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PSYCH concepts last test > CH 9 MIDDLE psych > Flashcards

CH 9 MIDDLE psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Interactionist perspective of language acquisition

A

The theory that language development is a result of both biological predispositions and environmental exposure to language.

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2
Q

Sucking reflex as an indicator of awareness

A

Infants intensify their sucking reflex in response to novel stimuli indicating their recognition of differences in phonetic sounds.

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3
Q

Fast mapping in language acquisition

A

A cognitive process where children learn to use a new word appropriately after a single exposure demonstrating efficient vocabulary learning.

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4
Q

Stages of language development timeline

A

Language development progresses from phonetic sensitivity at birth to babbling then first words around 12 months

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5
Q

Phonetic sensitivity in infants

A

Infants possess the ability to distinguish between all possible phonemes showing greater sensitivity to phonetic distinctions than adults.

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6
Q

Role of gestures in infant communication

A

Gestures complement vocalizations in infants helping them communicate desires and needs before they can articulate words.

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7
Q

Importance of eye contact in communication

A

Eye contact is crucial for infants to direct attention and establish communication with caregivers.

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8
Q

Contrast between rational choice theory and actual decision-making

A

While rational choice theory suggests logical decision-making real-life decisions often deviate from this ideal due to various cognitive biases.

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9
Q

Loss of phonetic sensitivity By six months

A

infants lose the ability to distinguish phonemes not present in their language environment as their phonological system becomes specialized.

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10
Q

Vocabulary spurt

A

A rapid increase in vocabulary that typically occurs between 18 months and 3 years of age following the initial word production around 12 months.

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11
Q

Prosody in language The rhythmic

A

melodic aspects of speech

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12
Q

Connection between language and decision-making

A

Language is instrumental in structuring and articulating the decision-making process influencing how choices are perceived and evaluated.

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13
Q

What are overextensions in language development?

A

Overextensions occur when children apply a word too broadly using one term for multiple objects or concepts.

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14
Q

What is the significance of grammatical constructions in early language development?

A

Children consistently use correct grammatical constructions even in their simplified speech indicating an understanding of language structure.

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15
Q

How do children use context to refine their word meanings?

A

Children refine their understanding of word meanings by using contextual clues leading to more accurate applications over time.

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16
Q

Nativist perspective of language acquisition

A

The belief that humans have an inherent capacity to acquire language supported by specialized brain areas for language comprehension and production.

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17
Q

Preverbal communication

A

The non-verbal methods infants use to communicate their needs including eye contact

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18
Q

Infant babbling

A

The practice of producing sounds that resemble speech patterns aiding in the development of phonological skills before actual words are formed.

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19
Q

How does exposure to multiple languages affect language development in children?

A

Exposure to multiple languages does not interfere with language development but enhances attentional control and executive function.

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20
Q

How do children typically express their desires in early speech?

A

Children often express their needs or desires using single high-importance words

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21
Q

What is the relationship between language exposure and executive function skills?

A

Regularly switching between languages enhances executive function skills including the ability to manage and manipulate multiple concepts.

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22
Q

Components of rational choice theory

A

Rational choice theory posits that decisions are made logically and based on a systematic evaluation of options.

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23
Q

What is fast mapping in language acquisition?

A

Fast mapping is the ability of children to rapidly learn a new word after only a brief encounter with it.

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24
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

Telegraphic speech refers to the early speech stage in which children use only the essential words to convey meaning omitting less critical words.

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25
Q

What is the relationship between language complexity and brain development in children?

A

While language complexity may seem daunting it does not significantly impact brain development; rather

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26
Q

What is the effect of bilingualism on attentional control?

A

Bilingualism is correlated with improved attentional control allowing children to effectively shift focus between languages.

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27
Q

How do children learn colors through fast mapping?

A

Children rapidly associate colors with objects they encounter applying learned color terms to new instances they observe.

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28
Q

What is the effect of early immersion in multiple languages?

A

Early immersion in multiple languages generally results in more significant benefits in language proficiency compared to late immersion.

29
Q

What does research say about the timing of language acquisition in bilingual children?

A

Research indicates that bilingual children do not experience delays in language acquisition compared to monolingual peersgiven typical development.

30
Q

What is the impact of cultural factors on language acquisition?

A

Cultural factors can influence language acquisition by shaping the linguistic environment and the types of language interactions children experience.

31
Q

Why do people rely on heuristics?

A

People rely on heuristics because of limited cognitive processing resources making complex decision-making effortful and time-consuming.

32
Q

What is the conjunction fallacy?

A

The conjunction fallacy occurs when individuals incorrectly assume that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one failing to multiply independent probabilities.

33
Q

What is the difference between independent and dependent events in probability?

A

Independent events are those whose probabilities do not affect one another while dependent events have outcomes that are influenced by prior occurrences.

34
Q

What are underextensions in language development?

A

Underextensions occur when children apply a word too narrowly restricting its use to a single instance or a specific context.

35
Q

What role does shaping play in language acquisition?

A

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of desired language behavior helping children learn complex language skills.

36
Q

How do children demonstrate understanding of adjectives during language acquisition?

