective breeding among ‘eminent’ individuals.

Question 32

Binet’s perspective on intelligence testing

Answer 32

Binet believed intelligence tests should identify children’s learning capabilities and provide support for those who struggle in traditional educational settings.

Question 33

Calculation of ratio IQ score

Answer 33

The ratio IQ score is calculated by dividing a child’s mental age by their chronological age and multiplying by 100 to standardize the score.

Question 34

Galton’s belief in hereditary genius

Answer 34

Galton hypothesized that genius or eminence was inherited and should be encouraged through selective breeding.

Question 35

Negative eugenics compared to Galton’s positive eugenics

Answer 35

Negative eugenics sought to prevent reproduction among individuals with undesirable traits contrasting with Galton’s focus on encouraging reproduction among the ‘fit’.

Question 36

The relationship between mental and chronological age in Terman’s IQ calculation

Answer 36

Terman’s IQ score reflects the ratio of mental age to chronological age indicating whether a child’s cognitive performance is above or below typical levels.

Question 37

Francis Galton’s contribution to twin study designs

Answer 37

Galton pioneered twin study methodology to understand the genetic basis of behavior by examining differences between twins.

Question 38

Louis Terman’s innovation with IQ scores

Answer 38

Terman introduced the intelligence quotient (IQ) as a numerical representation of a child’s mental age relative to their chronological age.

Question 39

Galton’s influence on the perception of intelligence

Answer 39

Galton’s theories contributed to a lasting belief in the genetic basis of intelligence which remains a topic of debate in psychology.

Question 40

Contrast between Galton and Binet’s approaches to intelligence testing

Answer 40

While Galton viewed intelligence testing as a means to identify socially valuable individuals Binet aimed to support children’s cognitive development regardless of their test scores.

Question 41

Galton’s dataset size and scope

Answer 41

Galton collected data on 12,000 individuals, analyzing traits like intellect, social contributions, and illness to study inheritance.

Question 42

The Victorian era’s impact on eugenics

Answer 42

The Victorian era saw the proliferation of eugenics as a belief system influencing social policies and scientific discourse on heredity.