A

Children learn to associate colors and other adjectives with objects often overgeneralizing the terms based on limited experiences.

37
Q

What is the role of morphemes in language development?

A

Morphemes are the smallest grammatical units in language and children’s understanding of them evolves through overextensions and underextensions.

38
Q

How does language acquisition differ between typically developing children and those with developmental issues?

A

Typically developing children acquire language skills without significant delays while those with developmental issues may experience slower or atypical language development.

39
Q

What cognitive skills are enhanced by translating between languages?

A

Translating between languages enhances cognitive skills such as attention shifting and the ability to manage multiple streams of information.

40
Q

What is the significance of context in understanding language rules?

A

Context plays a crucial role in helping children understand when to apply specific language rules and when exceptions may occur.

41
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making processes by reducing the cognitive load required.

42
Q

How do cognitive processing limitations affect decision-making?

A

Cognitive processing limitations lead to reliance on mental shortcuts and can result in errors in judgment and decision-making.

43
Q

How does context bias influence decision-making?

A

Context bias influences decision-making by shifting perceptions based on environmental cues or recent experiences leading to potentially irrational choices.

44
Q

What is the impact of irregular conjugations on children’s language learning?

A

Children begin to recognize exceptions to language rules such as irregular verbs

45
Q

What is the significance of feedback in overextensions and underextensions?

A

Overextensions and underextensions are often resistant to correction indicating that children are mastering language rules at their own pace.

46
Q

What does the term ‘immune to correction’ mean in the context of language learning?

A

‘Immune to correction’ refers to the phenomenon where children’s language errors persist despite attempts to correct them reflecting their developmental stage.

47
Q

What is the importance of identifying essential words in early speech?

A

Identifying essential words allows children to communicate effectively and convey their messages succinctly during early language development.

48
Q

How do children’s language skills evolve with exposure to different languages?

A

Children’s language skills evolve as they learn to navigate and integrate multiple language systems enhancing overall linguistic flexibility.

49
Q

What is the primary disadvantage of using heuristics?

A

The primary disadvantage of heuristics is that they often lead to inaccurate or illogical decisions due to cognitive biases.

50
Q

What is availability bias?

A

Availability bias is the tendency to judge the frequency of events based on how easily examples come to mind often leading to incorrect estimations.

51
Q

What is the significance of the 7 ± 2 rule in memory?

A

The 7 ± 2 rule suggests that the average number of items an individual can hold in working memory is between 5 and 9 highlighting cognitive limitations.

52
Q

Explain the sunk cost fallacy.

A

The sunk cost fallacy is the tendency to continue investing in a decision based on previously invested resources rather than future potential.

53
Q

What is the significance of independent probabilities in assessing likelihood?

A

Independent probabilities indicate that the likelihood of multiple events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities often leading to lower combined probabilities.

54
Q

How do children demonstrate their understanding of grammatical rules?

A

Children show their understanding of grammatical rules through consistent application in speechwhich may later include recognition of exceptions.

55
Q

What cognitive advantages are associated with bilingualism?

A

Bilingualism is associated with cognitive advantages such as improved memory problem-solving skills

56
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

Rational choice theory posits that individuals make decisions by logically weighing options to maximize utility but this is often not how real decision-making occurs.

57
Q

What is the framing effect in decision-making?

A

The framing effect occurs when the context or way information is presented influences the decisions people make.

58
Q

What is a base rate in probability?

A

A base rate refers to the general prevalence of an event or characteristic within a population which is often ignored in personal probability assessments.

59
Q

What is the representative heuristic?

A

The representative heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on the similarity of an object or event to a prototype influencing probability judgments based on stereotypes.

60
Q

Describe how context affects decision-making processes.

A

Context can significantly alter perceptions and choices as individuals may prioritize how options are framed over logical evaluation.

61
Q

What challenges do people face when interpreting low probability events?

A

People often overestimate low probability events leading to misjudgments about their likelihood of occurrence.

62
Q

What is cognitive resource limitation?

A

Cognitive resource limitation refers to the finite capacity of attention and working memory that constrains decision-making processes.

63
Q

How does the memory system’s failure impact decision-making?

A

Failures in the memory system can lead to reliance on heuristics that may not accurately reflect reality resulting in poor decision outcomes.

64
Q

Define the framing effect in decision-making.

A

The framing effect is a cognitive bias where the way information is presented influences the decision-making process rather than the content of the information itself.

65
Q

What does it mean to use base rate information in decision-making?

A

Using base rate information involves considering the general prevalence of an outcome in the population to make more accurate probability assessments.

66
Q

What role does elaboration play in perception of truthfulness?

A

Elaboration on details can enhance the perception of truthfulness as people may assume that more information indicates greater credibility.

67
Q

What is the conjunction fallacy?

A

The conjunction fallacy occurs when people mistakenly believe that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one.

68
Q

How do stereotypes influence decision-making?

A

Stereotypes can lead to biased conclusions by causing individuals to misestimate probabilities based on prototype associations.

69
Q

How can the framing effect manipulate consumer behavior?

A

The framing effect can lead consumers to perceive a product as more appealing when presented with savings or discounts even if the actual value remains unchanged.

PSYCH concepts last test (3 decks)

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